Fungicidal Effect Research Articles

Selection of effective fungicides against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> from tomato in Nara Prefecture by sensitivity test

Selection of effective fungicides against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> from tomato in Nara Prefecture by sensitivity test

Some aspects of clinical trial of the drug “Vetmicoderm”

Our aim was to conduct some clinical trials of the drug «Vetmikoderm» and compare its effectiveness with the well-known agent «Triosan». Clinical trials to determine the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug «Vetmikoderm» were carried out at the veterinary clinic «BEST» (Zaporizhzhia) on two groups of dogs, formed by gradual recruitment (based on the owners' referral to the clinic). To determine the etiological factors contributing to the development of dermatosis, we conducted a study of skin microflora. The sensitivity of microorganisms and fungi to the action of the «Vetmikoderm» preparation was determined by the disc-diffusion method. In the process of diagnostic research, including microbiological studies, it was established that conditionally pathogenic microflora from affected areas of dogs' skin was represented by both microorganisms and fungi. At the same time, fungi prevailed in the microbiocenosis of the selected skin samples. It is worth noting that «Vetmikoderm» has a better fungicidal effect, while «Triosan» is evidently more effective in treating dermatoses with predominantly microbial contamination. It has been proven that the combined use of both drugs has a better influence on the recovery process in animals.

Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Evaluation of Diverse Heterocyclic Hydrazide Derivatives as Potential Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors.

Plant pathogenic fungi pose a significant threat to agricultural production, necessitating the development of new and more effective fungicides. The ring replacement strategy has emerged as a highly successful approach in molecular design. In this study, we employed the ring replacement strategy to successfully design and synthesize 32 novel hydrazide derivatives containing diverse heterocycles, such as thiazole, isoxazole, pyrazole, thiadiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, thiophene, pyridine, and pyrazine. Their antifungal activities were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Bioassay results revealed that most of the title compounds displayed remarkable antifungal activities in vitro against four tested phytopathogenic fungi, including Fusarium graminearum, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Especially, compound 5aa displayed a broad spectrum of antifungal activity against F. graminearum, B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum, and R. solani, with the corresponding EC50 values of 0.12, 4.48, 0.33, and 0.15 μg/mL, respectively. In the antifungal growth assay, compound 5aa displayed a protection efficacy of 75.5% against Fusarium head blight (FHB) at a concentration of 200 μg/mL. In another in vivo antifungal activity evaluation, compound 5aa exhibited a noteworthy protective efficacy of 92.0% against rape Sclerotinia rot (RSR) at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, which was comparable to the positive control tebuconazole (97.5%). The existing results suggest that compound 5aa has a broad-spectrum antifungal activity. Electron microscopy observations showed that compound 5aa might cause mycelial abnormalities and organelle damage in F. graminearum. Moreover, in the in vitro enzyme assay, we found that the target compounds 5aa, 5ab, and 5ca displayed significant inhibitory effects toward succinate dehydrogenase, with the corresponding IC50 values of 1.62, 1.74, and 1.96 μM, respectively, which were superior to that of boscalid (IC50 = 2.38 μM). Additionally, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation results revealed that compounds 5aa, 5ab, and 5ca have the capacity to bind in the active pocket of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), establishing hydrogen-bonding interactions with neighboring amino acid residues.

Adverse effects of the Bordeaux mixture copper-based fungicide on the non-target vineyard pest Lobesia botrana.

Bordeaux mixture is a copper-based fungicide commonly used in vineyards to prevent fungal and bacterial infections in grapevines. However, this fungicide may adversely affect the entomological component, including insect pests. Understanding the impacts of Bordeaux mixture on the vineyard pest Lobesia botrana is an increasing concern in the viticultural production. Bordeaux mixture had detrimental effects on the development and reproductive performance of L. botrana. Several physiological traits were adversely affected by copper-based fungicide exposure, including a decrease in larval survival and a delayed larval development to moth emergence, as well as a reduced reproductive performance through a decrease in female fecundity and fertility and male sperm quality. However, we did not detect any effect of Bordeaux mixture on the measured reproductive behaviors (mating success, pre-mating latency and mating duration). Ingestion by larvae of food contaminated with Bordeaux mixture had a negative effect on the reproductive performance of the pest L. botrana, which could affect its population dynamics in vineyards. Although this study highlighted collateral damage of Bordeaux mixture on L. botrana, the potential impact of copper-based fungicides on vineyard diversity, including natural predators is discussed and needs to be taken in consideration in integrated pest management. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Identification and fungicides sensitivity evaluation of the causal agent of cobweb disease on Lyophyllum decastes in China

BackgroundCobweb disease is a fungal disease that commonly affects the cultivation and production of edible mushrooms, leading to serious yield and economic losses. It is considered a major fungal disease in the realm of edible mushrooms. The symptoms of cobweb disease were found during the cultivation of Lyophyllum decastes. This study aimed to identify the causative pathogen of cobweb disease and evaluate effective fungicides, providing valuable insights for field control and management of L. decastes cobweb disease.ResultsThe causal agent of cobweb disease was isolated from samples infected and identified as Cladobotryum mycophilum based on morphological and cultural characteristics, as well as multi-locus phylogeny analysis (ITS, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF1-α). Pathogenicity tests further confirmed C. mycophilum as the responsible pathogen for this condition. Among the selected fungicides, Prochloraz-manganese chloride complex, Trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole, and Difenoconazole exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the pathogen’s mycelium, with EC50 values of 0.076 µg/mL, 0.173 µg/mL, and 0.364 µg/mL, respectively. These fungicides can serve as references for future field control of cobweb disease in L. decastes.ConclusionThis study is the first report of C. mycophilum as the causing agent of cobweb disease in L. decastes in China. Notably, Prochloraz-manganese chloride complex demonstrated the strongest inhibitory efficacy against C. mycophilum.

Globospiramine Exhibits Inhibitory and Fungicidal Effects against Candida albicans via Apoptotic Mechanisms.

Candidiasis is considered an emerging public health concern because of the occurrence of drug-resistant Candida strains and the lack of an available structurally diverse antifungal drug armamentarium. The indole alkaloid globospiramine from the anticandidal Philippine medicinal plant Voacanga globosa exhibits a variety of biological activities; however, its antifungal properties remain to be explored. In this study, we report the in vitro anticandidal activities of globospiramine against two clinically relevant Candida species (C. albicans and C. tropicalis) and the exploration of its possible target proteins using in silico methods. Thus, the colony-forming unit (CFU) viability assay revealed time- and concentration-dependent anticandidal effects of the alkaloid along with a decrease in the number of viable CFUs by almost 50% at 60 min after treatment. The results of the MIC and MFC assays indicated inhibitory and fungicidal effects of globospiramine against C. albicans (MIC = 8 µg/mL; MFC = 8 µg/mL) and potential fungistatic effects against C. tropicalis at lower concentrations (MIC = 4 µg/mL; MFC > 64 µg/mL). The FAM-FLICA poly-caspase assay showed metacaspase activation in C. albicans cells at concentrations of 16 and 8 µg/mL, which agreed well with the MIC and MFC values. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation experiments suggested globospiramine to bind strongly with 1,3-β-glucan synthase and Als3 adhesin-enzymes indirectly involved in apoptosis-driven candidal inhibition.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of fungicides in suppression Alternaria blight and Pho-ma rot on spring rapeseed

Evaluation of the effectiveness of fungicides in suppression Alternaria blight and Pho-ma rot on spring rapeseed

Synthesis, antifungal evaluation, two-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship and molecular docking studies of isoxazole derivatives as potential fungicides.

Sheath blight and bakanae disease, prominent among emerging rice ailments, exert a profound impact on rice productivity, causing severe impediments to crop yield. Excessive use of older fungicides may lead to the development of resistance in the pathogen. Indeed, a pressing and immediate need exists for novel, low-toxicity and highly selective fungicides that can effectively combat resistant fungal strains. A series of 20 isoxazole derivatives were synthesized using alkoxy/halo acetophenones and N,N-dimethylformamidedimethylacetal. These compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, namely 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry, and were evaluated for their fungicidal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium fujikuroi. Compound 5n (5-(2-chlorophenyl) isoxazole) exhibited highest activity (effective dose for 50% inhibition [ED50] = 4.43 μg mL-1) against R. solani, while 5p (5-(2,4-dichloro-2-hydroxylphenyl) isoxazole) exhibited highest activity (ED50 = 6.7 μg mL-1) against F. fujikuroi. Two-dimensional quantitative structural-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis, particularly multiple linear regression (MLR) (Model 1), highlighted chi6chain and DistTopo as the key descriptors influencing fungicidal activity. Molecular docking studies revealed the potential of these isoxazole derivatives as novel fungicides targeting sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme, suggesting their importance as crucial intermediates for the development of novel and effective fungicides. All test compounds were effective in inhibiting both fungi, according to the QSAR model, with various descriptors, such as structural, molecular shape analysis, electronic and thermodynamic, playing an important role. Molecular docking studies confirmed that these compounds can potentially replace commercially available fungicides and help control fungal pathogens in rice crops effectively. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Knowledge and perception of cereal farmers and extension agents on fungicide use in northern Ghana.

Agricultural pesticide use in sub-Saharan Africa has doubled over the past three decades, with a greater relative increase for fungicides. As pesticide inputs continue to rise, so does the potential for the development of resistance. Here, we report on a survey conducted to understand pesticide resistance awareness, pesticide-use knowledge and practices of growers and agricultural extension officers (AEOs) in the cereals growing-belt of northern Ghana, with emphasis on fungicides. The results may inform development of strategies for improving pesticide literacy including resistance awareness, extension services and crop protection outcomes. The survey revealed a low level of pesticide-use knowledge for AEOs and growers. This was more so for growers with low education, predominantly women. Education level (and indirectly gender) influenced perceived effectiveness of fungicides and levels of adoption of cultural and agrochemical best practices. Only 28% of growers and 11% of AEOs practiced crop and fungicide rotations, respectively. More than half (53%) of the respondents indicated that fungicides used in northern Ghana are not effective. Given the low level of pesticide literacy of AEOs and growers, training programs on best practice for the use of pesticides, with targeted initiatives for female growers, would improve crop protection outcomes and safety. The limited adoptions of crop rotation and repeated use of fungicides with the same active ingredients, along with >50% of respondents reporting 'fungicides not working' suggest the potential presence of fungicide resistance cases in growers' fields in the Northern region of Ghana. Further work is needed to determine the incidence of resistance in the region. It is recommended that a key policy priority should focus on understanding broader agrochemical-use practices, crop losses and household-level food security in the presence of resistance risks. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Optimizing Tomato Health: Holistic Approach to Early Blight Disease Management

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of fungicide (mancozeb) and botanicals against early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani at the experimental field and glasshouse of Plant Pathology department, College of Agriculture, Pune, Maharashtra, during Kharif season (2019-2020). Six treatments including control with four replications were taken up using Randomized Block Design RBD. Growth inhibition of fungus Alternaria solani causing early leaf blight of tomato was studied in vivo for determining the efficacy of one fungicide and eight botanicals. Exploring possibility of managing A. solani by use of botanicals revealed that the clove extract of garlic was the best followed by neem leaf and ginger rhizome extract showing highest growth inhibition of the fungus. Among the plant leaf extracts, garlic clove extract @10% was found effective to inhibit the growth of pathogen i.e. 64.60% Per cent disease control PDC (glasshouse trial) and 51.85% PDC (open Field trial). The contact fungicide Mancozeb@0.25% showed disease control of 75.52% (Glasshouse trial) and PDC of 70.34% (Field trial) in in vivo condition. Presently many farmers are using chemicals for control of early blight of tomato however, they cause health hazards. Therefore, this investigation provides valuable insights for farmers in selecting suitable plant extracts to control early blight of tomatoes.

DETERMINATION OF THE SENSITIVITY OF DERMATOMYCOSIS CAUSES TO FUNGICIDES

A microbiological study of the affected areas of the skin of dogs and cats was carried out for the detection of microscopic fungi. The following microscopic fungi were isolated from the pathological material: Candida spp., Aspergillus brasiliensis, Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp., Mucor spp., Trichophyton spp., Mallasseria spp., Sporotrich spp. Isolated microscopic fungi of the genus Malassezia spp. belong to the superficial mycoses (keratomycoses) and affect the surface layers of the skin and fur. Epidermatophytes: Trichophyton spp., Epidermophyton spp., Microsporum spp. affect the epidermis, skin, and coat. In addition, opportunistic fungi of the genus Aspergillus brasiliensis were found in the studied samples. It was established that the sensitivity of fungi isolated from the affected areas of the skin of dogs and cats to a 1% solution of ketonazole and clotrimazole is different. In particular, a 1% solution of ketonazole showed significantly higher activity compared to a 1% solution of clotrimazole. Thus, when determining the fungicidal effect of ketonazole, the growth retardation zone of the dermatophyte Trichophyton spp. was 34.3±0.6 mm, and the 1% clotrimazole solution was 21.3±0.3 mm. Ketonazol also showed higher fungicidal activity against the microscopic fungi Aspergillus brasiliensis and Candida spp., compared to clotrimazole. Thus, the activity of ketonazole was, respectively, 55.7 and 48.4% higher compared to clotrimazole. Clotrimazole showed the lowest fungicidal effect on Aspergillus brasiliensis, Mallasseria spp., Mucor spp., and Epidermophyton spp., the growth retardation zones of microscopic fungi were, respectively, 14.3±0.3, 14.3±0.6, 14.6± 0.6 and 16.6±0.3 mm.

Potential fungicidal and antiaflatoxigenic effects of cinnamon essential oils on Aspergillus flavus inhabiting the stored wheat grains

Wheat is one of the essential crops for the human and animal nutrition, however, contamination with aflatoxigenic fungi, due to the improper storage conditions and high humidity, was the main global threats. So, preventing the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi in stored wheat grains, by using different essential oils was the main objective of this work. Aspergillus flavus EFBL-MU12 PP087400, EFBL-MU23 PP087401 and EFBL-MU36 PP087403 isolates were the most potent aflatoxins producers inhabiting wheat grains. The effect of storage conditions of wheat grains “humidity, temperature, incubation period, and pH” on growth of A. flavus, was assessed by the response surface methodology using Plackett-Burman design and FCCD. The highest yield of aflatoxins EFBL-MU12 B1 and B2 by A. flavus grown on wheat grains were 145.3 and 7.6 μg/kg, respectively, at incubation temperature 35°C, 16% moisture contents, initial pH 5.0, and incubated for 14 days. The tested oils had a powerful antifungal activity for the growth and aflatoxins production by A. flavus in a concentration-dependent manner. Among these oils, cinnamon oil had the highest fungicidal activity for A. flavus at 0.125%, with about 85-90 % reduction to the aflatoxins B1 and B2, conidial pigmentation and chitin contents on wheat grains. From the SEM analysis, cinnamon oils had the most deleterious effect on A. flavus with morphological aberrations to the conidial heads, vegetative mycelia, alteration in conidiophores identity, hyphae shrank, and winding. To emphasize the effect of the essential oils on the aflatoxins producing potency of A. flavus, the molecular expression of the aflatoxins biosynthetic genes was estimated by RT-qPCR. The molecular expression of nor-1, afLR, pKsA and afLJ genes was suppressed by 94-96%, due to cinnamon oil at 0.062% compared to the control. Conclusively, from the results, cinnamon oils followed by the peppermint oils displayed the most fungicidal activity for the growth and aflatoxins production by A. flavus grown on wheat grains.

Glutathione-Mediated Metal Tolerance in an Amphibian Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis).

The spread of the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, has resulted in amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Some susceptible amphibian species can persist in contaminated habitats, prompting the hypothesis that B. dendrobatidis might be sensitive to heavy metals. We tested a panel of 12 metals to rank their toxicity to B. dendrobatidis zoospores and zoosporangia during a 6-h exposure. To better understand the mechanism for metal detoxification, we also evaluated whether glutathione is required for metal tolerance by depleting cellular glutathione before metal exposure. In addition, we investigated whether prior exposure to low metal concentrations impacted tolerance of subsequent exposure, as well as identifying metal combinations that may act synergistically. Silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) were particularly toxic to B. dendrobatidis, with zoospore minimum lethal concentration values of 0.01 mM (Ag), 0.025 mM (Cd), and 0.5 mM (Cu). These three metals along with zinc (Zn) were also inhibitory to zoosporangia, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 0.005 mM (Ag), 0.04 mM (Cd), 0.075 mM (Cu), and 0.04 mM (Zn). The fungicidal effects of several metals was reduced when assays were conducted in nutrient medium compared with synthetic pond water, highlighting the need for careful in vitro assay design and interpretation. Glutathione depletion strongly influenced tolerance of Cd and Ag (85% and 75% less growth, respectively) and moderately influenced tolerance of Cu, Zn, and lead (37%, 18%, and 14% less growth, respectively), indicating the importance of glutathione for metal detoxification. In general, the minimum metal concentrations that inhibited growth of B. dendrobatidis far exceeded values detected in contaminated amphibian habitats in Australia, suggesting that metal contamination alone may not have a strong protective effect against chytridiomycosis. We discuss future research directions to futher understand the potential for dissolved metals to create chytrid refuges. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1583-1591. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Assessing the effects of a commercial fungicide and an herbicide, alone and in combination, on Apis mellifera: Insights from biomarkers and cognitive analysis

Agrochemicals play a vital role in protecting crops and enhancing agricultural production by reducing threats from pests, pathogens and weeds. The toxicological status of honey bees can be influenced by a number of factors, including pesticides. While extensive research has focused on the lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides on individual bees and colonies, it is important to recognise that fungicides and herbicides can also affect bees' health. Unfortunately, in the field, honey bees are exposed to mixtures of compounds rather than single substances. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a commercial fungicide and a commercial herbicide, both individually and in combination, on honey bees. Mortality assays, biomarkers and learning and memory tests were performed, and the results were integrated to assess the toxicological status of honey bees. Neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities), detoxification and metabolic processes (glutathione S-transferase and alkaline phosphatase activities), immune system function (lysozyme activity and haemocytes count) and genotoxicity biomarkers (Nuclear Abnormalities assay) were assessed. The fungicide Sakura® was found to activate detoxification enzymes and affect alkaline phosphatase activity. The herbicide Elegant 2FD and the combination of both pesticides showed neurotoxic effects and induced detoxification processes. Exposure to the herbicide/fungicide mixture impaired learning and memory in honey bees. This study represents a significant advance in understanding the toxicological effects of commonly used commercial pesticides in agriculture and contributes to the development of effective strategies to mitigate their adverse effects on non-target insects.

Anthelminthic and antimicrobial effects of hedge woundwort (Stachys sylvatica L.) growing in Southern Kazakhstan.

The Stachys L. genus has been widely used in traditional medicine in many countries throughout the world. The study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and bioactivity of the hydroethanolic extract (50% v/v) obtained by ultrasonication from the aerial flowering parts of Stachys sylvatica L. (SSE) collected in Almaty region (Southern Kazakhstan). According to RP-HPLC/PDA analysis the leading metabolites of the SSE belonged to polyphenols: chlorogenic acid and its isomers (2.34mg/g dry extract) and luteolin derivatives (1.49mg/g dry extract), while HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS-based qualitative fingerprinting revealed the presence of 17 metabolites, mainly chlorogenic acid and its isomers, flavonoid glycosides, and verbascoside with its derivatives. GC-MS analysis of the volatile metabolites showed mainly the presence of diterpenoids and fatty acid esters. A reduction in the viability of nematodes Rhabditis sp. was obtained for the SSE concentration of 3.3mg/mL, while 11.1mg/mL showed activity comparable to albendazole. The SSE exhibited higher activity against Gram-positive (MIC = 0.5-2mg/mL) than Gram-negative bacteria and yeast (MIC = 8mg/mL), exerting bactericidal and fungicidal effects but with no sporicidal activity. The SSE showed some antiviral activity against HCoV-229E replicating in MRC-5 and good protection against the cytopathic effect induced by HHV-1 in VERO. The SSE was moderately cytotoxic towards human cervical adenocarcinoma (H1HeLa) cells (CC50 of 0.127mg/mL after 72h). This study provides novel information on the SSE extract composition and its biological activity, especially in the context of the SSE as a promising candidate for further antiparasitic studies.

Revisiting the intron hypothesis of QoI resistance in Phyllosticta ampelicida, the causal agent of grape black rot, and other Phyllosticta species

AbstractChemical control of grape black rot, caused by Phyllosticta ampelicida, relies mainly on the use of demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs). The effectiveness of QoI fungicides is influenced by alternative respiration activity, and the exon/intron structure and point mutations in the target protein's gene, the cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Our study aims to investigate the QoI fungicide sensitivity of 48 P. ampelicida isolates in vitro by measuring EC50 and the molecular characteristics of the cytb gene and its mRNA in P. ampelicida and other Phyllosticta species. Mycelial growth tests revealed that the P. ampelicida isolates were sensitive to both azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin; baseline EC50 values were 0.029 and 0.022 μg/mL, respectively. Addition of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) resulted in lower EC50 values (0.024 and 0.017 μg/mL, respectively). None of the typical point mutations conferring resistance to QoIs in some fungi were detected. A group I intron was present right after the 143rd codon in the cytb gene in four of the six Phyllosticta species examined. The sequence and exon/intron structure of the cytb gene of P. ampelicida isolated from Vitis vinifera is studied in detail and published here. Our results indicate a low risk of QoI resistance development via the G143A mutation in P. ampelicida.

Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster

The increased consumption of pesticides can have a negative environmental impact by increasing the essential metals to toxic levels. Bordasul® is a commonly used fungicide in Brazil and it is composed of 20% Cu, 10% sulfur, and 3.0% calcium. The study of fungicides in vivo in non-target model organisms can predict their environmental impact more broadly. The Drosophila melanogaster is a unique model due to its ease of handling and maintenance. Here, the potential toxicity of Bordasul® was investigated by assessing the development, survival, and behavior of exposed flies. Exposure to Bordasul® impaired the development (p < 0.01) and caused a significant reduction in memory retention (p < 0.05) and locomotor ability (p < 0.001). Fungicides are needed to assure the world’s food demand; however, Bordasul® was highly toxic to D. melanogaster. Therefore, Bordasul® may be potentially toxic to non-target invertebrates and new environmentally-safe biofertilizers have to be developed to preserve the biota.

Antifungal Activity of 3-Hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-Thiol, a Novel Quinoxaline Derivative against Candida Species

Candida ranks as among the most frequently encountered fungal infections that associated with high morbidity and mortality. Quinoxaline derivatives are a group of small molecules that showed a promising antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to investigate the fungicidal effects of 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol against Candida in comparison with Amphotericin B in vitro as a reference. Also, we aim to assess the efficacy of 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol in vivo using mice oral candidiasis model. Fifty-six Candida isolates were subjected to susceptibility testing by broth microdilution method for 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol and Amphotericin B. Therefore, Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were assessed and compared. The oral candidiasis mice model was used to evaluate the activity of 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol in vivo. Microbiological evaluation of progression and ELISA were used in this study. 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol was more effective than Amphotericin B against most clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Higher effectiveness was seen against Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis isolates. However, the efficiency against Candida tropicalis isolates varies. 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol was also effective against Pichia kudriavzevii and Clavispora lusitaniae. 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol showed a good efficacy in mice model against C. albicans cells ATCC 10231. 3-hydrazinoquinoxaline-2-thiol has shown promising antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity against different Candida species. More tests and experiments are needed.

Effect of Fungicides and Application Intervals for the Control of Black Spot of Roses

The efficacy of the fungicide pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole (Postiva) was evaluated at varying application rates and intervals to control black spot disease (Diplocarpon rosae) in rose (Rosa spp. ‘Coral Drift’). Container-grown roses were arranged in a completely randomized design with five single-plant replications. Experiments were conducted under greenhouse and shade-house conditions (56% shade) in 2021/2022 and 2023. Black spot disease in roses was developed naturally. Pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole at 1.1 , 1.6, and 2.2 mL⋅L–1, and standard fungicide azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr (Mural) at 0.5⋅g L–1 were sprayed on foliage to runoff on a 2- or 4-week interval. Plants that were not treated with fungicide served as the controls. Plants were evaluated weekly for disease severity (0%–100% foliage affected) and defoliation (0%–100% defoliation). The season-long area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and area under the defoliation progress curve (AUDFC) were calculated for the evaluation period. Pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole reduced significantly black spot disease severity, AUDPC, defoliation, and AUDFC both in greenhouse and shade-house conditions compared with control plants, and was as effective as azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr. All the application rates and intervals of pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole were equally effective in reducing black spot severity and AUDPC. Our findings suggest that pydiflumetofen + difenoconazole at the lowest rate with the longest application interval is the most cost-effective, and has similar efficacy as treatments with higher rates and more frequent intervals.

Antifungal efficacy of natural antimicrobial substances during the fermentation and storage of hardaliye

Hardaliye is a non-alcoholic traditional fermented beverage produced using black grapes, mustard seeds, sour cherry leaves, and sodium benzoate. In this study, the effect of using plant materials (quince leaves, green tea, mulberry leaves, linden flowers, horseradish roots) as an alternative to sodium benzoate for inhibiting yeast growth to produce additive-free hardaliye was investigated. Hardaliye samples were produced using the selected test materials, microbiological and chemical analyses were performed during fermentation (20 °C for 18 days) and storage (4 °C for 2 months) periods. Additionally, the antifungal effects of test material extracts against Saccharomyces cerevisiae in grape juice and Malt Extract Broth (MEB), as well as the survival of S. cerevisiae in grape juice containing plant materials were examined. Only mustard seed extract had inhibitory and fungicidal effects at 25 mg/mL on S. cerevisiae in MEB among the tested plant material extracts and the effect increased when used in combination with grape juice. The total phenolic contents of the hardaliye samples were in the range of 2119.26–8653.33 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/L, and antioxidant activities were in the range of 30.24–93.15%. The numbers of S. cerevisiae decreased below the detection limit (<1 log CFU/mL) after 1 day in grape juice containing horseradish (5%), mustard seeds (1.5%) or sodium benzoate (0.1%). This study indicated that crushed mustard seeds at increased concentrations (1.5%), mustard seeds water extract (7.5 mg/mL), or horseradish roots (5%) have the potential to be used in the production of hardaliye as an alternative to sodium benzoate.