Effect Of Extreme Temperature Research Articles

The temporal variation in the effects of extreme temperature on respiratory mortality: Evidence from 136 cities in China, 2006–2019

BackgroundIn the context of climate change and urbanization, the temporal variation of the adverse health effect of extreme temperature has attracted increasing attention. MethodsThe meteorological data and the daily death records of mortality from respiratory diseases of 136 Chinese cities were from 2006 to 2019. Heat wave and cold spell were selected as the indicator events of extreme high temperature and extreme low temperature, respectively. The generalized linear model and time-varying distributed lag model were used to perform a two-stage time-series analysis to evaluate the temporal variation of the mortality risk associated with extreme temperature in the total population, sub-populations (sex- and age- specific) and different regions (climatic zone and relative humidity level). ResultsDuring the study period, relative risk (RR) of respiratory mortality associated with heat wave decreased from 1.22 (95 %CI: 1.07–1.39) to 1.13 (95 %CI: 1.01–1.26) in the total population, and RR of respiratory mortality associated with cold spell decreased from 1.30 (95 %CI: 1.14–1.49) to 1.17 (95 %CI: 1.08–1.26). The impact of heat wave reduced in the males (P = 0.044) and in the females as with cold spell (P < 0.001). The respiratory mortality risk of people over 65 associated with cold spell decreased (P = 0.040 for people aged 65–74 and P < 0.001 for people over 75). The effect of cold spell reduced in cities from tropical or arid zone (P = 0.035). The effects of both heat wave and cold spell decreased in cities with the relative humidity in the first quartile (P = 0.046 and 0.010, respectively). ConclusionThe impact of heat wave on mortality of respiratory diseases decreased mainly in males and cities with the lowest relative humidity, while the impact of cold spell reduced in females, people over 65 and tropical and arid zone, suggesting adaptation to extreme temperature of Chinese residents to some extent.

The Effect of Extreme Temperature and Air Pollutant on Cardiovascular Disease in Ondo-State Nigeria

This study investigates the relationship between extreme temperatures, air pollutants, and cardiovascular disease in Ondo State, Nigeria. Geographic Information System (GIS) satellite mapping techniques were utilized to analyze the spatial distribution of environmental parameters including methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and temperature across Ondo State. Data was obtained for the years 2020, 2021, and 2022 to allow for temporal analysis. The parameters exhibited some variations across different local government areas, indicating potential differences in exposure. 2020 data on cardiovascular disease and death cases revealed distinct spatial patterns, with northern regions showing higher disease burden compared to southern areas. The findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions based on region-specific environmental and health profiles. Enhanced monitoring, continued research on emerging factors, and translation of evidence into policies and community initiatives is recommended to mitigate environmental risks and promote cardiovascular health across Ondo State. Overall, the study demonstrates the utility of GIS mapping for investigating complex connections between environmental factors and health outcomes to guide informed prevention strategies.

Long-term effect of extreme temperature on cognitive function of middle-aged and older adults in China.

Several studies have explored the association between temperature and cognitive function. However, few studies have examined the effect of extreme temperature on cognitive function. In this study, we aimed to quantify the long-term effect of extreme temperature (e.g., heat waves, cold spells, and hot night excess (HNE)) on cognitive performance in middle-aged and older people in China. We investigated 7915 aged >45years people from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), surveyed in 2011 and 2015. A structured questionnaire was utilized to assess cognitive function, including four dimensions: episodic memory, attention, orientation, and visuo-construction. Hourly ambient temperature from the ERA5-Land datasets were used to calculate variables indicating extreme temperature. We performed difference-in-difference (DID) models to assess the potential causal relationship between extreme temperature and cognitive function. Non-linear analyses suggested that both sustained increases in temperature and excessive variability in temperature increased the risk of cognitive decline. Meanwhile, we observed the extra risk of global cognitive function decline was 2.3% (95% Confidence interval (95% CI): 0.2%, 4.4%) for heat waves (one unit increase) and 5.9% (95% CI: 0.6%, 11.6%) for HNE (one unit increase), while the association for cold spells was insignificant. Two cognitive dimensions, episodic memory and visuo-construction, were sensitive to these two heat-related factors. Extreme temperature was inversely related to cognitive performance in middle-aged and older adults, which was substantial for heat waves and HNE particularly. The effect size varied by cognitive dimensions.

Short-term exposure to extreme temperature and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases among children in the northern city of China: a time-series study.

Although studies have indicated that extreme temperature is strongly associated with respiratory diseases, there is a dearth of studies focused on children, especially in China. We aimed to explore the association between extreme temperature and children's outpatient visits for respiratory diseases and seasonal modification effects in Harbin, China. A distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was used to explore the effect of extreme temperature on daily outpatient visits for respiratory diseases among children, as well as lag effects and seasonal modification effects. Extremely low temperatures were defined as the 1st percentile and 2.5th percentile of temperature. Extremely high temperatures were defined as the 97.5th percentile and 99th percentile of temperature. At extremely high temperatures, both 26°C (97.5th) and 27°C (99th) showed adverse effects at lag 0-6 days, with relative risks (RRs) of 1.34 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21-1.48] and 1.38 (95% CI: 1.24-1.53), respectively. However, at extremely low temperatures, both - 26°C (1st) and - 23°C (2.5th) showed protective effects on children's outpatient visits for respiratory diseases at lag 0-10 days, with RRs of 0.86 (95% CI: 0.76-0.97) and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.75-0.95), respectively. We also found seasonal modification effects, with the association being stronger in the warm season than in the cold season at extremely high temperatures. Our study indicated that extremely hot temperatures increase the risk of children's outpatient visits for respiratory diseases. Efforts to reduce the exposure of children to extremely high temperatures could potentially alleviate the burden of pediatric respiratory diseases, especially during the warm season.

Seismic Response of a PC Continuous Box Girder Bridge under Extreme Ambient Temperature

To study the effect of temperature on the seismic performance of a prestressed reinforced concrete (PC) continuous girder bridge with laminated rubber bearings (LRBs), a two-linked continuous bridge was used as the background to consider the effect of extreme temperature on the properties of LRBs and pier concrete. First, the properties of concrete specimens were tested at different temperatures to obtain their mechanical parameters at extreme temperatures. Then, we obtained the effect of extreme temperature on the seismic response of consecutive bridges with LRBs by examining the seismic response of the pier moments, pier top displacements, and bearing deformations. The results show that compared with normal temperatures, the extreme temperature causes a change in parameters of the LRBs and concrete pier, which increases the internal force and displacement response of a pier under an extremely low temperature by 37.13% and 32.74%, respectively. The displacement of bearings under extremely high temperature conditions increases by 16.31%. The influence of temperature changes on the mechanical parameters of LRBs will change the connection stiffness of the pier and superstructure, resulting in significant changes in the seismic response of the pier and bearing, so that the internal force and displacement response of the pier are negatively correlated with the temperature.

Influence of temperature on the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertension in different pregnancy trimesters

Previous studies have proved that exposure to extreme temperature in specific windows of pregnancy could cause some complications, such as pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but differences in the effect of extreme temperature on the 2 complications are rarely studied. We carried a retrospective study on the impact of temperature on GDM/PIH in different trimesters based on data from a maternal and child health center in Beijing, China. Ambient temperatures (°C) were obtained from the China Meteorological Administration from January 1st, 2013 to May 15th, 2018. We use distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) combined with logistic regression to calculate the lag exposure-response relationships between the temperature and GDM/PIH from 1st to 24th/20th weeks of pregnancy. In both first and second trimesters, the risk of GDM was increased in summer with high temperatures; in second trimester, the risk of GDM increased in winter with low temperatures. In first half of pregnancy, risk of PIH was decreased in winter with low temperatures. These findings can provide the guideline for preventing the GDM and PIH induced by extreme temperature during pregnancy.

A longitudinal study on the effect of extreme temperature on non-accidental deaths in Hulunbuir City based on DLNM model

ObjectiveTo explore the frequency and effect of extreme temperature on the non-accidental death rate in Hulunbuir, a Chinese ice city.MethodsFrom 2014 to 2018, mortality data of residents residing in Hulunbuir City were collected. The lag and cumulative effects of extreme temperature conditions on non-accidental death and respiratory and circulatory diseases were analyzed by distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM).ResultsThe risk of death was the highest during high-temperature conditions, the RR value was 1.111 (95% CI 1.031 ~ 1.198). The effect was severe and acute. The risk of death during extreme low-temperature conditions peaked on the fifth day, (RR 1.057; 95% CI 1.012 ~ 1.112), then decreased and was maintained for 12 days. The cumulative RR value was 1.289 (95% CI 1.045 ~ 1.589). Heat significantly influenced the incidence of non-accidental death in both men (RR 1.187; 95% CI 1.059–1.331) and women (RR 1.252; 95% CI 1.085–1.445).ConclusionsRegardless of the temperature effect, the risk of death in the elderly group (≥ 65 years) was significantly higher than that of the young group (0–64 years). High-temperature and low-temperature conditions can contribute to the increased number of deaths in Hulunbei. While high-temperature has an acute effect, low-temperature has a lagging effect. Elderly and women, as well as people with circulatory diseases, are more sensitive to extreme temperatures.

The effect of extreme temperature and precipitation on cause-specific deaths in rural Burkina Faso: a longitudinal study

Extreme weather is becoming more common due to climate change and threatens human health through climate-sensitive diseases, with very uneven effects around the globe. Low-income, rural populations in the Sahel region of west Africa are projected to be severely affected by climate change. Climate-sensitive disease burdens have been linked to weather conditions in areas of the Sahel, although comprehensive, disease-specific empirical evidence on these relationships is scarce. In this study, we aim to provide an analysis of the associations between weather conditions and cause-specific deaths over a 16-year period in Nouna, Burkina Faso. In this longitudinal study, we used de-identified, daily cause-of-death data from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System led by the Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN) in the National Institute of Public Health of Burkina Faso, to assess temporal associations between daily and weekly weather conditions (maximum temperature and total precipitation) and deaths attributed to specific climate-sensitive diseases. We implemented distributed-lag zero-inflated Poisson models for 13 disease-age groups at daily and weekly time lags. We included all deaths from climate-sensitive diseases in the CRSN demographic surveillance area from Jan 1, 2000 to Dec 31, 2015 in the analysis. We report the exposure-response relationships at percentiles representative of the exposure distributions of temperature and precipitation in the study area. Of 8256 total deaths in the CRSN demographic surveillance area over the observation period, 6185 (74·9%) were caused by climate-sensitive diseases. Deaths from communicable diseases were most common. Heightened risk of death from all climate-sensitive communicable diseases, and malaria (both across all ages and in children younger than 5 years), was associated with 14-day lagged daily maximum temperatures at or above 41·1°C, the 90th percentile of daily maximum temperatures, compared with 36·4°C, the median (all communicable diseases: 41·9°C relative risk [RR] 1·38 [95% CI 1·08-1·77], 42·8°C 1·57 [1·13-2·18]; malaria all ages: 41·1°C 1·47 [1·05-2·05], 41·9°C 1·78 [1·21-2·61], 42·8°C 2·35 [1·37-4·03]; malaria younger than 5 years: 41·9°C 1·67 [1·02-2·73]). Heightened risk of death from communicable diseases was also associated with 14-day lagged total daily precipitation at or below 0·1 cm, the 49th percentile of total daily precipitation, compared with 1·4 cm, the median (all communicable diseases: 0·0 cm 1·04 [1·02-1·07], 0·1 cm 1·01 [1·006-1·02]; malaria all ages: 0·0 cm 1·04 [1·01-1·08], 0·1 cm 1·02 [1·00-1·03]; malaria younger than 5 years: 0·0 cm 1·05 [1·01-1·10], 0·1 cm 1·02 [1·00-1·04]). The only significant association with a non-communicable disease outcome was a heightened risk of death from climate-sensitive cardiovascular diseases in individuals aged 65 years and older associated with 7-day lagged daily maximum temperatures at or above 41·9°C (41·9°C 2·25 [1·06-4·81], 42·8°C 3·68 [1·46-9·25]). Over 8 cumulative weeks, we found that the risk of death from communicable diseases was heightened at all ages from temperatures at or above 41·1°C (41·1°C 1·23 [1·05-1·43], 41·9°C 1·30 [1·08-1·56], 42·8°C 1·35 [1·09-1·66]) and risk of death from malaria was heightened by precipitation at or above 45·3 cm (all ages: 45·3 cm 1·68 [1·31-2·14], 61·6 cm 1·72 [1·27-2·31], 87·7 cm 1·72 [1·16-2·55]; children younger than 5 years: 45·3 cm 1·81 [1·36-2·41], 61·6 cm 1·82 [1·29-2·56], 87·7 cm 1·93 [1·24-3·00]). Our results indicate a high burden of death related to extreme weather in the Sahel region of west Africa. This burden is likely to increase with climate change. Climate preparedness programmes-such as extreme weather alerts, passive cooling architecture, and rainwater drainage-should be tested and implemented to prevent deaths from climate-sensitive diseases in vulnerable communities in Burkina Faso and the wider Sahel region. Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

Have residents adapted to heat wave and cold spell in the 21st century? Evidence from 136 Chinese cities

Global climate change has increased the probability and intensity of extreme weather events. The adverse health effect of extreme temperature has gone through a temporal variation over years. Time-series data including city-level daily cardiovascular death records and meteorological data were collected from 136 Chinese cities during 2006 and 2019. A time-varying distributed lag model with interaction terms was applied to assess the temporal change of mortality risk and attributable mortality of heat wave and cold spell. The mortality effect of heat wave generally increased and that of cold spell decreased significantly in the total population during the study period. The heat wave effect increased especially among the female and people aged 65 to 74. As for the cold spell, the reduced susceptibility was detected both in the temperate and cold climatic zone. Our findings appeal for counterpart measures corresponding to sub-populations and regions responding to future extreme climate events from the public and individuals.

The effect of extreme temperature on electricity consumption, air pollution, and gross domestic product

The Report: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) set a goal global warming of 1.5°C on global temperature change. Extreme climate changes have increased the demand for electricity consumption by people and enterprises. In fact, China's total power generation in 2019 exceeded 25% of the world's amount, and its thermal power generation accounted for more than 70%. Although past research on electricity efficiency seldom discusses the issue of climate change, the topic still remains important. This research thus considers extreme temperature days (climate change variable) as exogenous variable and uses the Two-Stage Meta Under exogenous undesirable EBM model to examine power efficiency in China. The results are as follows. (1) In the west only Qinghai's GDP, CO2, PM2.5, and electricity consumption have technology gap ratio (TGR) efficiency values of 1 in the 5 years. (2) China's electricity consumption has the same trend with the TGR efficiency of CO2 and is higher than PM2.5. (3) The national overall efficiency, meta overall efficiency, and TGR overall efficiency are the worst in China's west region.

Effect on the health of newborns caused by extreme temperature in Guangzhou

By using 64,270 daily observations from a large hospital in Guangzhou between 2017 and 2019, we analyzed the impact of extreme temperature on the health of newborns via OLS regression with time fixed effect. Given that the short-term temperature change can be regarded as exogenous and random, solving the potential endogenous problem is critical. We find that extreme temperature negatively affects the health of newborns. The Apgar score, an index for evaluating neonatal health, decreases by 0.008 (0.029%) when the duration of extreme temperature events increases by a day. A series of robustness checks verify the reliability of this negative effect. Extreme temperature also has a particularly serious effect on the health of newborns whose mothers have poor education. By gradually extending the observation period, we find that the effect of extreme temperature on neonatal health is mainly concentrated 1–6 weeks before delivery, whereas the effect of extreme temperature on hospitalization cost is mainly concentrated 4–8 weeks before delivery. This paper provides a valuable reference for evaluating the health and social costs of extreme weather, and our findings are conducive to the construction of climate-resilient health systems, especially in Guangzhou.

Simulation of Wheat Response to Future Climate Change Based on Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project Phase 6 Multi-Model Ensemble Projections in the North China Plain.

Global climate change results in more extreme temperature events, which poses a serious threat to wheat production in the North China Plain (NCP). Assessing the potential impact of temperature extremes on crop growth and yield is an important prerequisite for exploring crop adaptation measures to deal with changing climate. In this study, we evaluated the effects of heat and frost stress during wheat sensitive period on grain yield at four representative sites over the NCP using Agricultural Production System Simulator (APSIM)-wheat model driven by the climate projections from 20 Global Climate Models (GCMs) in the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) during two future periods of 2031–2060 (2040S) and 2071–2100 (2080S) under societal development pathway (SSP) 245 and SSP585 scenarios. We found that extreme temperature stress had significantly negative impacts on wheat yield. However, increased rainfall and the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration could partly compensate for the yield loss caused by extreme temperature events. Under future climate scenarios, the risk of exposure to heat stress around flowering had no great change but frost risk in spring increased slightly mainly due to warming climate accelerating wheat development and advancing the flowering time to a cooler period of growing season. Wheat yield loss caused by heat and frost stress increased by −0.6 to 4.2 and 1.9–12.8% under SSP585_2080S, respectively. We also found that late sowing and selecting cultivars with a long vegetative growth phase (VGP) could significantly compensate for the negative impact of extreme temperature on wheat yields in the south of NCP. However, selecting heat resistant cultivars in the north NCP and both heat and frost resistant cultivars in the central NCP may be a more effective way to alleviate the negative effect of extreme temperature on wheat yields. Our findings showed that not only heat risk should be concerned under climate warming, but also frost risk should not be ignored.

Dynamical Manifestations of Supercooling in Amyloid Hydration.

The effect of extreme temperature on amyloidogenic species remains sparsely explored. In a recent study (J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2019, 10, (10)), we employed exhaustive molecular dynamics simulations to explore the cold thermal response of a putative small amyloid oligomer and to elicit the role of solvent modulation. Herein, we investigate the dynamical response of the hydration waters of the oligomer within the supercooled states. Using NMR-based formalism, we delineate the entropic response in terms of the side-chain conformational entropy that corroborates the weakening of the hydrophobic core with lowering of temperature. The translational dynamics of the protein and hydration waters reveal the coupling of protein dynamical fluctuations with solvent dynamics under supercooled conditions. Probing the translational motion as a space-time correlation indicates glassy dynamics exhibited by hydration waters in the supercooled regime. Caging of the water molecules with lowering of temperature and the resultant hopping dynamics are reflected in the longer β-relaxation timescales of translational motion. Furthermore, we utilized mode-coupling theory (MCT) and derived the ideal glass transition temperature from translational and rotational dynamics, around ∼196 and 209 K, respectively. Interestingly, rotational motion in the supercooled regime deviates from the MCT law, exhibits Arrhenius motion, and marks a fragile-to-strong crossover at 227 K. The low-frequency vibrational modes also coincide with the dynamical transition. This exposition lends dynamical insights into the hydration coupling of an amyloid aggregate under cryogenic conditions.

Experimental verification of the theoretical aging of vacuum insulated panels

Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) encompass a higher thermal resistance per unit of thickness compared to any other kind of insulation. However, their aging has often shown some critical concerns. To support the broader use of VIPs in the building sector, their physical properties, and in particular their thermal conductivity, over long-periods should remain consistent. This study investigates the effect of extreme temperature and relative humidity cycling on the service life and thermal conductivity of VIPs. The scope is to validate existing theoretical aging models for VIPs. First, the experimental results of the thermal conductivity for five VIPs in pristine and in laboratory-accelerated conditions are reported. The thermal conductivity in pristine conditions of the selected materials ranged between 0.0028 and 0.007W/mK. The results of the thermal conductivity values after several aging conditions are reported in the temperature range from −20°C to +40°C. Then, an analytical aging method is employed to validate the collected data. Results show that aging has a more significant impact on the performance of VIPs with a core of fiberglass-core than on VIPs with a core of fumed silica. However, for all the investigated VIPs the service life corresponding to the thermal conductivity of 0.008W/mK was higher than 25 years, confirming the reliability of these insulating systems.

Chilling and Heat Stress-Induced Physiological Changes and MicroRNA-Related Mechanism in Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.).

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is an important industrial and food crop. Both chilling and heat stress inhibits sweetpotato growth and development and then affects yield. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of sweetpotato response to chilling and heat stress is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of extreme temperature on sweetpotato physiological response, with a focus on oxidative stress and the potential microRNA (miRNA)-mediated molecular mechanism. Our results showed that both chilling and heat stress resulted in accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including H2O2 and O2–, and caused oxidative stress in sweetpotato. This further affected the activities of oxidative stress-related enzymes and products, including SOD, POD, and MDA. Both chilling and heat stress inhibited POD activities but induced the enzyme activities of SOD and MDA. This suggests that sweetpotato cells initiated its own defense mechanism to handle extreme temperature-caused oxidative damage. Oxidative damage and repair are one mechanism that sweetpotato plants respond to extreme temperatures. Another potential mechanism is miRNA-mediated gene response. Chilling and heat stress altered the expression of stress-responsive miRNAs in sweetpotato seedlings. These miRNAs regulate sweetpotato response to extreme stress through targeting individual protein-coding genes.

Effect of Extreme Temperature on Naloxone Nasal Spray Dispensing Device Performance.

The opioid epidemic has led to the wide-spread distribution of naloxone to emergency personnel and to the general public. Recommended storage conditions based on prescribing information are between 15°C and 25°C (59°F and 77°F), with excursions permitted between 4°C and 40°C (39°F and 104°F). Actual storage likely varies widely with potential exposures to extreme temperatures outside of these ranges. These potentially prolonged extreme temperatures may alter the volume of naloxone dispensed from the nasal spray device, which could result in suboptimal efficacy. The aim of this study was to assess the naloxone volume deployed following nasal spray device storage at extreme temperatures over an extended period of time. Naloxone nasal spray devices were exposed to storage temperatures of -29°C (-20°F), 20°C (68°F), and 71°C (160°F) to simulate extreme temperatures and a control for 10 hours. First, the density was measured under each temperature condition. Following the density calculation part of the experiment, the mass of naloxone dispensed from each nasal spray device at each temperature was captured and used to calculate volume: calculated volume (microliter, µl) = spray mass (mg converted to g)/mean density (g/mL). Measurements and calculations are reported as means with standard deviation and standard error, and a one-way ANOVA was used to evaluate mean dispensed volume differences at different temperatures. There was no difference in the mean volume deployed at -29°C (-20°F), 20°C (68°F), and 71°C (160°F), and measurements were 101.44µl (SD = 9.56; SE = 5.52), 99.01µl (SD = 6.31; SE = 3.64), and 108.28µl (SD = 2.04; SE = 1.18), respectively; P value = .289, F-statistic value = 1.535. The results of this study suggest that naloxone nasal spray devices will dispense the appropriate volume, even when stored at extreme temperatures outside of the manufacturer's recommended range.

The effect of extreme temperature on emergency admissions across vulnerable populations in England: an observational study

BackgroundClimate change poses an unfamiliar challenge to population health and health-systems resilience. Although previous studies have estimated morbidity attributable to heat or cold across cities, we provide, to our knowledge, the first large-scale, population-wide assessment of the effect of extreme temperatures on excess emergency admissions in England and among vulnerable populations, who could be disproportionately affected. MethodsIn this observational study, we combined all daily inpatient admissions during 2001–12 in England with meteorological data using inverse distance weighting. We exploited random daily variation in temperature experienced by hospitals and a 30-day lag period, using a distributed lag model with multiple fixed-effects controlling for seasonal factors, to examine interaction effects across diseases with age and the indices of multiple deprivation. FindingsWe analysed 29 371 084 emergency admissions. A day with temperature above 30°C was associated with 3·5 more admissions per hospital (SE 0·45), relative to a 10–15°C day. This increased to 14·1 excess admissions per hospital (SE 5·56) over the following 30 days, generating 786 excess admissions across England per heatwave day. A day under –5°C generated 3·8 more admissions per hospital (SE 0·33), or 966 excess admissions across England. This increased to 62·3 admissions per hospital (SE 4·83) over the following 30 days. These effects were heterogeneous across age and deprivation level. Populations older than 74 years were up to 8 times more affected by extreme temperatures. Individuals living in low-employment and low-income areas were 2–10 times more likely to be admitted during a temperature shock. These results were statistically significant (p<0·0001) and passed several robustness and falsification tests. InterpretationTo our knowledge, this is the first study to determine heterogeneous morbidity risks of temperature across an entire population using a robust, near-causal methodology. Population health is negatively affected by hot and cold temperature shocks, with older people and those living in low-employment and low-income areas disproportionately affected. Findings were unadjusted for pollution and possible individual protective behaviours, providing underestimated—yet policy-applicable—risks of temperature. A heterogeneous lag effect indicates the importance of considering vulnerable populations in policy making to ensure mitigation and resilience policies are not restricted to immediate temperature shocks only and are sensitive to vulnerable populations, mitigating inequalities in access to health care. FundingBritish Academy and Imperial College Business School.

Impact of heat and cold waves on female cattle mortality beyond the effect of extreme temperatures

Although heat and cold temperatures are known to have an impact on cattle mortality, no study has evidenced and quantified the influence of the prolonged exposure to extreme temperatures beyond the single effect of daily temperatures. We defined a heat (or cold) wave by a continuous variable indicating the number of successive days with temperatures above (or below) a given threshold. For heat wave, the threshold was set to the 95th or 99th percentile of the mean daily temperature distribution and for cold wave to the 1st or 5th percentile. We collected female cattle mortality data by type of production and age classes between 2001 and 2015 for 100 iso‐hygro‐thermal areas in France. We used time-series analyses to estimate the area-specific heat wave- and cold wave-mortality relationships. Then, we applied meta-analyses to pool area-specific effects at the country level for each definition of heat and cold wave. For each type of production and age classes, our models predicted symmetrical relationships between temperature and mortality, with a temperature range of minimum mortality located approximately between 15 and 20 °CTHI in most categories. Outside that range, relative risks between 1.3 and 2.5 were estimated for extreme cold temperatures and relative risks between 1.1 and 1.5 were estimated for extreme hot temperatures depending on age categories and production type. Our results indicated that a prolonged exposure to high (or low) temperatures caused a significant increase on mortality (up to 40% during heat waves and 23% for cold waves, depending on type of production and age classes), in addition to the effect of extreme temperature alone. This additional mortality risk increased along with the duration and intensity of the exposure. Our results suggest that not discriminating the effect of the prolonged exposure to extreme temperature, may overestimate the effect of temperature alone on mortality.

Study on the association between ambient temperature and mortality using spatially resolved exposure data

There are many studies that have posited an association between extreme temperature and increased mortality. However, most studies use temperature at a single station per city as the reference point to analyze deaths. This leads to exposure misclassification and usually the exclusion of exurban, small town, and rural populations. In addition, few studies control for confounding by PM2.5, which is expected to induce upward bias. The high-resolution temperature and PM2.5 data at a resolution of 1km2 were derived from satellite images and other land use sources.To capture the nonlinear association of temperature with mortality we fit a piecewise linear spline function for temperature, with a change in slope at −1°C and 28°C, the temperature threshold at which mortality in Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina increases due to cold and heat, respectively. We conducted stratified analyses by age group, sex, race, education, and urban vs nonurban, as well as sensitivity analyses of different temperature threshold and covariate sets.We found a 0.19% (95% CI=−0.98, 1.34%) increase in mortality for each 1°C decrease in temperature below −1°C and a 2.05% (95% CI=0.87, 3.24%) increase in mortality for each 1°C increase in temperature above 28°C, a 79.8% larger effect size for heat compared to the station-based metric. The effect estimates relying on the monitoring stations were 0.09% (95% CI=−0.79, 0.95%) and 1.14% (95% CI=0.08, 1.57%) for the equivalent temperature changes. The estimates were not confounded by PM2.5. Children under 15 years of age had the largest percentage increase per 1°C increase in temperature (8.19%, 95% CI=−0.38 to 17.49%) followed by Blacks (4.35%, 95% CI=2.22 to 6.53%). Higher education was a protective factor for the effect of extreme temperature on mortality. There was a suggestion that people in less urban areas were more susceptible to extreme temperature. The relationship between temperature and mortality was stronger when using exposure data with more spatial variability than using exposure data based on existing monitors alone.

Effect of Extreme Temperature on the Performance of Wind Turbine Blade

According to the Dabancheng wing farm weather conditions from 1971 to 2000, and its extreme temperature conditions, the performance change of 750KW wind turbine blade with them was researched in the article. Import UG Modeling to ANSYS, then achieve the static structural analysis and the heat-structure interaction analysis respectively. The results show that comparing aerodynamic-temperature loads with aerodynamic loads, the stress, strain and displacement of the blade is increased by 13.89%, 10.29% and 0.20%. Therefore, temperature changes have a certain impact on the blade performance. In the future, the temperature will be a necessary consideration during design of blade structure.