Effect Of Ethyl Cellulose Research Articles

Optimization and comparison of unidirectional lidocaine-loaded buccal patch with the articaine-loaded buccal patch to reduce injection pain and increment of patients' compliance in dental procedures: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial

IntroductionNervous patients often postpone dental visits until they are in severe pain, exacerbating anxiety. Buccal patches provide a noninvasive method of delivering drugs between the upper gum and cheek, offering local and systemic effects. Prior research has demonstrated the effectiveness, safety, and reliability of topical lidocaine or articaine patches for oral anesthesia. Consequently, this study aimed to develop a three-layered buccal drug delivery system for topical anesthetics. MethodsThe first step was preparing and optimizing lidocaine-loaded three-layer patches using Design-expert software. The effects of ethylcellulose, Eudragit, and carbopol concentrations were investigated on patch characteristics, including mucoadhesion, Young's modulus, and Elongation-at-break. Subsequently, patches were fabricated according to the optimized formulation determined by the software, and their efficacy was studied in a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Participants received either lidocaine or articaine-loaded compared with placebo in a split-mouth study. They evaluated their pain levels using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the onset and duration of action were recorded for each treatment. ResultsAccording to the results, increasing ethyl cellulose and Eudragit concentrations improved mucoadhesion force (p < 0.05) while increasing ethyl cellulose and reducing Eudragit concentrations increased Young's modulus (p < 0.05). Increasing Carbopol and decreasing Eudragit concentrations also raised elongation at break significantly in the patch (p < 0.05). Treatment with lidocaine-loaded patches resulted in lower VAS scores and faster onset of action in patients than articaine-loaded patches. However, the duration of the effect was longer in the former(p < 0.001). ConclusionBased on the responses' analysis, the formulation of the 3-layered buccal patch was optimized. This formulation comprised 4.72 % ethyl cellulose, 2 % Carbopol, and 5 % eudragit. Clinical evaluation results showed that loading the optimized formulation with lidocaine was more efficient in controlling the injection pain than articaine. Trial registrationThis trial was prospectively registered with irct.behdasht.gov.ir (registration number: IRCT20210118050067N2) on Aug 19, 2022.

The Development of a Fully Renewable Lubricant: The Effect of Ethyl Cellulose on the Properties of a Polyhydroxyalkanoate (P34HB)-Based Grease

In the context of the ongoing evolution of the global economy and increasing environmental awareness, green sustainable development has emerged as a crucial pathway for future advancements in the lubrication industry. In this study, we prepared bio-based greases by employing a thickener system consisting of polyhydroxyalkanoate (P34HB) and ethyl cellulose, with castor oil serving as a base oil. The results indicate that ethyl cellulose significantly and effectively enhances the grease system’s mechanical and colloidal stability. Notably, the addition of 5 wt% ethyl cellulose leads to superior mechanical and colloidal stability, while increasing concentrations gradually result in rheological properties similar to those of oleogels. Furthermore, the wear volume of grease containing 5 wt% ethyl cellulose was reduced by 39.20% compared to that of a reference P34HB grease, demonstrating its exceptional wear resistance. The present study provides a theoretical foundation and empirical evidence for the future development of biodegradable greases as substitutes for non-degradable materials, thereby expanding the range of environmentally friendly greases formulated with biomass-based thickeners.

Effects of vegetable oil and ethylcellulose on the oleogel properties and its application in Harbin red sausage

The effects of ethylcellulose (EC) concentration (6–12 %) and types of vegetable oil (sunflower, peanut, corn, and flaxseed oils) on the color, hardness, oil loss, lipid oxidation, and rheology property of oleogels were investigated in this study. Peanut oil (PO) oleogel was selected to replace pork fat partially in Harbin red sausage. Meanwhile, the fatty acid profile, texture, and sensory attributes of the reformulated sausages were analyzed. Oleogels formulated with higher EC concentration had higher brightness and hardness, a higher degree of lipid oxidation, and greater storage (G′) and loss (G′′) moduli. Oleogels formulated with PO had lower oil loss, flaxseed oil oleogel had higher hardness. Corn oil and PO oleogels had a lower level of lipid oxidation. The texture, lipid oxidation, and sensory attributes of the reformulated sausages, in which 10–30 % pork fat was replaced with PO oleogel, did not significantly differ from those without oleogel replacement. Meanwhile, the reformulated sausages had a healthier fatty acids profile and higher nutritional value.

Preparation and characterisation of biodegradable polylactic acid/ethyl cellulose film produced using the extruder and roller mixer machine

SummaryThe present study aimed to produce polylactic acid (PLA) and ethyl cellulose (EC) biodegradable film using a single screw extruder and a roller mixer machine. This method resulted in better mixing of the polymers, reducing the possibility of burns and easier control of the film thickness. The mechanical properties measurement showed that tensile strength (TS) decreased by about 37.9%, and elongation at break (EAB) increased about 2.6‐fold by increasing EC to 75%. The increase in EAB indicated the plasticising effect of EC. Since flexibility is essential in shaping a material without fracture, PLA/EC blend films can be a good candidate for packaging. According to DSC results, glass‐transition temperature (Tg) decreased in the blend films, probably due to the increase in the hydrophilicity of the films after EC addition. The water contact angle of pure PLA film was about 83°, whereas it reached 28° in the film containing 75% EC. The water vapour permeability of PLA film was 2.24 × 10−11 g m.s.Pa−1 and PLA reduction to 25% increased the WVP by about two times. Adding EC into the pure PLA film reduced the transparency, indicating the potential of blend film for the packaging of light‐sensitive food products. Besides, EC addition enhanced PLA biodegradability after enzymatic treatment (alcalase) and soil burial.

Tuning the rheological and tribological properties to simulate oral processing of novel high internal phase oleogel-in-water emulsions

The current study reported novel oil-in-water high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by oleogel and a protein. Effects of ethyl cellulose (EC, oleogelator) and oil fraction on the microstructures, stability, linear/non-linear rheological, and tribological properties of the emulsions were investigated. CLSM and Cryo-SEM observations indicated that the increase of oil and EC content contributed to a smaller size (from 13.3 to 8.17 μm) and tighter packing of the droplets. EC was distributed inside the oil droplets and tended to move towards the interface. Gelation of the oil phase allowed the emulsions with higher physical stability against centrifugation. Compared to medium internal phase emulsions (60 wt% oil), HIPEs (75 wt% oil) were more sensitive to shearing. Small amplitude oscillation shearing analysis revealed that the inclusion of EC led to stiffer (higher moduli), stronger (higher critical stress), and more brittle (lower critical strain) properties of the emulsions. Large amplitude oscillation shearing tests showed that the emulsions with higher oil content presented weaker strain overshoot behaviors, while HIPEs with EC showed strain thinning characteristics. Lissajous-Bowditch curves further revealed that HIPEs were more sensitive to large deformation. Emulsions without EC showed higher structural elasticity and were more resistant to large deformations, while emulsions with EC exhibited higher nonlinear responses. Tribology tests suggested that the addition of EC contributed to higher friction coefficients of emulsions in mixed and hydrodynamic lubrication regions. The information obtained would be helpful in understanding the oral behavior of concentrated emulsions and designing functional food.

Effect of Ethyl Cellulose on Ammonia Sensing Abilities of Gas Sensors Fabricated Using MoS2 Functional Ink for Printed Electronics Application

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides have emerged as an excellent alternative to metal oxide and polymer-based conventional gas sensors. Liquid synthesis/processing of these materials has opened up doors for developing printed gas sensors. However, the formulation of ink and tuning its rheology require some additives. Ethyl cellulose (EC) has been consistently utilized for this purpose. In this letter, we have qualitatively assessed the role of EC addition on the performance of gas sensors based on the MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nanosheets. In the process, we first optimized the ultrasonication time to achieve an optimal gas sensing performance. Furthermore, we optimized centrifugation time since it is an important parameter governing the printability of the ink. We further optimized the addition of EC in the solution to formulate printable ink. Ammonia sensors based on MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> solutions with and without EC were developed, and their performance has been compared at the assay of absolute response, baseline drift, response time, and recovery time. It is clearly evident that the addition of EC not only affects the device baseline current levels but also deteriorates the absolute response and minimum detection limit.

Cathodic disbonding of self-healing composite coatings: effect of ethyl cellulose micro/nanocapsules

ABSTRACT The effect of ethyl cellulose (EC) micro/nanocapsules containing linseed oil (LO) on the cathodic disbonding of self-healing composite coatings is investigated by cathodic disbonding test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Results reveal that the presence of EC nanocapsules significantly improves the cathodic disbonding resistance of the coatings so that the rates of disbonded area under the simulated condition of cathodic protection decrease from 3.882 mm2 h for the blank coating to 0.025 mm2 h for the nanocapsules containing coating. It may be ascribed to the releasing LO and filling the defects at the coating/substrate interface by oxidative polymerisation mechanism. EIS test results indicate that the corrosion resistance of the coatings is improved in the presence of EC nanocapsules. In addition, the coating resistance to cathodic disbonding and corrosion increase by decreasing capsule sizes. Finally, a proposed mechanism of ion diffusion through the self-healing coating’s defect is schematically illustrated.

Effects of Polyvinylpyrrolidone and Ethyl Cellulose in Polyurethane Electrospun Nanofibers on Morphology and Drug Release Characteristics.

Polyurethanes (PUs) are a popular choice for composing nanofibers due to their spinnability, biocompatibility, high chemical stability, and good mechanical and elasticity properties. The desired release behaviors are also achieved by using combinations of PUs and various polymers. In this study, we investigated effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ethyl cellulose (EC) on PU electrospun nanofibers in terms of morphological structures and drug release characteristics. Nanofibers were prepared using blends of PU with either EC or PVP in different ratios by electrospinning. The effects of PVP or EC on the morphology and diameter of the prepared nanofibers were examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The compatibility of the components used in the formulations of nanofibers was determined by attenuated total reflection (ATR)-fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). Donepezil hydrochloride (DNP), a water soluble compound, was selected as a model drug to examine its release characteristics from both PU/PVP and PU/EC electrospun nanofibers. In vitro drug release studies from electrospun nanofibers were performed according to the method defined in the monograph as the "paddle over disk method" of United States Pharmacopeia 38. The SEM images showed that addition of EC or PVP to PU solutions did not affect the generation of nanofibers, and those formed had a smooth surface without beads in nanoscale. The ATR-FTIR spectra disclosed that EC and PVP were separately incorporated into the PU matrix. The in vitro release data indicated that the presence of EC or PVP in PU nanofibers dramatically changed the release behavior of DNP. PU/EC nanofibers (F4) provided sustained drug release with the Korsmeyer-Peppas drug release kinetic mechanism, in which the release rate was controlled by diffusion of the drug, while all of the PU/PVP nanofibers exhibited fast drug release. Overall, these characteristics of PU/EC (10/8) electrospun nanofibers has suggested their potential use as a drug carrier from which water-soluble drug release may occur in a sustained fashion.

Effect of Ethylcellulose on the Rheology and Mechanical Heterogeneity of Asphaltene Films at the Oil-Water Interface.

Asphaltenes are surface-active molecules that exist naturally in crude oil. They adsorb at the water-oil interface and form viscoelastic interfacial films that stabilize emulsion droplets, making water-oil separation extremely challenging. There is, thus, a need for chemical demulsifiers to disrupt the interfacial asphaltene films, and, thereby, facilitate water-oil separation. Here, we examine ethylcellulose (EC) as a model demulsifier and measure its impact on the interfacial properties of asphaltene films using interfacial shear microrheology. When EC is mixed with an oil and asphaltene solution, it retards the interfacial stiffening that occurs between the oil phase in contact with a water phase. Moreover, EC introduces relatively weak regions within the film. When EC is introduced to a pre-existing asphaltene film, the stiffness of the films decreases abruptly and significantly. Direct visualization of interfacial dynamics further reveals that EC acts inhomogeneously, and that relatively soft regions in the initial film are seen to expand. This mechanism likely impacts emulsion destabilization and provides new insight to the process of demulsification.

“FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE FLOATING FILMS OF LAFUTIDINE”

The present invention was aimed to formulate and evaluate Lafutidine gastro retentive films. The films were prepared by solvent casting technique using different film forming polymers like HPMC and Ethyl cellulose. PEG 400 used as a plastsizer. The prepared films were evaluated for number of parameters like Physical appearance, Weight variation, Thickness, Folding endurance, Tensile strength, unfolding behavior, floating properties, drug content and In vitro drug release studies. From the trial batches the best release for gastroretentive film was shown by formulation T5 (Ethyl cellulose and PEG 400). Formulation T5 exhibited good appearance, better mechanical strength with acceptable flexibility. Also, formulation T5 was given more than 90 % drug released after 12 hr and 97.56 % Drug content. For optimization of formulation, 32 factorial design was applied by taking Ethyl cellulose and PEG 400 as an independent variables. Drug release at 8 hour and folding endurance selected as dependent variables. Based on drug release study, L8 batch found most satisfactory in all formulation and the effect of Ethyl cellulose and PEG 400 found significant. L8 batch found stable during stability study.&#x0D; Key words: Lafutidine, Floating Films, Ethyl Cellulose.

Selective crystallization of agomelatine from molten state induced by polymer

In this study, agomelatine Form I was selectively recrystallized from molten state induced by ethyl cellulose (EC). It was found EC could effectively inhibit the transformation process of Form I to Form II. The effect of EC on the recrystallization of agomelatine from molten state was studied in detail. Simultaneous X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were used to investigate its thermodynamic performance. In addition, the stability and solubility of the Form I induced by EC were carefully explored indicating it gained more stability compared with other forms produced without EC.

Optimization and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal films loaded with resveratrol

Resveratrol, a phytoalexin from grapes, has shown several therapeutic benefits such as anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects. There is a need to develop novel methods for delivery of resveratrol since it poses problems such as high first pass metabolism and therefore low oral bioavailability. Drug delivery through buccal mucosa offers novel approach in circumventing hepatic metabolism and providing controlled drug release with a wide scope for application for local or systemic deliveries. The present investigation deals with optimization and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal films of resveratrol. The mucoadhesive buccal films of resveratrol were prepared by solvent casting method using polymer Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and Ethyl cellulose (EC). Optimization was achieved using 32 full factorial design whereby the effect of HPC (X1) and EC (X2) concentrations on mucoadhesive strength (Y1), swelling (Y2) and in vitro drug release (Y3) profile were analyzed. The resulting films were characterized for weight uniformity, thickness, folding endurance, drug content, surface pH, swelling, mucoadhesive strength and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulation comprised of 2% (w/v) HPC and 1% (w/v) EC, exhibited satisfactory mucodhesive strength, swelling and optimum drug release upto 8 h. Histopathology of buccal mucosa treated with optimized buccal films exhibited no signs of mucosal damage.

Effect of ethyl cellulose on thermal resistivity of thixotropic ZnO nano-particle paste for thermal interface material in light emitting diode application

A large amount of heat trapped inside Light Emitting Diode (LED) is the consequence of large thermal resistance between the heat source and the heat sink. Zinc oxide (ZnO) thick film was screen-printed from thixotropic paste that consisted of binder, filler and solvent to act as thermal interface material. Structural, surface morphology, vibrational and thermal properties of the samples were studied by means of Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Atomic Force Measurement (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermal Transient Tester (T3ster). XRD analysis revealed that the formation of hexagonal wurtzite ZnO powder, which is free of hydroxide. FESEM results indicated that 50wt% of filler loading in the thick film had created longer thermal transportation chain. The surface roughness of thick film displays variation in the range of from 64.8 to 218nm. The presence of ZnO and binder were confirmed by FTIR spectrum at 518cm−1 and 668cm−1 to 2974cm−1, respectively. Thermal characterization reveals a drop in film’s resistivity with the higher content of filler loading of 50wt% and 55wt%. The lowest rise in junction temperature of tested LED is reported to be 14.7°C of 50wt% of filler loading.

DESIGN OF DUAL RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF ROXYTHROMYCIN AND AMBROXOL HYDROCHLORIDE

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are illnesses caused by an acute infection which involves the upper respiratory tract: nose, sinuses, pharynx or larynx. Roxithromycin (macrolide antibiotic) and ambroxol HCl (mucolytic) are used for this treatment. The dual release system of roxythromycin and ambroxol HCl was successfully prepared by bi-layer tablet approach for management of URTI. Quick release of roxithromycin was achieved by using disintegrants and slow release of ambroxol HCl was achieved by using matrix formulation of drug with HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose. The 32 full factorial design was adopted for optimization of polymer concentration to achieve identical drug release with theoretical dissolution profile. The amount of HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose were selected as independent variable and the similarity factor with theoretical dissolution profile and percentage drug release at 10th hr was selected as dependent variables. The prepared dual release tablets were evaluated for physical parameters, drug content, in vitro drug release study, etc. All the parameters were found to be acceptable in range. As the concentration of HPMC K4M is increased, the drug release decreases and the effect of ethyl cellulose was found to be less compared to HPMC K4M.

Effects of Ethyl Cellulose on Performance of Titania Photoanode for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Ethyl cellulose (EC) was added to a titania (TiO2) paste from 2 wt.% to 18 wt.% as a binder/dispersant, and its effects on the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were investigated. The TiO2 mesoporous film constructed on the photoanode exhibited a dense and network structure composed of well-interconnected TiO2 nanoparticles when using a proper amount of EC (10 wt.%). Excessive and deficient addition of EC resulted in aggregation of TiO2 nanoparticles and formation of pores, respectively, in the TiO2 film. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of DSSC showed a strong dependence on the EC content and the highest PCE of 7.53% with the highest short-circuit current density (J SC) of 12.7 mA/cm2 was achieved when the content of EC was 10 wt.%. The incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) results indicated that the TiO2 mesoporous film fabricated using a proper EC addition was beneficial for electron generation (also confirmed by dye desorption experiments) and electron transport, and, therefore, improved the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs.

Electrochemical, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Effects of Ethyl Cellulose- Nickel(II) Hydrogen Phosphate

Electrochemical, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Effects of Ethyl Cellulose- Nickel(II) Hydrogen Phosphate

Effects of ethyl cellulose on the crystallization and mechanical properties of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)

Ethyl cellulose (EC) was blended with poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), aiming at controlling crystallization and mechanical properties of PHB. The obtained PHB/EC blend is an immiscible system, and the discrete EC phase behaves dual characteristics in the PHB matrix, as the viscoelastic droplets during processing, and as the rigid filler particles during shear flow. This is confirmed by the rheological tests. The presence of EC domains acts as the tackifier, sharply increasing system viscosity from 1000Pas to 5000Pas, and as a result, has large influence on the spherulite morphology of PHB and its crystallization kinetics. The PHB spherulite growth rate reduces in the presence of inert EC, accompanied by decreased degree of crystallinity and reduced lamella defects. These affect the mechanical properties of PHB strongly, together with reinforcing effect of EC itself. At the lower content level, EC can act as both reinforcement and toughener. The presence of 1wt% EC enhances the tensile strength of PHB by about 22%, from 27.5MPa to 33.3MPa, accompanied by 15% increase of impact strength. This work provide an easy way to control the structure and properties of PHB using EC.

Formulation and evaluation of optimized oxybenzone microsponge gel for topical delivery.

Background. Oxybenzone, a broad spectrum sunscreen agent widely used in the form of lotion and cream, has been reported to cause skin irritation, dermatitis, and systemic absorption. Aim. The objective of the present study was to formulate oxybenzone loaded microsponge gel for enhanced sun protection factor with reduced toxicity. Material and Method. Microsponge for topical delivery of oxybenzone was successfully prepared by quasiemulsion solvent diffusion method. The effects of ethyl cellulose and dichloromethane were optimized by the 32 factorial design. The optimized microsponges were dispersed into the hydrogel and further evaluated. Results. The microsponges were spherical with pore size in the range of 0.10–0.22 µm. The optimized formulation possesses the particle size and entrapment efficiency of 72 ± 0.77 µm and 96.9 ± 0.52%, respectively. The microsponge gel showed the controlled release and was nonirritant to the rat skin. In creep recovery test it had shown highest recovery indicating elasticity. The controlled release of oxybenzone from microsponge and barrier effect of gel result in prolonged retention of oxybenzone with reduced permeation activity. Conclusion. Evaluation study revealed remarkable and enhanced topical retention of oxybenzone for prolonged period of time. It also showed the enhanced sun protection factor compared to the marketed preparation with reduced irritation and toxicity.

Rheological analysis of ceramic pastes with ethyl cellulose for screen-printing

Pastes of ceramic particles are used in many industrial applications such as in printed electronic products and solid oxide fuel cells. Ethyl cellulose (EC), a polymer component in the paste, is very useful to control the rheological properties of the pastes for screen printing. In this study, to prepare ceramic La0.6Sr0.4Ti0.3Fe0.7O3−δ (LSTF) pastes, EC was mixed with an organic solvent, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, and LSTF powder. The effects of EC and LSTF particle contents were investigated on the rheological properties of the pastes, using shear, stress, frequency-dependence, and a 3-step recovery tests. The recovery ratio of the pastes in the 3-step tests was found to depend strongly on their EC and LSTF particle contents, decreasing at higher contents due to the formation of a strong network. We also investigated the microstructure and surfaces of thick films fabricated through screen-printing, and confirmed that pastes with a low recovery ratio and high viscosity afford smooth surface profiles.

Novel ethylcellulose-coated pellets for controlled release of metoprolol succinate without lag phase: characterization, optimization and in vivo evaluation

The objective of this study was to develop a novel ethylcellulose (EC)-coated pellet with partial active dose as a pore former for the controlled release of water-soluble metoprolol succinate (MS) without an initial lag phase (slow/non-drug release phase). MS-layered cores with a high drug-loading efficiency (97%, w/w), a smooth surface, and an acceptable level of resistance to abrasion were first obtained by spraying a concentrated drug solution (60% w/w at 70 °C) on non-pareils in the absence of other binders. The presence of the drug in an EC coating solution significantly improved the coating process by reducing pellet stickiness. Central composite design and response surface methodology was employed to optimize and explore the effect of pore former MS level (X1) and EC coating level (X2) on the drug release. The pore former level had a positive effect on the MS release and the coating level had a negative effect. The level of X1 and X2 of the optimization were 17% and 23%, respectively, and the cumulative percent of MS released within 1 h was up to 9.2%. Accordingly, the initial lag phase associated with in vitro drug release from EC-coated pellets was absent when MS drug was used as a pore former, which was further confirmed by in vivo drug release in beagle dogs. Thus, a novel approach for the controlled release of MS from coated pellets without lag phase has been successfully developed, which is valuable for the advancement of sustained-release pellets.