Equal Effect Research Articles

Serotonin effects on human iPSC-derived neural cell functions: from mitochondria to depression.

Depression's link to serotonin dysregulation is well-known. The monoamine theory posits that depression results from impaired serotonin activity, leading to the development of antidepressants targeting serotonin levels. However, their limited efficacy suggests a more complex cause. Recent studies highlight mitochondria as key players in depression's pathophysiology. Mounting evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction significantly correlates with major depressive disorder (MDD), underscoring its pivotal role in depression. Exploring the serotonin-mitochondrial connection, our study investigated the effects of chronic serotonin treatment on induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes and neurons from healthy controls and two case study patients. One was a patient with antidepressant non-responding MDD ("Non-R") and another had a non-genetic mitochondrial disorder ("Mito"). The results revealed that serotonin altered the expression of genes related to mitochondrial function and dynamics in neurons and had an equalizing effect on calcium homeostasis in astrocytes, while ATP levels seemed increased. Serotonin significantly decreased cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium in neurons. Electrophysiological measurements evidenced that serotonin depolarized the resting membrane potential, increased both sodium and potassium current density and ultimately improved the overall excitability of neurons. Specifically, neurons from the Non-R patient appeared responsive to serotonin in vitro, which seemed to improve neurotransmission. While it is unclear how this translates to the systemic level and AD resistance mechanisms are not fully elucidated, our observations show that despite his treatment resistance, this patient's cortical neurons are responsive to serotonergic signals. In the Mito patient, evidence suggested that serotonin, by increasing excitability, exacerbated an existing hyperexcitability highlighting the importance of considering mitochondrial disorders in patients with MDD, and avoiding serotonin-increasing medication. Taken together, our findings suggested that serotonin positively affects calcium homeostasis in astrocytes and increases neuronal excitability. The latter effect must be considered carefully, as it could have beneficial or detrimental implications based on individual pathologies.

Effects of a One-Day Experiential Sheep-Rearing Experience on Motivation, Anxiety, and Frontal Lobe Brain Activity in Patients with Chronic Psychiatric Disorders: A Crossover Pilot Study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a one-day sheep-rearing experience on motivation and anxiety levels in patients with chronic mental illness. The study assessed changes in oxytocin and cortisol levels and brain activity in the prefrontal cortex, which is known to be associated with emotion and motivation. The study employed a non-randomized controlled trial design, with participants receiving both an intervention day (sheep rearing) and a control day (usual psychiatric day care) in a crossover fashion. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The intervention day consisted of hands-on sheep rearing activities, while the control day consisted of general activities available at the psychiatric day care center. Results showed that the sheep-raising experience had an equal effect on motivation and increased mean oxytocin levels. In addition, significantly more activity was observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) region of the brain compared to typical psychiatric daycare activities (p < 0.032, p < 0.043). Participants tended to have increased oxytocin levels after sheep rearing, and the activation of the DLPFC has not previously been observed in animal intervention studies. These are new findings in psychiatric occupational therapy that may have effects on social cognition and interpersonal relationships in patients with chronic mental illness.

A review of the effects of legal access to same‐sex marriage

AbstractOn June 26, 2015, the United States Supreme Court extended nationwide legal access to same‐sex marriage in Obergefell v. Hodges, following a series of court cases and legislative activities at the state and district levels. Similar policies have diffused throughout other countries, especially in western Europe and the Americas. Researchers have used the staggered rollout of legal same‐sex marriage and related policies in the U.S. and elsewhere, along with improved data on lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, to study the effects of marriage equality. In this paper, we review this evidence, focusing on outcomes such as societal attitudes, marriage take‐up, family formation, employment, time use, health insurance coverage, and health. We discuss conceptual frameworks for understanding the likely effects of same‐sex marriage; methodological considerations for studying treatment effects; the policy context surrounding legal same‐sex marriage, including the 2023 Respect for Marriage Act; and important areas for future research.

Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Folic Acid Versus Methyltetrahydrofolate in Preventing Preeclampsia in Makassar, Indonesia.

Preeclampsia is a condition of elevated blood pressure with proteinuria that occurs during pregnancy and is a complication of elevated blood pressure. It usually occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy. This could be fatal for the mother after birth and the baby if it occurs before birth. The goal of this study is to investigate the risk, cost-effectiveness, and effective doses of folic acid (B9). This study is an observational study with a cohort design and random simple sampling data collection. Data was collected from the Cahaya Ibu Pharmacy Store in Makassar from 164 patients. Chi-square statistical analysis data showed a significant risk relationship between pregnant women and the development of hypertension compared with nonpregnant patients, with a p-value of 0.001. Her risk level for the event reaches twice, as evidenced by her odds ratio reaching 6.9 times. The results of cost analytics showed folic acid had an equal effect on women's reduced risk of preeclampsia as methyltetrahydrofolate. Using folic acid early in pregnancy planning is a great opportunity to reduce the incidence of preeclampsia. The ICER value was obtained at $0.293, so an increase in the cost of that amount was needed to improve the effectiveness of therapy by patients using folic acid compared to patients with methyltetrahydrofolate therapy. Therefore, folic acid is more cost-effective compared to methyltetrahydrofolate.

Integrated modular equalization circuit for energy storage system

SummaryThis paper proposes an integrated modular equalization circuit for energy storage systems. This integration is achieved by reusing the half‐bridge circuit into the cell‐level equalization circuit and the module‐level equalization circuit, thereby simplifying the system. The proposed equalization circuit has a good equalization effect and balancing speed. In addition, all high‐frequency switches in the equalization circuit can achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS), and the equalization circuit has high efficiency. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the equalization circuit. Mathematical models for cell‐level and module‐level equalization circuits have been derived for optimal design and control of the equalization circuit. The experimental results have good consistency with the analytical results.

Intrauterine exposure to maternal opioid maintenance treatment and associated risk factors may impair child growth.

How maternal opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) affects children is under-researched. This population-based registry study investigated child growth and somatic health following intrauterine exposure to this treatment. Children born between 1 March 2011 and 30 May 2021 to mothers who used buprenorphine, buprenorphine-naloxone, or methadone throughout their pregnancies were followed for 2 years at the Helsinki University Hospital, Finland. Appropriate statistical tests were used to compare the treatment groups. Of the 67 neonates, 52% were male, 96% were born full-term and 63% were treated for neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Otherwise, the children were predominantly healthy, although relatively small: 22% were small for gestational age, the methadone group children being the smallest. Foetal exposure to maternal methadone treatment, illicit drugs, hepatitis C and smoking were associated with small for gestational age; the former two were also associated with later slower growth, especially head growth and weight gain (p < 0.001). However, 29% were overweight at 2 years. Using child growth as the outcome, we found that buprenorphine-naloxone and buprenorphine-monotherapy had equal effects as forms of maternal OMT. Exposure to multiple risk factors may harm foetal and subsequent growth. We recommend long-term follow-up of children exposed to maternal OMT.

The effect of polyethylene cover intervention on ocular surface disorder of intensive care unit patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundPolyethylene covers have been proven to be effective in protecting the eyes in patients with decreased or disappeared blink reflexes, but their advantages compared to other conventional methods are still unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis study aimed to elucidate the impact of polyethylene covers in the prevention of ocular surface disease (OSD) in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsWe searched the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases to identify randomized controlled trial studies. This study followed the PRISMA guidelines and used the Cochrane Collaboration tool to assess the risk of bias.ResultsThe findings were expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals. The incidence of OSD in the polyethylene cover group was lower than that in the eye drops group (RR = 0.27; 95% CI (0.07, 1.09), P = 0.07) and adhesive tape group (RR = 0.11, 95%CI (0.04, 0.31), P < 0:0001) but the polyethylene cover group showed no significant difference compared to the eye gel group (RR = 0.79, 95%CI (0.18, 3.51), P = 0.76) and the eye ointment group (RR = 0.85; 95% CI (0.36, 1.99), P = 0.71).ConclusionThis study showed that polyethylene covers, eye gels, and eye ointments had an equal effect on preventing OSD in ICU patients, and eye drops and adhesive tapes were relatively less effective. However, other intervention methods had not been compared due to the small number of articles. Hence, further studies should assess the available methods to choose the best practical method.

Efficacy of omalizumab for the treatment of bullous pemphigoid: Spanish multicentre real-world experience.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune blistering disease. Most patients are older and have associated multiple comorbidities. Topical and systemic corticosteroids are considered the first-line treatment for BP, and immunosuppressants are used as steroid-sparing treatments. However, both have side-effects and contraindications, which are even more common in this older population. New treatments targeting interleukins and receptors related to BP pathogenesis have been proposed to decrease these side-effects while achieving equal or better effectiveness and response rates. Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that targets IgE and has been proposed for the treatment of BP due to the evidence that IgE autoantibodies play an essential role in BP pathogenesis. To assess the efficacy and safety of omalizumab for the treatment of BP. We carried out a multicentre, retrospective, observational study including patients diagnosed with BP who received omalizumab for ≥ 3 months from 15 tertiary hospitals in Spain. IgE levels prior to treatment were measured, and we evaluated the possible correlation with clinical response. We excluded patients treated with omalizumab for < 3 months, as we consider this duration to be insufficient for a comprehensive assessment of its efficacy. To evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment, we used the percentage of body surface area improvement. We included 36 patients. The vast majority had associated multiple comorbidities, and all patients had used other systemic therapies apart from corticosteroids before omalizumab. In total, 83% experienced some kind of treatment response and 42% of all patients treated achieved complete response. We did not find any correlation between higher IgE levels and a better response (P = 0.2). All patients tolerated omalizumab without reported side-effects. Omalizumab is a good therapeutic alternative for BP as it provided clinical response in most patients, and nearly one-half of the cases achieved complete response. It showed no side-effects, which is crucial in older patients with BP.

The Estrogen Receptor Alpha Regulates the Sex-dependent Expression and Pronociceptive Role of Bestrophin-1 in Neuropathic Rats

Bestrophin-1, a calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC), is involved in neuropathic pain; however, it is unclear whether it has a dimorphic role in female and male neuropathic rats. This study investigated if 17β-estradiol and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) activation regulate bestrophin-1 activity and expression in neuropathic rats. Neuropathic pain was induced by L5-spinal nerve transection (SNT). Intrathecal administration of CaCCinh-A01 (.1–1 µg), a CaCC blocker, reversed tactile allodynia induced by SNT in female but not male rats. In contrast, T16Ainh-A01, a selective anoctamin-1 blocker, had an equal antiallodynic effect in both sexes. SNT increased bestrophin-1 protein expression in injured L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in female rats but decreased bestrophin-1 protein in L5 DRG in male rats. Ovariectomy prevented the antiallodynic effect of CaCCinh-A01, but 17β-estradiol replacement restored it. The effect of CaCCinh-A01 was prevented by intrathecal administration of MPP, a selective ERα antagonist, in rats with and without prior hormonal manipulation. In female rats with neuropathy, ovariectomy prevented the increase in bestrophin-1 and ERα protein expression, while 17β-estradiol replacement allowed for an increase in both proteins in L5 DRG. Furthermore, ERα antagonism (with MPP) prevented the increase in bestrophin-1 and ERα protein expression. Finally, ERα activation with PPT, an ERα selective activator, induced the antiallodynic effect of CaCCinh-A01 in neuropathic male rats and prevented the reduction in bestrophin-1 protein expression in L5 DRG. In summary, data suggest ERα activation is necessary for bestrophin-1’s pronociceptive action to maintain neuropathic pain in female rats. PerspectiveThe mechanisms involved in neuropathic pain differ between male and female animals. Our data suggest that ERα is necessary for expression and function of bestrophin-1 in neuropathic female but not male rats. Data support the idea that a therapeutic approach to relieving neuropathic pain must be based on patient's gender.

Effect of water temperature on the anesthetic effects of alfaxalone in carp (Cyprinus carpio).

To evaluate the effect of water temperature on intramuscular injected alfaxalone anesthesia in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Six healthy adult carp (C. carpio) were intramuscularly injected with alfaxalone (2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 mg/kg) at normal water temperature (25°C) and at low water temperature (2.5 mg/kg, 15°C). The respiratory rate, heart rate (HR), and anesthesia depth (AD) were evaluated every 5 min for 30 min after administration and every 1 h after 60 min after injection. The respiratory and HRs did not change significantly upon alfaxalone injection, regardless of dose. However, a dose-dependent increase in AD scores was observed. Furthermore, 2.5 mg/kg alfaxalone injected in 15°C water showed an almost equal anesthetic effect to that of 5.0 mg/kg alfaxalone in 25°C water. Alfaxalone is readily available, and its anesthetic effect in carp was enhanced by lowering water temperature, illustrating the possibility of intramuscular injection of alfaxalone in fish.

ProTaper universal retreatment retreatment potential in oval-shaped canals filled with different obturation techniques-A micro-computed tomography study.

The objective of this in vitro micro-computed tomography investigation is to assess the efficacy of the ProTaper Universal Retreatment System in retreating oval-shaped root canals filled with three obturation procedures. Thirty-six lower incisors with a single oval root canal were prepared using XP-Endo Shaper up to size 30/0.04, and allocated into three equal groups based on the filling technique: Group 1: Warm vertical condensation technique; Group 2: GuttaCore obturators; Group 3: Cold lateral condensation technique. All samples were further retreated using the ProTaper Universal Retreatment system. Micro-CT analysis was performed before and after the retreatment procedure. Statistical analysis was performed with a significance level of 0.05. Data analysis was conducted using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Kruskal-Wallis H tests. The best performance of the files was achieved when the removal of the filling in the entire canal was considered. However, this outcome was not statistically significant when compared with the other observed root canal levels. The retreatment procedure could not ensure thorough cleanliness of the canal walls from filling remnants, regardless of the obturation technique and observational level. The ProTaper Universal Retreatment system used for the removal of gutta-percha and sealer in oval-shaped root canals demonstrated equal effectiveness, regardless of the obturation technique used.

Analysis of the influence of ions on degradation of benzamide with hydrodynamic cavitation technology

In recent years, hydrodynamic cavitation technology has become a research hotspot in various fields. This study establishes a benzamide model with different ion types, ion concentrations, and bubble radii. The model is used to study the diffusivity of water molecules on the benzamide wall and structural changes in benzamide. The influence of ion type, ion concentration, and bubble radius on the degradation of pollutants is examined. The results are as follows: the larger the bubble radius and ion concentration, the larger the rate of change of maximum radial distribution function of carbon atoms (w). The effect of ion type on the diffusion coefficient of water molecules on the benzamide wall is as follows: H2O2 > HCO3−1 > NO3−1. In terms of structural changes in the benzamide, in the model containing H2O2, ion concentration has a greater effect than bubble radius. In the model containing HCO3−1, bubble radius has a greater effect than ion concentration. In the model containing NO3−1, bubble radius and ion concentration have an equal effect. w decreases most in the model containing H2O2 and least in the model containing NO3−1. The model containing H2O2 produces the most powerful effect in benzamide pollutant degradation. This study provides technical guidance and a theoretical basis for the green treatment of pollutants using cavitation theory.

Comparative Effects of Hold Relax with Agonist Contraction and Active Release Therapy on Pain, Functional Disability, and Sleep Quality in Piriformis Syndrome

Background: Piriformis syndrome is characterized by pain, numbness, and tingling from the hip down to the leg. It develops from a variety of contributing factors. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effects of active release therapy (ART) and hold relax with agonist contraction (HRAC) on pain, functional disability, and sleep quality in patients with piriformis syndrome. Material and Methods: This study was conducted from March 2022 to November 2022. A total of 82 participants of both genders, 25 to 55 years of age, diagnosed with piriformis syndrome were involved in the study. Those with a history of fracture of the pelvis or hip, disc disease, or postural deformity were excluded. Participants were assigned into two groups; HRAC and ART with routine physical therapy. Outcome measures were pain, functional disability, and sleep quality measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, and Chronic Pain Sleep Inventory respectively. Assessment was made at baseline, at the end of 1st and 2nd week. Mann-Whitney Test was used for between-group analysis and Friedman’s ANOVA was computed for within-group differences. Results: Between-groups analysis showed a statistically significant difference in pain score (P ≤ 0.05), but no significant difference was found between both techniques regarding functional disability and sleep quality (P ≥ 0.05). However, the within-group analysis showed statistically significant results in all outcome measures (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: ART was more effective in decreasing pain. Whereas, both techniques had equal effects in enhancing sleep quality and reducing functional disability among patients with piriformis syndrome.

TRADEMARK - PROTECTIVE ELEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

At EU level, the legal framework for trademarks coexists with national systems harmonized through the Trademarks Directive [Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of 16 December 2015]. In addition to the national way, other possible ways for trademark protection in the EU are the Benelux way, the EU trademark, introduced in 1994, and the international way. Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 of 14 June 2017 on the European Union trade mark codifies and replaces all previous EC regulations on the EU trademark. The codification was done for reasons of clarity, given that the EU trade mark system had already been substantially amended several times. The EU trademark has a unitary character and equal effect throughout the EU. The European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) is responsible for managing the EU trademark and EU designs.

Effects of gender equality and social costs of failure on early-stage entrepreneurship activity

PurposeIn this study, we question: how do the social costs of failure interact with gendered institutions to affect the early stage entrepreneurship activity? We address this question by employing the institutional theory and a unique dataset of 286,989 entrepreneurs across 35 countries.Design/methodology/approachTo test our hypotheses, we use a multilevel modeling analysis that nests individual entrepreneurs within the countries. To capture individual and country-level variables, we constructed a unique dataset that combines data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), European Flash Barometer (EUFB), World Bank Development Indicator (WDI), World Bank Doing Business Report (WBDB) and World Economic Forum (WEF).FindingsOur analysis confirms that higher levels of the country-level gender equality positively correlate with the early-stage entrepreneurship activity of women. Moreover, we find that this positive relationship is amplified in institutional environments with high social costs of failure, suggesting that societal intolerance for failure can exacerbate the negative effect of gender inequality on the participation of women in entrepreneurship.Research limitations/implicationsOur research contributes to academic interest on the role of legitimacy in women entrepreneurship and is of particular interest to international business scholars, seeking a better understanding of multidimensional construction of institutional frameworks across countries. In this study, we set out to address an important research question: how do the social costs of failure interact with gendered institutions to affect entrepreneurship activity? Our study provides a comprehensive portrait of gendered institutions by including the framework conditions of education, healthcare and political power. We found that in societies with gender equality, the likelihood of individuals engaging in the early-stage entrepreneurship activity is higher and that the positive relationship is strengthened in national environments with high social costs of failure.Practical implicationsOur study findings underscore the need for government policies addressing global gender gaps in economic empowerment. In particular, policies assisting women in obtaining education in high-growth industries like information technology or providing funding to women-dominated industries may foster activity for women seeking to do business in such industries. Such policies connect the early-stage entrepreneurship activities with gender equality concerns and initiatives.Social implicationsRegarding the social costs of failure construct, specifically, prior studies generally focus narrowly on the context of failed entrepreneurs. We cast a wider net on men and women entrepreneurs’ entry decisions (irrespective of prior experience with business failure) and provide new views on the effects of social costs of failure on entrepreneurial ecosystems. We also extend the research on the legitimacy of women as entrepreneurs with the gender equality construct.Originality/valueUnlike previous studies, which often focus on the “3Ms” of market, money and management, our research adopts a more holistic perspective. We recognize that the opportunities and challenges faced by entrepreneurs are shaped not only by individual skills and resources but also by the broader macroenvironment. By incorporating the framework conditions of education, healthcare and political power, alongside the intricate interplay of social costs and norms, our study paints a comprehensive picture of the landscape of female entrepreneurship.

Влияние дидрогестерона на окситоцинореактивность нейтрофилов венозной крови беременных женщин и родильниц

The ability of steroid hormones to modulate the binding of oxytocin to oxytocin receptors is of great interest. The purpose of this article was to study the effect of oxytocin, dydrogesterone and their mixture on the radical activity of venous blood neutrophils in pregnant women during the 3rd trimester of a normal pregnancy and in women on the 1st day after term delivery. Materials and methods. Using the chemiluminescent method (BChL-07 biochemiluminometer) and cell stimulation with latex particles, we studied non-genomic and genomic effects of dydrogesterone (5∙10–5 g/l), oxytocin (10–7 IU/l) and their mixture on the radical activity of venous blood neutrophils in 20 pregnant women in the 3rd trimester of a normal pregnancy and 10 women on the 1st day after term labour. When the noise level was automatically subtracted, the following were recorded: maximum intensity of the synthesis of reactive oxygen species, time to reach the maximum of synthesis intensity, and area under the chemiluminogram curve, reflecting the total synthesis of radical particles over the course of 30 min. Results. Baseline radical activity of neutrophils in women on the 1st day after term delivery was found to be three times higher than in women during the 3rd trimester of a normal pregnancy. Judging by the area under the chemiluminogram curve and maximum intensity of the synthesis of reactive oxygen species, oxytocin had an equal stimulating effect on venous blood neutrophils both in pregnant women during the 3rd trimester and in puerperae. Dydrogesterone in each group of women equally stimulated the radical activity of neutrophils, both non-genomically and genomically. In both groups, under the action of dydrogesterone through membrane receptors, oxytocin reactivity of neutrophils remained unchanged, while through nuclear receptors, it decreased. Possible mechanisms of progesterone’s involvement in the regulation of oxytocin reactivity of the myometrium and venous blood neutrophils in women during pregnancy and postpartum are considered.

Economic tolerance design of the P2 raceway based on the quasi-static model of aerospace ball bearings

This study focused on designing the raceway tolerance of high-precision rolling bearings. After the tolerance error equivalence relationship is defined, the application of the rolling bearing error equalization effect in tolerance design is studied. First, a five-degree of freedom quasi-static model was established for angular contact ball bearings. The waviness was included in the manufacturing error, and the radial and axial runouts of the bearing inner ring were calculated. Second, the error homogenization effect of the rolling bearing was studied, and the error homogenization coefficient was defined. The results of the study demonstrated that the bearing rotary accuracy was higher than the raceway error by an order of magnitude. Third, the manufacturing error range of each precision grade of the rolling bearing raceway was obtained by investigating errors of the equalization coefficient. Finally, the specific value of the raceway tolerance of P2 rolling bearings was obtained.

Ligated Pd-Catalyzed Aminations of Aryl/Heteroaryl Halides with Aliphatic Amines under Sustainable Aqueous Micellar Conditions.

Sustainable technology for constructing Pd-catalyzed C-N bonds involving aliphatic amines is reported. A catalytic system that relies on low levels of recyclable precious metal, a known and commercially available ligand, and a recyclable aqueous medium are combined, leading to a newly developed procedure. This new technology can be used in ocean water with equal effectiveness. Applications involving highly challenging reaction partners constituting late-stage functionalization are documented, as is a short but efficient synthesis of the drug naftopidil. Comparisons with existing aminations highlight the many advances being offered.

Effect of gender equality on human capital accumulation: relationship between maternal family status and children's academic performance in China

Effect of gender equality on human capital accumulation: relationship between maternal family status and children's academic performance in China

Wide and Deep Learning-Aided Nonlinear Equalizer for Coherent Optical Communication Systems

In this study, we developed a wide and deep network-based nonlinear equalizer to compensate for nonlinear impairment in coherent optical communication systems. In our proposed equalizer, the power feature factor and inter-symbol feature sequence in the received signal are analyzed by two combined networks, wide and deep, respectively, so that the information contained in the signal can be fully utilized. We designed an experiment using a 120 Gbit/s 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM) coherent optical communication system over a 375 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) to verify the performance of the proposed wide and deep network-based nonlinear equalizer. The experimental results showed that the proposed wide and deep network-based nonlinear equalizer achieved better performance at lower complexity compared with the traditional neural network-based nonlinear equalizer. The proposed equalizer significantly improved the equalization effect at a cost of a 0.3% increase in parameters, which indicates the potential of the proposed method for application in coherent optical communication systems.