Effects Of Different Ways Research Articles

Analytical aspects of measuring (2)H/(1)H and (18)O/(16)O ratios in urine from doubly labelled water studies by high-temperature conversion elemental analyser-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry.

Total Body Water (TBW) and Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) are routinely measured in free-living conditions by the (2)H2(18)O method. Isotope eliminations can be measured from spot urine samples by HTC-EA IRMS, but only after cumbersome cryogenic distillation to extract water. Distillation may, however, be replaced by charcoal treatment and filtration. This study tested (1) the effect of sample treatments (filtration versus distillation) on the isotope ratios, (2) the effect of different ways of normalization that respect or not the principle of identical treatment of the sample and references, and (3) the impact on the biological outcomes. Two filters (PES membrane; 10 kDa) accepting volumes of urine samples (V500: 0.5 mL versus V6: 3.0 mL) were tested. In-house water standards and in-house urine standards were prepared and normalized against the international scale to calibrate the urine samples. The δ(2)H and δ(18)O values from water in the urine were measured by HTC-EA IRMS. Filtered urine normalized with water standards showed a bias in the δ(2)H values that was corrected when calibration was performed with urine standards. At a δ(2)H value of 1101.4‰, the accuracy increased from -11.9 to -0.2 δ‰ (V500) and from -3.8 to 0.4 δ‰ (V6). The TBW errors were greatest with V500 and water calibration (1.20%) and lowest with V6 and urine calibration (0.34%; preparation-by-calibration interaction p = 0.027). For the δ(18)O values the accuracy of enrichments and TBW were not affected whatever preparations and normalization were used. The average TEE was not affected but the variability increased from 0.6 to 2.7% versus cryogenic distillation. Cryogenic distillation remains the gold standard for small sample size experiments where small changes in TEE are to be detected. Filtration offers an alternative for large-scale experiments. When the body composition is derived from (2)H2O dilution, it is strongly recommended that urine standards should be used to eliminate the effect of filtration.

Not a One-Way Street: Bidirectional Relations Between Procedural and Conceptual Knowledge of Mathematics

There is a long-standing and ongoing debate about the relations between conceptual and procedural knowledge (i.e., knowledge of concepts and procedures). Although there is broad consensus that conceptual knowledge supports procedural knowledge, there is controversy over whether procedural knowledge supports conceptual knowledge and how instruction on the two types of knowledge should be sequenced. A review of the empirical evidence for mathematics learning indicates that procedural knowledge supports conceptual knowledge, as well as vice versa, and thus that the relations between the two types of knowledge are bidirectional. However, alternative orderings of instruction on concepts and procedures have rarely been compared, with limited empirical support for one ordering of instruction over another. We consider possible reasons for why mathematics education researchers often believe that a conceptual-to-procedural ordering of instruction is optimal and why so little research has evaluated this claim. Future empirical research on the effectiveness of different ways to sequence instruction on concepts and procedures is greatly needed.

Effect of different ways of oxygen inhalation on postoperative hypoxemia and quality of life in esophageal cancer patients

Effect of different ways of oxygen inhalation on postoperative hypoxemia and quality of life in esophageal cancer patients

THE MICROBIOLOGICAL AND SANITARY STATE OF SAND IN THE MUNICIPAL BATHING BEACH IN SZCZECIN

Artificial beaches, i.e. places in the public sphere, are usually intended for recreation, located at water reservoirs, rivers, and their surface is naturally occurring or applied sand. The urban bathing beach located in Szczecin by the Deep lake has sand purchased and distributed on the beach by the Municipal Services Office in Szczecin (a few hundred ton). The beach is divided into sectors, a volleyball court is in one part, in the next section catering and sanitary facilities are located, and the remaining area is a place intended for sunbathing and playing games. The aim of the experiment was to assess the effects of different ways of using the beach on changes of microbiological properties of the sand. The tests were taken from the beach sand in May 2013 (first term examinations), and in September, after several months of use (the second term of examinations). The sand was collected near catering and sanitary sector (the first object) and from the area of the volleyball court (the second object), as well as the playground for children (the third object). The facilities were distanced from the shoreline of the lake by approx. 8 metres. The comparison included the number of heterotrophic bacteria, fungi and the detected presence of coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli, bacteria of the genus Salmonella and eggs of intestinal parasites. In any of the objects, or the periods of time, eggs of intestinal parasites and bacteria of the genus Salmonella were detected. The presence of coliform bacteria including E. coli was found in the sand collected from a catering-sanitary zone, there was also the biggest number of bacteria and fungi. The number of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi was similar in samples of sand taken from the volleyball court and from the playground, in this sand there was no bacteria belonging to the E. coli species, although in several samples from the playground other bacteria belonging to the coliform genus were detected. To sum up, it is possible to state that the same sand used in various ways is gaining different microbiological characteristics. The values of the studied parameters differed significantly with regards to sand taken from the area of consumption, hygiene-sanitary activities and sand collected from the area of active leisure (the court and playground). These results indicate the need for a deliberate selection of location for sunbathing (children playing in the sand) away from the sites for culinary and sanitary purposes.

Viscoelastic and mechanical properties of hyaluronan films and hydrogels modified by carbodiimide.

This study investigated an effect of different ways of the preparation of insoluble hyaluronan material on its mechanical and viscoelastic properties. Hyaluronan (NaHy) of molecular weight Mw=500,000 g mol(-1) was modified with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), to be able absorb liquid without changing its mechanical properties. The modified, water insoluble NaHy materials were prepared in different geometry; as modified films and modified cylinders with exact dimensions. The occurrence of modification was confirmed by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and (1)H NMR (proton nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy and swelling test. The determined mechanical and viscoelastic properties of unmodified and modified hyaluronan revealed the high dependency of elasticity changes depending on the gel processing method. Moreover, NaHy gels in the cylindrical form with the sponge-like structure predominant them as a convenient geometry for application in a humid environment.

Optimizing Opt-Out Consent for Record Linkage

Abstract This article reports on a study testing the effects of different ways of administering an opt-out consent for record linkage in a probability-based Internet panel. First, we conducted cognitive interviews to explore reactions to a draft version of the opt-out consent text. Second, we conducted a two-factor experiment to test the effects of content manipulations and mode. The results indicate that the way in which respondents were informed did not have much effect on opting out. Results from a follow-up survey on attitudes regarding privacy, confidentiality, and trust, along with knowledge questions about the process of linking, showed no evidence that presenting the opt-out consent statement makes respondents more concerned about privacy. Knowledge about the aspects of record linkage is generally not high. When looking at long-term effects of sending an opt-out consent statement, we found no evidence that this leads to higher attrition or lower participation rates.

Preventive effect of dentilave combined with mouth wiping on ventilator-associated pneumonia

Objective To evaluate the preventive effect of different ways of oral care on ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP).Methods 50 neonates receiving ventilator support in our hospital from Jan 2012 to Sep 2013 were divided into control group and observation group,25 cases in each group.Control group received routine oral care,while observation group received standard oral care (dentilave combined with mouth wiping).The effect of two groups was observed and analyzed.Results There were 8 cases of VAP,5 cases of stomatitis in control group,1 case of VAP in observation group; the hospital stay of control group was (32.11 ± 12.58)d,and that of observation group was (23.49 ± 10.41)d; with statistically significant differences between two groups (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Standard oral care can reduce incidence of VAP and stomatitis,and shorten the hospital stay. Key words: Oral care; Ventilator-associated pneumonia; Mouth wiping

Clinical Ethics as Applied Aesthetics

Abstract Medical humanities and ethics are getting more and more important in Europe as essential disciplines of the core curriculum for health-care professionals. The idea of the physician as a technician shows itself to be unbearable because of the global historical changes we daily face in caring settings. We deal with chronic diseases, which require a sensitive physician/patient covenant and a good performance in communication skills1 because a whole life-style transformation is often necessary. Moreover, citizens are more informed about both the technological progress and their civil rights, so that a shared decision has to be prepared and implemented by exploring the emotional reactions to illness, by explaining the effects of different ways of treatment, and by revealing in advance the choices that could be taken.

Two systems drive attention to rewards

How options are framed can dramatically influence choice preference. While salience of information plays a central role in this effect, precisely how it is mediated by attentional processes remains unknown. Current models assume a simple relationship between attention and choice, according to which preference should be uniformly biased towards the attended item over the whole time-course of a decision between similarly valued items. To test this prediction we considered how framing alters the orienting of gaze during a simple choice between two options, using eye movements as a sensitive online measure of attention. In one condition participants selected the less preferred item to discard and in the other, the more preferred item to keep. We found that gaze gravitates towards the item ultimately selected, but did not observe the effect to be uniform over time. Instead, we found evidence for distinct early and late processes that guide attention according to preference in the first case and task demands in the second. We conclude that multiple time-dependent processes govern attention during choice, and that these may contribute to framing effects in different ways.

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling: Fit for Use?

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling: Fit for Use?

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling: Fit for Use?

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling: Fit for Use?

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling: Fit for Use?

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling: Fit for Use?

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling: Fit for Use?

Woningcorporaties en Vastgoedontwikkeling: Fit for Use?

Capturing Archaeological Performance On Digital Video: Implications For Teaching And Learning Archaeology

In 2009 we produced a series of edited video clips to demonstrate practical methods to archaeology students at the University of Sydney. The videos were made publicly accessible on the internet via YouTube and incorporated into teaching of an undergraduate archaeological field methods unit in 2010 and 2011. This paper outlines the authors’ experiences of making and using the videos for teaching and discusses results of student questionnaire feedback about the videos and the unit. The results provide insight into the effectiveness of different ways of teaching practical archaeology in the context of large class sizes and limited resources, and the potential of using digital video technologies to communicate archaeology to students and other audiences.

SWAT 1: what effects do site visits by the principal investigator have on recruitment in a multicentre randomized trial?

The SWAT (Study Within A Trial) programme has been established to develop a series of studies that would embed research within research, so as to resolve uncertainties about the effects of different ways of designing, conducting, analyzing and interpreting evaluations of health and social care. It was described in an Education piece in the Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine in 2012. We have now prepared the first example of the design summary for a SWAT, using the template that will be used for other SWAT. This is presented in this article.

When Target–Decoy False Discovery Rate Estimations Are Inaccurate and How to Spot Instances

To address problems with estimating the reliability of proteomic search engine results from mass spectrometry fragmentation data, the use of target-decoy database searching has become the de facto approach for estimating a false discovery rate. Several articles have been written about the effects of different ways of creating the decoy database, effects of the search engine scoring, or effects of search parameters on whether this approach provides an accurate estimate, not all agreeing with each other's conclusions. Hence, there may be some confusion about how effective this approach is and how broadly it can be applied. Although it is generally very effective, in this article I will try to emphasize some of the pitfalls and dangers of using the target-decoy approach and will indicate tell-tale signs that something may be amiss. This information will hopefully help researchers become more astute in their assessment of search results.

Black limit. Part 13. Theory of cold fusion and catalytic reactions

In the beginning of the paper, the main issues of the previous chapters from the author’s series of studies in the field of the black limit related to the subject, studied in the paper were briefly con­sidered. By considering the nature of cold fusion, it was assumed that the main stumbling block lies in the Coulomb’s law, in the need to overcome the force of electric charge. For this purpose, the conditions were studied, when the rate of charge at the transition from one density to another is more than the light speed in this medium, and the charge “grows bald”. As a result, the Coulomb forces cease to affect and conditions for cold fusion are created. Similar processes proceed at the chemical catalytic reac­tions, and lead to the acceleration of chemical reactions. Catalytic reactions are of the physical nature and are based on the change in the charge by the different medium density. This process is similar to the change in the charge distribution at V→ Slight and, in this case, the Coulomb’s law is broken since the charge remains constant, but its effect in different ways is different that can be interpreted as the charge change in different directions. Anyway, all these processes are associated with the change in the charge effect in different directions (with respect to the charge in different directions), and breaking of the Coulomb forces (or their relativity).

Robustness and Safe Sampling of Distributed-Delay Control Laws for Unstable Delayed Systems

In the control of delayed systems by a finite spectrum assignment (FSA) , in the control law, the integral over the time delay of a function of past control appears. This assignment is in fact available for continuous delayed process independently of the stability of the latter, which is very interesting since Smith predictor is usually only used with stable processes. Nevertheless, in case of FSA control implementation, this integral control should be sampled so that spectrum assignment is not necessarily preserved and an unstable discrete closed loop can be obtained , . In this technical note, FSA integral control robustness with respect to prediction time uncertainty is analyzed for an unstable continuous linear system. A transformation approach is also proposed to understand the effects of different ways of sampling control laws. In a last part, a case study shows how Simpson approximation of integral control law leads to an unstable digital closed loop.

Clinical study on heat preservation effect in patients during operation undergoing general anesthesia

Objective To study the clinical effect of different ways of heat preservation in patients during operation with general anesthesia.Methods 120 patients scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into the control group and experiment group,with 60 patients for each group.The control group just used air heating,the experiment group combined air heating with fluid heating.Patients' temperature were recorded at entering the operating room(OR) and getting out of it.Results The temperatures of all patients were normal.None was below 36℃.No patients experienced complications of hypothermia.There were significant differences between two groups in the time of entering OR.The temperature in the experiment group at the time of patients getting out of OR and the difference between patients entering the OR(P＜ 0.05) and getting out of it were statistically significant different with the control group (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions General anesthesia will cause patients' temperature drops obviously.Combined heat preservation methods of air heating and fluid heating can effectively maintain normal temperature of patients,so as to avoid unnecessary complications. Key words: Hypothermia; Heat preservation; General anesthesia