Effect Of Different Periods Research Articles

A novel strategy to improve the dyeing properties in laccase‐mediated coloration of wool fabric

Enzymatic coloration of fabrics has received worldwide attention in recent years. In order to improve the dyeing properties of enzymatically coloured fabrics, a novel strategy using 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), a biological coupling agent, to pretreat wool fabric was employed in this paper. Enzymatic coloration of wool fabrics with syringic acid was carried out in the presence of laccase from Trametes versicolor. The effect of different periods on laccase‐catalysed polymerisation of syringic acid was examined by UV‐vis spectroscopy. Enzymatic coloration results of dyed wool fabrics were evaluated by means of K/S value and colour difference (∆E*). Process parameters, including the dosages of syringic acid and incubation time, that influenced the colour depth were studied. Meanwhile, the colour fastness and levelness of dyed wool fabrics were tested. The results showed that the UV‐vis absorbance of reaction solution increased as oxidation time elapsed, and a new peak appeared at 360 nm. After pretreatment, the K/S values and colour difference values of wool fabrics dyed with poly(syringic acid) improved appreciably compared with the control samples without any pretreatment. Moreover, pretreated wool fabrics showed better dyeing fastness and levelness than control samples.

Effect of different periods of pre-slaughter stress on the quality of the Nile tilapia meat

The study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the influence of pre-slaughter stress on meat quality of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) for 10 days of storage in ice. 75 whole fish were used eviscerated, with average weight and length of 825.75 ± 101.59 g and 28.25 ± 0.81 cm, respectively. The treatments consisted of time in which the animals underwent pre-slaughter hypoxia, being 0, 3 and 6 minutes. Rigor mortis and muscle pH were assessed besides the application of the Quality Index Method and analysis of total protein and blood glucose. Rigor mortis did not differ among treatments during the storage period, and after three hours all animals were in rigor stage. The muscle pH values varied widely during the study period, observing higher values on the third day of storage. Sensory analysis showed that after 10 days the tilapia from the different treatments did not differ in the evaluated quality parameters similarly, there was no difference regarding the evaluated blood biochemical parameters Thus, hypoxia of 6 minutes pre-slaughter does not influence the rigor mortis, muscle pH, qualitative perception of the meat quality, total protein and blood glucose of Nile tilapia.

Periodos de solarización y adición de gallinaza sobre la sobrevivencia de propágulos de Cyperus rotundus, Rottboellia cochinchinensis y Bidens pilosa.

From October 1994 to February 1995 a field trial was conducted at the Fabio Baudrit Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Costa Rica, to evaluate the effects of different periods (weeks) of solarization, namely: 0, 2 (103), 4 (188) and 7 (288) - figures in parenthesis are cumulative hours of sunshine - in combination with chicken manure additions (4,1 t/ha) on propagule survival of the weeds Rottboellia cochinchinensis, Bidens pilosa and Cyperus Rotundus. The propagules were placed at the following depths (cm): 0-5; 5,1-10; 10,1-15; 15,1-20 and 20,1-25. In additional an inventory of the native weed seed bank was conducted as well as the growth and yield of cilantro Coriandrum sativum as an indicator crop. The greatest propagule death occurred after 7 weeks of solarization, the addition of chicken manure further decreased the propagules of C. rotundus and B. pilosa. This treatment also sharply decreased the soil weed seed bank, shorter periods not were as effective. Growth and yield of the indicator plants increased in the seven week treatment by 320 %. In addition the roots looked better developed and lacked the root-nodule nematode galls caused by Meloidogyne arenaria that were observed in the control treatment. The economic benefits of solarization in the context of the indicator plant is discussed.

Diferentes estratégias alimentares na larvicultura do acará-bandeira (Peterolophyllum scalare,Cichlidae)

RESUMOA larvicultura é uma das etapas mais críticas do desenvolvimento dos peixes e o seu sucesso está diretamente relacionado ao manejo alimentar, que pode proporcionar maiores sobrevivência e crescimento. Objetivou-se avaliar o tempo de transição alimentar e de fornecimento de meta-náuplios de Artemiaspp (MNA) na larvicultura do acará-bandeira. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Em cada experimento foram utilizados 540 peixes distribuídos em 20 aquários com 2 L. No primeiro experimento, avaliaram-se os períodos de transição alimentar (MNA + ração) por 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 dias. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se o período de fornecimento de MNA por 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 dias. Foram avaliados: ganho de peso, taxas de crescimento e desenvolvimento específico, sobrevivência e uniformidade do lote (apenas no experimento para avaliar o tempo de fornecimento de MNA). Não houve efeito significativo dos diferentes períodos de transição alimentar sobre as variáveis de crescimento (p>0,05), porém a sobrevivência foi maior (p<0,05) nos tratamentos compostos por 3, 4 e 5 dias de alimentação conjunta. Em relação ao tempo de fornecimento de MNA, foram observados piores resultados (p<0,05) quando o tempo de fornecimento do alimento vivo foi menor (5, 10 e 15 dias). Os animais que foram alimentados com MNA antes da transição alimentar, por mais tempo (20 e 25 dias), apresentaram os melhores resultados de crescimento (p<0,05). Portanto, recomenda-se uma transição alimentar de três dias e um fornecimento de MNA por 20 dias para realizar a substituição total do alimento vivo pela ração.

Broiler Meat Quality Evaluation Created in Simulated Conditions of Heat

The effect of different periods (0, 24, 48 and 72 h) of condition heat on the physical and chemical qualities of broiler meat was evaluated. Five hundred Cobb 500® chicks were used, of which 100 were reared at a thermoneutral temperature, ideal for every rearing stage, constituting the control group. The other 400 animals were reared in a climate chamber at 32 ± 2°C, simulated conditions heat for birds. The physical and chemical qualities of the meat was evaluated at 21, 35, and 42 days. This experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design with a factorial of 2 × 4 (temperature and periods of conditions heat, respectively) and four replicates. The means were compared by Tukey`s test at the 5% significance level. It was found that the heat affected the qualitative properties of the meat, particularly its lipid oxidation, water retention capacity, shear force, r value, and pH. Microbiological assessment was carried out on days 21, 35, and 42. The temperature treatments were not found to be associated with the occurrence of associated with the occurrence of any of the microbial species considered.

Weed interference on radish crop

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different periods of weed coexistence with radish culture. The experiment was carried out in Gurupi-TO, in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of 6 increasing periods of coexistence with weeds, considered from the rough, valued at five seasons assessments (5, 10, 15, 21, and 30 DAE). Dry stem masses were evaluated, leaf and total shoot, leaf area, root diameter and fresh root biomass. The data were submitted to analysis of variance to compare means by the Scott and Knott test. It was observed that longer periods of coexistence with weeds caused a reduction of 72.1% in the production of fresh weight root culture. Living with weeds up to 15 days after emergence did not significantly alter the radish root diameter in this study.

Effects of different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery on lipid and glucose metabolism and appetite hormones in rats.

Sleep has a fundamental role in the regulation of energy balance, and it is an essential and natural process whose precise impacts on health and disease have not yet been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to assess the consequences of different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and recovery from PSD on lipid profile, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results, and changes in insulin, corticosterone, ghrelin, and leptin concentrations. Three-month-old male Wistar rats weighing 250-350 g were submitted to 24, 96, or 192 h of PSD or 192 h of PSD with 480 h of recovery. The PSD was induced by the multiple platforms method. Subsequently, the animals were submitted to an OGTT. One day later, the animals were killed and the levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipoproteins (low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein), insulin, ghrelin, leptin, and corticosterone in plasma were quantified. There was a progressive decrease in body weight with increasing duration of PSD. The PSD induced basal hypoglycemia over all time periods evaluated. Evaluation of areas under the curve revealed progressive hypoglycemia only after 96 and 192 h of PSD. There was an increase in corticosterone levels after 192 h of PSD. We conclude that PSD induces alterations in metabolism that are reversed after a recovery period of 20 days.

Effect of different starvation and refeeding periods on macromolecules in the haemolymph, digestive parameters, and reproductive state in Aegla platensis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Aeglidae)

In the present study we assessed the effects of different periods of starvation and refeeding on macromolecule levels (glucose, proteins, triglycerides, and glycerol) in the hemolymph as well as circulating levels of cholesterol in Aegla platensis. We also studied possible changes in the distribution of stomach fullness classes (DSFC), mean stomach fullness degree (SFD), and the mean stomach fullness, hepatosomatic, and gonadosomatic indices. Animals were collected in the field, sexed and divided into groups. This was made as follows: lab control (10 days on standard diet); 5, 15, and 30 days starvation; and 5 days refeeding. During the starvation period there were differences in cholesterol, glucose, and proteins in both genders, but we observed no differences in total lipid, triglycerides, or glycerol levels. The SFD was the lowest in the 30-day starvation group in both females and males. Starvation appears to modulate gastric emptying and possibly digestive processes as well as induce preferential utilization of carbohydrates and proteins. This enables survival throughout the study period. We observed maintenance of gonadosomatic index and reduction of hepatosomatic index in females during the study period with a return to baseline after refeeding. Refeeding was insufficient to restore the DSFC, but sufficient to restore glucose and cholesterol levels.

Effect of LED Blue Light on Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum Strains.

Studies on the antimicrobial properties of light have considerably increased due in part to the development of resistance to actual control methods. This study investigates the potential of light-emitting diodes (LED) blue light for controlling Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. These fungi are the most devastating postharvest pathogens of citrus fruit and cause important losses due to contaminations and the development of resistant strains against fungicides. The effect of different periods and quantum fluxes, delaying light application on the growth and morphology of P. digitatum strains resistant and sensitive to fungicides, and P. italicum cultured at 20°C was examined. Results showed that blue light controls the growth of all strains and that its efficacy increases with the quantum flux. Spore germination was always avoided by exposing the cultures to high quantum flux (700 μmol m(-2) s(-1) ) for 18 h. Continuous light had an important impact on the fungus morphology and a fungicidal effect when applied at a lower quantum flux (120 μmol m(-2) s(-1) ) to a growing fungus. Sensitivity to light increased with mycelium age. Results show that blue light may be a tool for P. digitatum and P. italicum infection prevention during handling of citrus fruits.

Evaluation of rice cultivars in weeds control different periods under non-stress and stress conditions

In order to evolution the effect of different periods of weed control on yield and agronomic characteristics and determine the drought tolerant variety under two separate conditions, flooding and drought, two experiment were conducted as a spilt-plot based on Randomized Completed Blocked Design with three replications at the Research Farm of Gonbad Kavus University, during spring 2010. The different levels of weed control were as the main plot treatment and the rice cultivars Shiroudi, Domsiah (native cultivar), IR70358-84-1-1, IR70358-84-1-2, WAB56-125, IR83752-B-B-12-3 and KORAL were as the sub plots. Results showed that differences among flooding and drought conditions, different levels of weed control and cultivars both flooding and drought conditions had significant effect. Grain yield in drought condition rate to flooding condition decreased 49.42%. Both flooding and drought conditions with weed control to tillering maximum stage compared to other control conditions, for all of traits the most profitable. Shiroudi cultivar perspective grain yield, harvest index, filled grain number and the number of fertile tillers was highest rate. At both flooding and drought conditions, Shiroudi (weed control to tillering maximum stage, weed control of tillering maximum to maturity and un-weeded) was the most profitable. Shiroudi cultivar can as the tolerant variety recommended and with weed control to maximum tillering stage. In this cultivar, the maximum amount of characters can be achieved.

Alagamento do solo: efeito no crescimento inicial da aveia branca (Avena sativa L.)

The soil waterlogging reduces oxygen content near the roots, affecting energy metabolism and absorption of water and nutrients. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different periods of soil waterlogging on physiological characteristics of initial growth in oat plants. The treatments consisted of soil in field capacity and soil flooding for 72 and 120 hours, with six replications. To analyze the initial growth were observed the number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area ratio and leaf weight, specific leaf area, dry weight of leaf, stem and roots, length of shoot and primary root. The i ncreasing of the period of flooding reduced the accumulation of root dry matter, the leaf area and the specific leaf area. However, the length of shoot and root were not affected by periods of soil flooding. The flooding periods negatively affect physiological attributes of initial growth in oat plants.

Does the financial crisis influence the month and the trading month effects?

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the month and the trading month effects under changing financial trends. The Greek stock market was chosen to implement the authors' assumptions because during the period 2002-2012, there were clear and long-term periods of financial growth and recession. Thus, the authors examine whether the financial trends influence not only the Greek stock market’s returns, but also its anomalies. Design/methodology/approach – Daily financial data from the Athens Exchange General Index for the period 2002-2012 are used. The sample is separated into two sub-periods: the financial growth sub-period (2002-2007), and the financial recession sub-period (2008-2012). Several linear and non-linear models were applied to find which is the most appropriate, and the results suggested that the T-GARCH model better fits the sample. Findings – The empirical results show that changing economic and financial conditions influence the calendar effects. The trading month effect, especially, completely changes in each fortnight following the financial trend. Regarding the January effect, which is the most popular month effect, the results confirm its existence during the growth period, but during the recession period, we find that it fades. Therefore, by examining the aforementioned calendar effects in different periods, different conclusions may be reached, perhaps because the financial trends’ influence is ignored. Research limitations/implications – The empirical results confirm the authors' assumption that a possible explanation for the controversial empirical findings regarding the calendar anomalies may be the different financial trends. However, these are some primary results that are confirmed only for the Greek case. Further empirical research for deeper stock markets and/or a group of countries may be useful to reach conclusions regarding the financial trends’ influence on the calendar anomalies patterns. Practical implications – The findings are helpful to anyone who invests and deals with the Greek stock market. Moreover, they may pave the way for an alternative calendar anomalies research approach, proving useful for investors who take these anomalies into account when they plan their investment strategy. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature by presenting an alternative methodological approach regarding the calendar anomalies study and a new explanation for the calendar effects existence/fade through time by examining the calendar anomalies patterns under a changing economic environment and financial trends.

Respostas ecofisiológicas de cafeeiros submetidos ao deficit hídrico para concentração da florada no Cerrado de Minas Gerais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes períodos de imposição do deficit hídrico sobre a concentração da florada do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica), bem como sobre as trocas gasosas, a produtividade, a maturação e a qualidade dos grãos. As cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 e Bourbon Amarelo J9 foram avaliadas conforme os seguintes tratamentos: não irrigado (NI), irrigado continuamente (IC), e suspensão da irrigação em 1/7/2010 (D1) e em 1/8/2010 (D2), com retorno desta em 24/9/2010. Cerca de três dias após a retomada da irrigação, registrou-se a ocorrência de uma "chuva de florada", com precipitação de 69 mm. O potencial hídrico foliar de antemanhã (Ψam) nas cultivares Catuaí Vermelho IAC 144 e Bourbon Amarelo J9, em 22/9, foi de -0,59 e -0,82 MPa, -0,53 e -0,79 MPa, e -0,34 e -0,49 MPa, para os tratamentos NI, D1 e D2, respectivamente. O percentual máximo de botões florais no estádio E4, imediatamente antes da ocorrência da chuva, não foi afetado pelos níveis de deficit impostos durante o inverno, independentemente das cultivares. Os níveis moderados de deficit hídrico impostos pelos tratamentos (Ψam ~ -0,80 MPa) produziram pouco ou nenhum efeito sobre as trocas gasosas, a taxa de florescimento ou a uniformidade de maturação - percentagem de cerejas de 66% -, e a produtividade e a classificação dos grãos, de ambas as cultivares. O efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre o status hídrico dos botões florais não se sobrepõe ao efeito da chuva de florada, que foi determinante para sua abertura.

Effects of different periods of gastric ischaemia in the viability of the tissue of body, fundus and antrum region of rabbit stomach.

BACKGROUND: Despite the rich vascular arcade of the stomach, gastric ischemia represents an important medical challenge and can be the consequence of obstructive or non-obstructive vascular processes of pathological or iatrogenic origin. AIM: To assess the effects of acute gastric ischaemia on the different regions of the stomach. METHOD: Fifteen New Zeland rabbits were divided into three groups: group 1, animals were observed during 3 h; group 2, during 6 h; group 3, during 12 h. Rabbit stomachs were subjected to devascularization of the greater and lesser curvatures. After predetermined time, the stomachs were removed for macro and microscopic studies. RESULTS: Haemorrhagic necrosis was more marked in the gastric fundus and body. In contrast, the antropylorus remained preserved in 80% of the animals. Necrosis of the gastric body and fundus mucosa were observed in all animals after 6 h and 12 h of ischaemia. CONCLUSION: Acute gastric ischaemia in rabbits produces haemorrhagic necrosis of the gastric fundus and body even in a short period of time. Beside this, the antropyloric region was significantly more resistant to ischaemia.

Evaluation of different periods of estrogen replacement onset in the tibia of ovariectomized rats.

Estrogen deficiency results in increased bone turnover and can lead to osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) seems to be the most effective means of reducing bone loss and fractures. However, the effects of the period of HRT onset on bone tissue require further elucidation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different periods of HRT onset on the trabecular bone of ovariectomized rats. Seventy-five ovariectomized Wistar rats were divided into five groups according to the onset of treatment. Each group was subdivided into experimental (E; n=10) and control (C; n=5), according to treatment with 17-β-estradiol or vehicle alone (soybean oil), respectively, administered subcutaneously. The first group received treatment immediately post-surgery, while treatment in the remaining groups was initiated 1, 2, 3 and 4weeks post-surgery. Euthanasia occurred at 9weeks post-surgery. The left tibias were removed and prepared for histomorphometric analyses. The histomorphometric results were statistically analyzed by the Student's t test (p<0.05). The percentage of trabecular bone was significantly greater in the first (p=0.002) and second (p=0.039) experimental subgroups compared with the control for the same period. In the experimental subgroups, the percentage of trabecular bone decreased according to the delay in HRT onset and was statistically significant (t=3.367; p=0.0023). These findings indicate an increase in trabecular bone loss in tibia at 9weeks post-ovariectomy. The period of HRT/E onset is important for preventing bone loss; however, despite its preventive effects, HRT/E does not restore lost bone.

Anticancer Benefits of Early Versus Late Use of Rapamycin in a Rat Model of Urothelial Carcinoma

BackgroundWe previously reported both in vivo and in vitro effects of rapamycin on urothelial carcinoma. Clinically, the use of rapamycin could not completely prevent the recurrence of urothelial carcinoma. Therefore, we designed this study to compare the difference of efficacy between early and late use of rapamycin in a rat model of urothelial carcinoma. MethodsThe rat model of urothelial carcinoma was induced by adding 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) to the drinking water for up to 20 weeks in male Fisher-344 rats. Rapamycin was fed orally from the 1st day, 5th week, 9th week, 13th week, and 17th week. The antitumor effects of different periods of rapamycin treatment were assessed grossly and microscopically. ResultsPapillary tumors of urinary bladder were successfully induced in the BBN group. Simultaneous use of rapamycin and BBN from the 1st day of treatment significantly reduced the tumor growth in urinary bladder: 80% of the rats had no tumor and 20% had low-grade tumors. Adding rapamycin from the 5th week was associated with more tumor growth: 20% of the rats had no tumors, 20% had low-grade tumors, and 60% had high-grade tumors. Moreover, in the groups with rapamycin treatment from the 9th week, 13th week, and 17th week, all rats developed high-grade papillary tumors in urinary bladder, as did the control group that received no rapamycin. ConclusionsThe study results suggest that the anticancer effect of rapamycin on urothelial carcinoma is stage dependent. Early use of rapamycin provides better anticancer effect, whereas late use of rapamycin fails to inhibit the cancer growth.

Technological quality of common bean grains obtained in different growing seasons

The traits that provide technological quality to common bean grains exhibit genetic and environmental variation and variation in the genotype x environment interaction. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of different periods of the growing season on the technological quality of common bean grains. The experiment was conducted with 25 bean genotypes (carioca [beige with brown stripes] and black commercial group) that are part of the Value for Cultivation and Use (Valor de Cultivo e Uso - VCU) trials in three growing seasons, namely, the 2009/2010 rainy season, the 2010/2011 dry season and the 2010/2011 winter season, in a randomized block experimental design with three replications in which the following items were assessed: cooking time (CT), water absorption capacity before cooking (Peanc) and after cooking (Peapc), percentage of whole grains (PWG), total soluble solids in the broth (TSSb), volume expansion before cooking (EXPVbc) and after cooking (EXPVac), and dry grain density (DD), grain density after maceration (SD) and grain density after cooking (CD). Assessments showed that the different growing seasons for obtaining grains for the purpose of analysis of technological quality have an effect on the results and on differentiation among genotypes, indicating genotype x environment interaction. They also showed that the genotypes C2-1-6-1, C4-8-1-1, LP04-03, IAC-Imperador, P5-4-4-1 and Pr11-6-4-1-2 had the best results in relation to cooking time in the mean values of the three growing seasons. The use of early selection based on phenotypic correlations that exist among the technological features is not expressive, due to the variation of magnitude among the different growing seasons.

Effects of different periods of hypoxic training on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity

This study examined the effects of different periods of hypoxic training on glucose metabolism. Sedentary subjects underwent hypoxic training (FiO2 = 15.0%) for either 2 weeks (2-week group; n = 11) or 4 weeks (4-week group; n = 10). The 2-week group conducted training sessions on 6 days week(-1) for 2 weeks, whereas the 4-week group conducted training sessions on 3 days week(-1) for 4 weeks. Body fat mass or abdominal fat area did not change after training period in either group. VO2max increased in both groups after training period (42 ± 2 versus 43 ± 2 ml min(-1) kg(-1) in 2-week group, 41 ± 1 versus 42 ± 2 ml min(-1) kg(-1) in 4-week group). Both groups showed a reduction in mean blood pressure after training period (92 ± 3 versus 90 ± 3 mmHg in 2-week group, 91 ± 2 versus 87 ± 2 mmHg in 4-week group, P ≤ 0.05). No change was observed in blood glucose response after glucose ingestion after training period. However, area under the curve for serum insulin concentrations after glucose ingestion significantly decreased in only 4-week group (6910 ± 763 versus 5812 ± 872 μIU ml(-1) 120 min, P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, hypoxic training reduced blood pressure with independent on training duration. However, a longer period of hypoxic training led to greater improvements in insulin sensitivity compared with equivalent training over a shorter period, suggesting that hypoxic training programmes for more than 4 weeks might be more beneficial for improving insulin sensitivity.

Persian sturgeon insulin-like growth factor I: molecular cloning and expression during various nutritional conditions

The effects of different periods of starvation (1, 2, 3, and 4weeks) and subsequent re-feeding (over a 4week) on the compensatory growth performance and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA expression in liver and white muscle were investigated in juvenile Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus). First, a fragment of 617 nucleotides coding for IGF-I was cloned from liver, which included an open reading frame of 486 nucleotides, encoding a 162 amino acid preproIGF-I. This is composed of a 45 aa for signal peptide, a 117 aa for the mature peptide comprising the B, C, A, and D domains, and a 47 aa for E domain. The mature Persian sturgeon IGF-I exhibits high sequence identities with other sturgeon species and teleost, ranging between 68 and 95%. The pattern of IGF-I mRNA expression in the liver and white muscle was measured in response to different periods of starvation and subsequent re-feeding. Nutritional status influenced IGF-I mRNA expression pattern in both liver and muscle. IGF-I mRNA expression in the liver increased during starvation, before decreasing after re-feeding. Furthermore, white muscle IGF-I mRNA expression showed better responses to nutritional status and decreased following starvation and increased by re-feeding. However, changes in the expression of IGF-I mRNA were not significantly different between any of the treatments in both tissues. These data suggest that muscle and liver IGF-I mRNA expression do not have a regulatory role for somatic growth induced by compensatory growth in Persain sturgeon.

A systematic review of the effect of pre-test rest duration on toe and ankle systolic blood pressure measurements

BackgroundMeasurement of toe and ankle blood pressure is commonly used to evaluate peripheral vascular status, yet the pre-test rest period is inconsistent in published studies and among practitioners, and could affect results. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate all research that has investigated the effect of different periods of pre-test rest on toe and ankle systolic blood pressure.MethodsThe following databases were searched up to April 2012: Medline (from 1946), EMBASE (from 1947), CINAHL (from 1937), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (from 1800). No language or publication restrictions were applied. Eighty-eight content experts and researchers in the field were contacted by email to assist in the identification of published, unpublished, and ongoing studies. Studies evaluating the effect of two or more pre-test rest durations on toe or ankle systolic blood pressure were eligible for inclusion. No restrictions were placed on participant characteristics or the method of blood pressure measurement. Outcomes included toe or ankle systolic blood pressure and adverse effects. s identified from the search terms were independently assessed by two reviewers for potential inclusion.Results1658 abstracts were identified by electronic searching. Of the 88 content experts and researchers in the field contacted by email a total of 33 replied and identified five potentially relevant studies. No studies were eligible for inclusion.ConclusionsThere is no evidence of the effect of different periods of pre-test rest duration on toe and ankle systolic blood pressure measurements. Rigorous trials evaluating the effect of different durations of pre-test rest are required to direct clinical practice and research.