Effect Of Different Periods Research Articles

High sensitivity and directional recognition torsion sensor based on rotating distributed slot long-period fiber grating

In this paper, a rotationally distributed slot type long period fiber grating torsion sensor is proposed. The sensor employs CO2 laser to etch grooves on the fiber surface in a structure helically distributed slot around the fiber axis, which breaks the circular symmetry of the fiber and introduces a residual twisting force, thus introducing a large amount of elliptical birefringence. By investigating the effect of different periods on the torsional sensitivity, the torsional sensitivity is effectively improved. The experimental results indicate that the torsion sensitivity of the sensor is up to 0.42 nm/(rad/m) in the measurement range of −13.08 rad/m to 13.08 rad/m, which is 10 times more sensitive than that of the traditional torsion sensor, and the direction of torsion can be detected. The temperature characteristics of the sensor are also investigated, and the temperature sensitivity in the detection range of 30 °C to 120 °C is 76 pm/°C, with a temperature crosstalk of 0.18(rad/m)/°C. This sensor provides a new solution for LPFG torsion sensing enhancement, which can be used in the field of engineering structure monitoring with high torsion sensitivity requirements.

Long- and short-term dietary β-glucan improves intestinal health and disease resistance in pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀).

β-Glucans are immunostimulants and are widely used in aquaculture industry. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different periods of β-glucan management on growth performance, intestinal health, and disease resistance in pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). A commercial feed was used as control diet (CD), and the β-glucan diet (βD) was based on CD and further supplemented with 0.1% β-glucan. Grouper in control and long-term β-glucan diet (LGD) groups were fed with CD and βD for 8 weeks, respectively. Groupers in short-term β-glucan diet (SGD) group were fed with CD for the first 4 weeks and βD for the last 4 weeks. We found that LGD and SGD had no effect on growth performance but reduced the mortalities of grouper after challenging with Vibrio harveyi. In addition, both LGD and SGD increased intestinal morphology, enhanced antioxidant capacity, enhanced immunity, inhibited apoptosis, altered the transcriptional profile, and activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in the intestine of grouper. Furthermore, the effect of LGD on most of the above parameters was comparable to that of SGD. In conclusion, LGD and SGD did not affect growth rate parameters but enhanced the intestinal health and disease resistance of pearl gentian grouper.

Research on the Evolution and Driving Factors of the Economic Spatial Pattern of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area in the Context of the COVID-19 Epidemic

Understanding the economic impact of COVID-19 is the foundation for formulating targeted policies promoting economic recovery. This study uses panel data of the county economy in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2017 to 2022. Firstly, the evolution characteristics of the economic structure in the GBA were analyzed using the standard deviation ellipse, geographical concentration, and spatial autocorrelation methods. Then, we revealed the changes in various economic indicators. Finally, a spatial Durbin model was constructed to study the factors affecting economic growth and spatial spillover effects in different periods. The results reveal that the economic distribution in the GBA presents a “core–edge” structure. The FDI, consumption, and exports of the Greater Bay Area fluctuate greatly, while investment growth is relatively stable. There is a significant spatial spillover effect in the county economy of the GBA. Investment, consumption, exports, labor, and innovation all have significant positive effects on economic growth, with investment having the greatest impact, while FDI has a significant negative impact. The impact of COVID-19 on the economy of the GBA is mainly reflected in the weakening of spatial spillovers, the strengthening of economic agglomeration, the decline in factor growth, and the change in the driving effect of factors on the economy. These findings can provide a reference for formulating targeted economic development policies.

Acute Exposure to Two Biocides Causes Morphological and Molecular Changes in the Gill Ciliary Epithelium of the Invasive Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857).

Limnoperna fortunei, the golden mussel, is a bivalve mollusk considered an invader in South America. This species is responsible for ecological and economic damages due to its voluminous fouling capability. Chemical biocides such as MXD-100™ and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) are often used to control L. fortunei infestations in hydraulic systems. Thus, we proposed to investigate the effects of different periods (24, 48 and 72 h) of exposure to MXD-100™ (0.56 mg L-1) and NaDCC (1.5 mg L-1) on the gills of L. fortunei through morphological and molecular analyses. NaDCC promoted progressive morphological changes during the analyzed periods and only an upregulation of SOD and HSP70 expression during the first 24 h of exposure. MXD-100™ led to severe morphological changes from the first period of exposure, in addition to an upregulation of SOD, CAT, HSP70 and CYP expression during the first 24 h. In contrast, MXD-100™ led to a downregulation of CAT transcription between 24 and 48 h. In static conditions, NaDCC causes lethal damage after 72 h of exposure, and that exposure needs to be continuous to achieve the control of the species. Meanwhile, the MXD-100™ treatment presented several effects during the first 24 h, showing acute toxicity in a shorter period of time.

Promoting new mothers’ maternal social support in urban China: a series of group social work interventions in a public hospital setting

ABSTRACT This study implemented a series of social work groups with physician lectures for new mothers in Shanghai, China, and evaluated the practice effects. Outcome data of the intervention (N = 84) and comparison (N = 38) groups were collected using the Maternal Social Support Scale before, immediately after, and three months after the intervention. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the service effects in different periods. The intervention group showed a significant increase in total social support in three dimensions (informational, emotional, and instrumental) immediately after the intervention. Informational and total social support increased significantly over time with no group effects.

Analysis of the Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Smoking among Adolescents before the Age of 13

Adolescent smoking, with its detrimental effects on working memory and increased likelihood of heavy smoking when initiated at a younger age, this paper examines whether marijuana decriminalization policies affect adolescents’ likelihood of smoking before age 13. This paper mainly uses the stack Difference In Difference method to judge the relationship between the two and further proves the time-invariant through the stack event study method. Moreover, the CS model (double robust) was used to observe the different effects of different periods. This study attempts to discover the causes of early adolescent smoking and, to some extent, verify the possibility that cigarettes and marijuana are complementary commodities. This study found that marijuana decriminalization policies increased adolescents’ likelihood of smoking before age 13 by about 0.173%. At the same time, the time study shows that the policy may have a lag effect.

The impact of China's economic uncertainty on commodity and financial markets

This paper use the SV-TVP-FAVAR model to analyze dynamic impacts of economic uncertainty on commodity prices, stock prices and their linkages. Results show that the whole and segmented markets of commodities have seen a fluctuating increasing trend in the time dimension with positive spillover effects in different periods. Agricultural products experienced a significant negative impact before the pandemic, but a significant positive impact after. There is an increasing positive spillover effect of China's economic uncertainty on the financial markets, with a long-term nature. Price linkages have a distinct non-linear characteristic, with long-term negative spillover effects dominating before 2017 and long-term positive spillover effects dominating afterwards, especially during the outbreak.

The effect of different periods of unconventional monetary policies on Japanese financial markets

PurposeThis study aims to examine to what extent the Japanese financial markets are affected by the four periods of unconventional monetary policies (UMP) implemented by the Bank of Japan from 2013 to 2020.Design/methodology/approachUsing the daily 10-year term spread as a proxy for monetary easing policy, this study uses four sub-sample periods from 2013 to 2020 to look into the effectiveness of UMP on the Japanese financial markets.FindingsOur result shows that not all of the Bank of Japan's unconventional monetary policies are equally effective in influencing the Japanese financial markets. In particular, the QQE policy implemented from April 2013 to October 2014 effectively influenced the stock market, banking sector and foreign exchange market. However, the financial market impact of monetary policy is muted during the QQE expansion period. Likewise, the QQE with a negative interest rate policy influences only the banking sector. Finally, the QQE with its yield curve control policy effectively impacts the financial markets.Research limitations/implicationsThis research can be expanded by studying the international spillover effect of the Bank of Japan's UMP on the financial markets in Asian countries.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study enable investors to understand the causal relationship between the Bank of Japan's UMP and the financial market indicators, thereby helping them to position their portfolio investments. From the policy perspective, the finding is useful to inform the Bank of Japan on which policy is relatively effective in affecting the financial markets. In light of the empirical finding, the Bank of Japan should continue to pursue the QQE YCCP or revert to the initial QQE policy, as the two policies are relatively more effective than the QQE expansion and QQE NIRP in affecting the Japanese financial markets.Social implicationsThe empirical finding highlights the importance of controlling for the impact of different QQE policies in the model. Future research may consider conducting sub-sample analysis to cater to the different QQE policy regimes. This approach provides a clearer picture and valid inferences on the financial market impact of each QQE policy.Originality/valueThis study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of Bank of Japan's QQE on the Japanese financial markets. For the market participants, the findings of this study suggest that investors should closely gauge the development of the unconventional monetary policies of the Bank of Japan because the monetary easing policy influences the decision-making process of commercial banks, pension funds, mutual funds, retail investors and other stakeholders in the financial markets. The policy twist will have future ramifications for their loan, investment and retirement fund portfolios.

Alexander Bogdanov’s system methodology from the perspective of the modern economic worldview

The doctrine of Alexander Bogdanov, the forerunner of the comprehensive system analysis developed later, is considered in the article from the point of view of the typology of the basic factors of the systemic development of the economy. The paradigm of space-time as an environment for the functioning of the economy in Bogdanov’s interpretation is analyzed in connection with the well-known concepts of space and time in physics, which allows us to take a fresh look at the relationship and roles of macro-, meso-, micro- and nanolevels in the economy. The representation of human economic activity as a combination of the processes of cognition and creation of spiritual and material values makes it possible to expand the concept of the connectedness of economic phenomena through causal (successive) and induction (mirror) dependencies. From this perspective, the reasons for the dominance of short-range and long-range effects, short- and long-term effects in different periods of the development of the Russian economy are considered.

N2O emission associated with shifts of bacterial communities in riparian wetland during the spring thawing periods.

Soil freeze-thaw processes lead to high nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and exacerbate the greenhouse effect. The wetlands of the Inner Mongolia Plateau are in the pronounced seasonal freeze-thaw zone, but the effect of spring thaw on N2O emissions and related microbial mechanisms is still unclear. We investigated the effects of different periods (freeze, freeze-thaw, and thaw) on soil bacterial community diversity and composition and greenhouse gas emissions during the spring freeze-thaw in the XiLin River riparian wetlands in China by amplicon sequencing and static dark box methods. The results showed that the freeze-thaw periods predominantly impact on the diversity and composition of the bacterial communities. The phyla composition of the soil bacteria communities of the three periods is similar in level, with Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria dominating the microbial communities. The alpha-diversity of bacterial communities in different periods varies that the freezing period is higher than that of the freeze-thaw period (p < .05). Soil total carbon, soil water content, and microbial biomass carbon were the primary factors regulating the abundance and compositions of the bacterial communities during spring thawing periods. Based on functional predictions, the relative abundance of nitrification and denitrification genes was higher in the freezing period than in the thawing period, while the abundance was lowest in the freeze-thawing period. The correlation results found that N2O emissions were significantly correlated with amoA and amoB in nitrification genes, indicating that nitrification may be the main process of N2O production during spring thaw. This study reveals potential microbial mechanisms of N2O emission during spring thaw and provides data support and theoretical basis for further insight into the mechanism of N2O emission during spring thaw.

Effect of antibiotic-administration period on hepatic bile acid profile and expression of pharmacokinetic-related proteins in mouse liver, kidney, and brain capillaries

Antibiotic administration affects pharmacokinetics through changes in the intestinal microbiota, and bile acids are involved in this regulation. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the effect of different periods of antibiotic administration on the hepatic bile acid profile and expression of pharmacokinetic-related proteins in mouse liver, kidney, and brain capillaries. Vancomycin and polymyxin B were orally administered to mice for either 5- or 25-days. The hepatic bile acid profile of the 25-day treatment group was distinct. In the liver, the protein expression of cytochrome P450 (Cyp)3a11 showed the greatest reduction to 11.4% after the 5-day treatment and further reduced to 7.01% after the 25-day treatment. Similar reductions were observed for sulfotransferase 1d1, Cyp2b10, carboxylesterase 2e, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt)1a5, and Ugt1a9. In the kidney and brain capillaries, no drug-metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters were changed with >1.5-fold or <0.66-fold statistical significance in either period. These results suggest that bile acids and metabolizing enzymes in the liver are affected in a period-dependent manner by antibiotic treatment, while the blood-brain barrier and kidneys are less affected. Drug-drug interactions of antibiotics via the intestinal microbiota should be considered by changing drug metabolism in the liver.

Productive performance, breast growth and digestive system development in European quail subjected to post-hatch fasting for different periods.

This study assessed the effect of different periods of post-hatch fasting on animal performance and breast and digestive system growth in European quail. Quail chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design, with four fasting periods (0, 24, 36, and 48 hs) and four replications of 40 birds per treatment. In 1 to 14-day-old chicks, weight gain decreased with increasing fasting time. Compensatory gain was observed from 15 days of age onward. Fasted quail had a lower length and relative weight of the digestive system than fed animals for up to 14 days. Histologically, the duodenal villus height was significantly lower in 3-day-old quail fasted for 36 hs than in those fasted for 48 hs, but this effect was not observed at 7 days. Scanning electron microscopy showed no differences in the small intestinal mucosa between fasted and fed birds at 3 days of age. Post-hatch fasting reduced the relative weight of the breast in quail aged 1 to 14 days but did not affect type IIa and IIb fiber diameter at 35 days. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that European quail raised for meat should not be fasted for more than 48 hs post-hatch.

Influence of microclimatic conditions during year-long storage of ‘Impresja’ potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) on the emergence, growth, physiological activity and yield of plants

The natural lifespan of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) is influenced by several factors, including dormancy, tuber physiology, and conditions in the external environment, such as temperature, humidity, and air movement. We studied the effects of different periods of tuber storage (within 12 months) at 4 °C, followed by 14 d storage at 15–20 °C and 70–80% RH, on the germination, development, physiological activity, and yield of Impresja potato plants, as well as on the activity of catalase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The tubers stored at 4–20 °C did not germinate until the beginning of December. Storage at 4 °C until September prevented sprouting and pathogen invasion. Depending on the period of storage, the time between planting and plant emergence gradually decreased, from 51 d (December) to 10 d (March–July), and the dynamics of shoot and root growth increased. Plants from tubers stored at 4 °C until May were the fastest to emerge and grow, whereas extended storage until July–September gradually reduced plant development. Transferring the tubers at the end of all storage periods from 4 °C to conditions of 15–20 °C and 70–80% RH for 14 d accelerated the emergence and growth of shoots and roots and increased chlorophyll content, net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and the yield of new tubers. This additional storage period was most beneficial for tubers stored until March–July, but its effects decreased after prolonged storage until August–September and had almost disappeared by September. Regardless of the duration of storage, the plant vegetation periods were similar, although the growth of shoots and roots depended on the storage conditions and lighting in particular months. The storage technology presented here could increase the profitability of accelerated potato production.

The Effect Of Different Periods of Heat Stress on Some Of The Haematological Picture At Broiler Chicks Vaccinated By Newcastle And Gumboro Vaccines

This study was conducted to show the effect of the heat stress that will represented by 35 C° and for two periods : 8 hours in group (C) and 16 hours in group (D) with giving both Newcastle and Gumboro vaccines , and in addition to a control group (A) that will be represented by normal fowl breeding temperature according to its life stages without giving any vaccines and group (B) that will be giving all above vaccines breeding in normal temperature with comparing between all these groups with each others in order to know the effect of the heat stress on some hematological parameters in treated broiler chicks ,these parameters have been measured weekly by taking 15 birds from each group randomly to making these tests and depending their resulting in statistical test. The results of red blood cells count , blood haemoglobin concentration and packed cells volume were indicated lesser averages in the group (D) in comparing with other groups that beginning from the fourth week to the end of experiment duration , and the results of the groups (C) was mentioned a significant decrease in all parameters that have been referred to above in comparison with (A) and (B) groups as of the fourth week to the end of treatment period , and at the time when measuring of the H/L ratio ( the stress indicator ) averages in all experiment groups during the treatment weeks , the group (D) are counted their highest average at all treatment weeks in addition to the significant increasing in (B) , (C) and (D) groups in comparing with group (A) from the second weeks and to end of the last week from probation .

Stability of symmetry-protected BICs in dielectric metasurfaces

Optical metasurfaces with high Q -factors have attracted much attention due to their sharp spectral features and significant field enhancement. The excitation of symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (SP-BICs) is an efficient way to achieve a high Q -factor resonator. The experimental Q -factors of resonant quasi-SP-BIC metasurfaces are currently not high. In this work, we numerically demonstrate the stability of SP-BICs in silicon metasurfaces. The two SP-BICs are transformed into quasi-SP-BICs by breaking the in-plane symmetry of the structure, and their resonance properties are discussed by far-field radiation and near-field distribution. Moreover, the effects of different periods, sizes, substrate refractive indices, and shape factors on the SP-BICs are explored, and the Q -factors of quasi-SP-BICs always exhibit the same inverse quadratic dependence on asymmetry parameters, which demonstrates the stability of the SP-BIC. Our results may provide theoretical support for the experimental realization of ultrahigh Q -factor quasi-SP-BICs.

Effects of Different Periods on Bilateral Relationship of Urdu Travelogues and Mythos

Effects of Different Periods on Bilateral Relationship of Urdu Travelogues and Mythos

What is the effect of weather on household electricity consumption? Empirical evidence from Ireland

We explore the links between weather variables and residential electricity consumption using high-resolution smart metering data. While weather factors have been used for grid-level electricity demand estimations, the impact of different weather conditions on individual households has not been fully addressed. The deployment of smart meters enables us to analyse weather effects in different periods of the day using hourly panel datasets, which would previously have been impossible. To conduct the analysis, fixed-effects models are employed on half-hourly electricity consumption data from 3827 Irish household meters. We demonstrate that temperature has robust and relatively flat effects on electricity demand across all periods, whereas rain and sunshine duration show greater potential to affect individual behaviour and daily routines. The models show that the most sensitive periods differ for each weather variable. We also test the responses to weather factors for weekends and workdays. Weather sensitivities vary with the day of the week, which might be caused by different household patterns over the course of the week. The methodology employed in this study could be instructive for improving understanding behavioural response in household energy consumption. By using only weather indicators, this approach can be quicker and simpler than traditional methods – such as surveys or questionnaires – in identifying the periods when households are more responsive.

Government subsidies, R&D expenditures and overcapacity: empirical analysis in photovoltaic companies

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the relationship between government subsidies, R&D expenditures and overcapacity, and to explore the heterogeneity effects in different time periods and different types of companies. It can provide theoretical and practical guidance for the development of the photovoltaic industry.Design/methodology/approachThis paper constructs a mediation model to explore the impact of government subsidies on overcapacity and on R&D expenditures, and to propose an indirect way to disentangle the impact of government subsidies on the creation of overcapacity from the positive aspect of increased R&D expenditures. A total of 94 listed enterprises in the Chinese photovoltaic industry were selected as the sample over the period 2012–2019.FindingsThere was significant overcapacity in the photovoltaic industry. Government subsidies had a positive effect in promoting overcapacity and R&D expenditures. The influence of government subsidies on excess capacity increased and on R&D expenditures decreased over time. Compared with large enterprises, government subsidies the small enterprises received had a greater positive impact on the overcapacity and a smaller positive impact on R&D expenditure. R&D expenditures restrained the influence of government subsidies on overcapacity, but the suppression effect was limited and decreased over time. The indirect effect in small enterprises was greater than that of large enterprises.Originality/valueThis paper studied government subsidies, R&D expenditure and overcapacity in the same framework and used bias-corrected bootstrapping to explore the path of “government subsidies–R&D expenditures–overcapacity”. The heterogeneous effects in different periods and different types of firms are discussed.

Dynamics of self-regulatory processes in a lowland river due to seasonal changes in certain hydro-ecological and water quality factors

This study establishes an evaluable system of relationships among the hydromorphological and water quality factors of a temperate, lowland, regulated watercourse. The aim is to investigate the effects of the environmental factors that cause temporal changes in planktonic algal communities. Measured, real-time and modelled water quality and hydrological data sets were compared during the analysis. It is observed that the same factor can have both positive and negative effects in different periods. Different physiological and morphological characteristics determine environmental tolerance. Chlorophytes, which utilize the red light living in the upper layer, closely correlate with water mirror width (top width). Diatoms need dissolved and suspended silicon and are therefore related to the factors that cause sediment mixing and increased salinity (EC). Cyanobacteria and dinophytes are also able to utilize organic matter (mixotrophy and heterotrophic photosynthesis, respectively). They multiply easily when the organic nutrients that are abundant. In the absence of inorganic nitrogen compounds, cyanobacteria are preferred because of their ability to directly or indirectly take up the N2 molecule. Hydraulic changes have a significant impact on water quality and life processes, including biodiversity.

Effect on Soil Hydrodynamic Parameters in Fields Mulched with Gravel for Different Periods of Time

Soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) and soil hydraulic conductivity are important soil hydrodynamic parameters, which are of great significance in production practice. In 128 soil samples collected from 0-20, 20-40 cm layers at sampling scales of 32×32 m, the authors determined the effect of different periods of time on SWCC and soil hydraulic conductivity in fields mulched gravel. The water holding capacity of soil changes dramatically throughout time, with NEW having the maximum water holding capacity. As the planting time increases, the soil water holding capacity decreases. Both van Genuchten (VG) and Gardner models can fit SWCC in different time periods well, but the fitting accuracy of the VG model is higher. Geostatistics and Kriging interpolation are used to study the spatial variability of the VG model parameters of the SWCCs. The parameters θs, α, and n show a strong spatial correlation as a whole and are slightly affected by random factors. The changing trend of soil unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K(θ)) in gravel-mulched fields is faster than the CHECK, and the NEW has the fastest change trend. The data suggest that fields mulched with gravel retain more water, with the NEW having the most noticeable water retention effect. The study’s findings can be used to investigate the regional variations in soil hydrodynamic characteristics in gravel mulched fields in arid locations.