Effects Of Different Energy Levels Research Articles

Effects of different energy levels in low-protein diet on liver lipid metabolism in the late-phase laying hens through the gut-liver axis

BackgroundThe energy/protein imbalance in a low-protein diet induces lipid metabolism disorders in late-phase laying hens. Reducing energy levels in the low-protein diet to adjust the energy-to-protein ratio may improve fat deposition, but this also decreases the laying performance of hens. This study investigated the mechanism by which different energy levels in the low-protein diet influences liver lipid metabolism in late-phase laying hens through the enterohepatic axis to guide feed optimization and nutrition strategies. A total of 288 laying hens were randomly allocated to the normal-energy and normal-protein diet group (positive control: CK) or 1 of 3 groups: low-energy and low-protein diet (LL), normal-energy and low-protein diet (NL), and high-energy and low-protein diet (HL) groups. The energy-to-protein ratios of the CK, LL, NL, and HL diets were 0.67, 0.74, 0.77, and 0.80, respectively.ResultsCompared with the CK group, egg quality deteriorated with increasing energy intake in late-phase laying hens fed low-protein diet. Hens fed LL, NL, and HL diets had significantly higher triglyceride, total cholesterol, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase levels, but significantly lower hepatic lipase levels compared with the CK group. Liver transcriptome sequencing revealed that genes involved in fatty acid beta-oxidation (ACOX1, HADHA, EHHADH, and ACAA1) were downregulated, whereas genes related to fatty acid synthesis (SCD, FASN, and ACACA) were upregulated in LL group compared with the CK group. Comparison of the cecal microbiome showed that in hens fed an LL diet, Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio were enriched, whereas riboflavin metabolism was suppressed. Cecal metabolites that were most significantly affected by the LL diet included several vitamins, such as riboflavin (vitamin B2), pantethine (vitamin B5 derivative), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), and 4-pyridoxic acid.ConclusionA lipid metabolism disorder due to deficiencies of vitamin B2 and pantethine originating from the metabolism of the cecal microbiome may be the underlying reason for fat accumulation in the liver of late-phase laying hens fed an LL diet. Based on the present study, we propose that targeting vitamin B2 and pantethine (vitamin B5 derivative) might be an effective strategy for improving lipid metabolism in late-phase laying hens fed a low-protein diet.

Effect of Compaction Energy on Selected Physical and Hydraulic Properties of Soils Amended With Different Sources of Organic Matter

Soil compaction has been recognized as a severe problem in mechanized agriculture and influences soil properties and processes. A study evaluated the effect of different energy levels on selected properties of Alfisols treated with different sources of organic amendments. The treatments consisted of soils with compost (10 pots), cow dung (10 pots), and control. These were laid out in a completely randomized design and replicated two times. All pots (soil ± amendment) were saturated and allowed to drain freely for 24 hours and 48 hours, respectively, and compacted to 0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 Joules of energy. Bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), particle size distribution (PSD), gravimetric moisture content (GMC), and moisture retention (MR) was determined from treated plots. Results obtained indicated that the soil is sandy. BD and PR were highest in control, with mean values of 1.803 g cm-3 and 1.762 kg F cm-2, respectively. Treatment with compost improved the BD and PR with lower mean values of 1.320 g cm-3 and 1.283 kg F cm-2 respectively, compared to cow dung and untreated control. With increasing energy inputs, there was a highly significant difference amongst the studied soil properties at all the energies at p<0.0001. Minimum tillage is recommended to reduce the stress caused by heavy energy inputs on these soil properties. The organic matter will directly contribute to plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and micronutrients.

Effect of different energy levels of X-rays on tyrosine-capped silver nanoparticles synthesis: A non-thermal approach

The present study illustrates X-rays as an eco-friendly and non-thermal energy source for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs were synthesized using high energy (HE) with 3990 J (350 kV, 11.4 mA), medium energy (ME) having 2880 J (200 kV, 14.40 mA), and low energy (LE) with 1710 J (57 kV, 30 mA) levels of X-ray and irradiated at a dose of 10 kGy as reducing and tyrosine as a capping agent. UV–visible spectra of AgNPs exhibited the characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 405 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of AgNPs revealed a 5–15 nm particle size. The Zeta potential (ZP) of LE-AgNPs displayed excellent stability (−60 mV), followed by the HE-AgNPs (−58 mV) and ME-AgNPs (-42 mV). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) revealed that all AgNPs showed potent antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium than Staphylococcus aureus. The present study exhibited that HE, ME, and LE-X-ray differently impacted the stability and antibacterial potency of synthesized AgNPs.

Effects of different energy levels and two levels of temperature–humidity indices on growth, blood metabolites, and stress biomarkers in Korean native calves

This study investigated the effects of dietary energy levels on growth, blood metabolites, and stress biomarkers in Korean native calves subjected to heat stress (HS). Twenty-four calves (BW: 221.5 ± 24.9 kg; age: 162 ± 4.8 d) were randomly housed in climate-controlled chambers using 3 × 2 factorial design. There were three treatment groups including low energy (LE = 2.53), medium energy (ME = 2.63), and high energy levels (HE = 2.72 Mcal/kg of DM) and two stress levels (threshold: THI = 70–73; severe: THI = 89–91). The calves were adapted to 22 °C for 7 days, then to the target THI level for 14 days. Energy intake, average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio were determined to decline (p < 0.05) under severe HS compared with threshold. Under severe HS, rectal temperature was increased 0.67 °C compared with threshold. Severe HS increased glycine, ammonia, and 3-methylhistidine concentrations compared with threshold (p < 0.05). Gluconeogenic AAs in the blood were increased among the various energy levels regardless of HS. In PBMCs the expression of HSP70 gene was increased in the LE group (p < 0.05), and the HSP90 gene expression was increased in LE and ME groups (p < 0.05) under severe HS. However, the expression of genes HSP70 and HSP90 in HE group did not differ under severe HS (p > 0.05). It has been suggested that HE intake may have a beneficial effect on PBMCs by mitigating ATP depletion. No differences in growth performance were found when increasing energy intake with high protein (CP 17.5%) under HS. However, the increase in energy levels resulted in increased gluconeogenic AAs but decreased urea and 3-methylhistidine in blood. In conclusion, increased energy levels are thought to improve HS adaptability by inhibiting muscle degradation and glucose production using gluconeogenic AAs in Korea native calves under HS condition.

Gross energy levels in practical diets for the Amazon river prawn postlarvae, Macrobrachium amazonicum

The present study evaluated the effect of different energy levels (15.07, 15.91, 17.17, 18.00, and 19.68 kJ g-1 of diet) on isoproteic practical diets for Macrobrachium amazonicum during the nursery phase on the zootechnical performance and proximate composition of the whole body. Postlarvae with a mean weight of 0.043 ± 0.01 g were stored in 25 experimental units, at 150 animals per m2, in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates. The post-larvae were evaluated at the end of the experimental period according to the pre-established performance parameters. The analysis of variance for regression (α = 0.05) allowed us to estimate that the maximum final weight was observed in the treatment with 16.74 kJ g-1. In contrast, the lowest apparent feed conversion was observed at the 16.43 kJ g-1 level. The best values were found in 17.29 and 17.50 kJ g-1, respectively, for the energy and protein retention rates. As the best fit of the equation was presented for the energy retention ratio (R2 = 0.63), which approached the treatment of 17.17 kJ g-1, this energy level is recommended in postlarvae diets.

The effect of different energy levels of the Er: YAG laser on the repair bond strength of a nanohybrid composite resin.

This study evaluates the durability of repair microshear bond strength (µSBS) of nanohybrid composite resins which surfaces are treated with different laser parameters and bur. A total of 240 nanohybrid composite resin disk shaped specimens were prepared. Then, specimens were divided into eight test groups as regards to surface treatment types (Erbium (Er:YAG) laser with seven different parameters and bur). Half of the specimens in each group were subjected to 5000 thermal cycling (TC) and the other half to 20,000 TC. Universal testing machine was used for µSBS test. The data were analyzed with a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test. Among the specimens treated with ER:YAG laser+5000 TC, we detected the highest mean µSBS test values in the subgroups L200 and L250. Among the specimens treated with ER:YAG laser+20,000 TC, the highest mean µSBS test values were seen in the L200 subgroup. The µSBS values after the 20,000 TC were significantly lower than those after 5000 TC for all different treatment types. Thermal cycling and laser energy levels have effects on repair µSBS. Considering the bond strength and durability it seems more effective to use Er:YAG laser at 200 mJ. To repair an aged nanohybrid composite resin, Er:YAG laser surface treatments may provide some benefits by acquiring a reliable bond strength with durability. This study may give information on which parameters are more suitable to use Er:YAG laser for the repair of nanohybrid composite resins.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Laser Ablation Using a Diffusing Applicator for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Treatment.

Simple SummaryPancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal cancers; caused by family history, obesity, diabetes, and smoking, it has a 2–9% five-year survival rate. However, patients diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) already have an advanced stage of PC, indicating the difficulty of surgical resection. Recently, laser ablative treatment with a diffusing applicator has been proven to be feasible for treating advanced PC. Despite the potential application for treating PC, further evaluation of acute and chronic tissue responses are essential to determine the efficacy and safety of diffusing applicator under EUS guidance. In this study, EUS-guided diffusing applicator-assisted laser ablation was evaluated to quantify the extent of the tissue response after the delivery of various energy levels.Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided cylindrical interstitial laser ablation (CILA) procedures can be used to treat unresectable pancreatic cancer (PC). The aim of this study was to investigate the acute responses of pancreatic tissue after EUS-guided CILA in vivo in porcine models. Eight pigs were tested to compare the effects of different energy levels on pancreatic tissue ablation. A 1064 nm laser system was used to deliver 5 W through a diffusing applicator. The EUS-guided CILA was performed under four different energies: 200, 400, 600, and 800 J. Three days after the experiments, histological analysis was performed. The CILA consistently generated circular coagulated necrosis (CN) in the cross-sectioned pancreatic tissue. The ablation diameter was linearly dependent on the total energy delivery. The area of the CN initially increased with total energy delivery but became saturated at 600 J. The width of the degenerative parenchyma (DP) in the native tissue beyond the CN region increased with the total energy up to 600 J, and then decreased afterward. EUS-guided CILA can be a feasible approach for treating PC. Further animal studies will investigate the chronic responses of the pancreatic tissue to examine the efficacy and safety of the proposed method for clinical translation.

Effects of Different Energy Levels on the Milk Performance and Blood Chemistry in Jersey Cows in Tibet

Background: Owing to the extreme cold and hight elevation, demand for fat by people in the plateau is great than those on the plains Butter were used to supply of fat to the herders in areas as remote as rural Tibet and as one of the traditional food, it occupied an importan place in the diet. Therefore, there is a significance in improving butter production in Tibet. Methods: To explore the effects of energy levels on milk performance, blood chemstryand milk hydrolysis amino acid in Jersey cows in Tibet. Forty late-lactation Jersey cows were randomly assigned into 4 groups equally according to the level of energy: E1 (11.50 MJ/kg); E2 (12.0 MJ/kg); E3 (12.5 MJ/kg) and E4 (13.0 MJ/kg). Result: The results indicated milk yield, milk fat content, total soilds content, lactose contentand soilds-not-fat content increased in response to higher levels of dietary energy, whereas the greater (P less than 0.0001) value of milk protein content was observed at the lower levels of dietary energy. The greater plasma GPT content was obtained in group E4 (P less than 0.0001), whereas, the greater plasma TG and GLU were observed in group E3 (P less than 0.01). Plasma TG and LDH of group E2 were greater than those of another treatments (P less than 0.0001) and the plasma UN of group E1 was significant higher among treatments (P less than 0.0001). The greater values of most hydrolysis amino acid and total AA in milk were observed at the lower level of group E1.

The Effect of Ultrasonic Liposuction Energy Levels on Fat Graft Viability.

The use of fat obtained from ultrasound-assisted liposuction is popular. However, no study has considered the effect of different energy levels on fat grafts. We hypothesized that different ultrasonic energy levels could change the fat graft viability. Both flanks of 15 CD1 nude mice (30 experimental areas) were used, with experimental areas randomly distributed into five groups. Using different energy settings, fat grafts were obtained from a patient's abdominoplasty material and applied to the mouse flank regions. Device settings were intermittent mode with 50% vibration amplitude in group 1, continuous mode with 50% vibration amplitude in group 2, intermittent mode with 90% vibration amplitude in group 3, and continuous mode with 90% vibration amplitude in group 4. The control group was grafted with fat obtained via the conventional method. After 6 weeks, all mice were sacrificed, and fat grafts were excised. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, and anti-perilipin A antibody. The perilipin A immunostaining result was lowest in group 4, indicating the lowest viable cell count (p &lt; 0.01). There was no significant difference between groups for the other parameters (p &gt; 0.05). High ultrasonic energy may affect fat graft survival. If fat injection is planned, avoiding high energy settings (our recommendation is not to exceed 16 Watts.) should be considered. We also recommend increasing the vibration amplitude rather than switching from intermittent to continuous mode in body parts that are relatively resistant to liposuction. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ENERGY LEVELS OF COCOA HUSK-BASED DIETS ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAILS

Cocoa husk-based diets were used to assess the effect of different energy levels on the growth performance, economics of production and dressing percentage of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in South Western Nigeria. The assessment period was at 4 to 7 weeks of age. Four isonitrogenous (22% crude protein) diets incorporating graded levels (0, 3, 5, 7.0 and 14%) of cocoa husk meal (CHM) as replacement for maize, were used in the trial which involved 360, 3-week-old quail chicks. The diets had the followjng corresponding ME levels, viz: Diet 1, 2800; Diet 2, 2700; Diet 3, 2600 and Diet 4, 2500 kcal/kg. Each dietary treatment was similar (P &gt; 0.05) among the diets while feed intake was higher (P &lt; 0.05) on Diet 4 than Diets 1 and 2. Caloric intake, feed conversion and calorific efficiency did not differ significantly (P &gt; 0.05) among the treatments. Though feed cost and feed price/100 kcal ME decreased numerically across treatment, feed cost/kg gain was similar (P &gt; 0.05). Dressing percentage was not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by dietary energy levels. Results of this study indicated that dietary energy levels of 2500 to 2800kcal/kg ME of cocoa husk-based diets are suitable for overall acceptable productive performance of Japanese quails during 4 – 7 weeks of age in South Western Nigeria.

РЕПРОДУКТИВНАЯ СПОСОБНОСТЬ РЕМОНТНЫХ САМОК СТАНДАРТНОЙ ЧЕРНОЙ НОРКИ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ УРОВНЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОГО ПИТАНИЯ В ПЕРИОД ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ

Studying the effect of different energy levels of feeding of replacement female short-haired minks during the rearing period (July-August) on the formation of their future reproductive capacity was the aim of the research. The experiments were carried out on replacement females of short-haired standard black mink in the animal farm of the Saltykovsky Tribal Fur Farm JSC, Moscow Region. Тhe level of energy supply in July-August was specified for replacement females mink in order to study the subsequent reproductive ability. During this period, the feeding level (in terms of energy) was limited by 10.0% in the experimental group. After the end of the experiment (end of August), the minks were transferred to feeding according to the existing energy norms (2007). The content of digestible nutrients in 100 kcal of MA was: protein – 7.6-9.9 g; fat – 3.7-4.9 g; carbohydrates – 2.9-5.1 g, with a carbohydrate-fat ratio (by calorie content): 1: 1.4-4.0 during the rearing period (June-November) of replacement female minks. Two groups were formed for the subsequent assessment of reproduction indicators in the second experiment from the replacement female minks left for the tribe, in accordance with the type of feeding in July-August. It was found that the nutritional requirements of females during reproduction and lactation is covered by the carbohydrates and fat content in the diet of 13.2-16.4% and 39.1-38.1%, respectively, of the caloric content of the feed (with a ratio of 1: 2.3-3.0) and a protein level on average of 10.1-10.6 g per 100 kcal MA. The results obtained indicate that during adaptation of the short-haired mink to the existing feeding technology under the modern food base conditions, a decrease in the energy nutrition level of replacement females during the growth period in JulyAugust (by 10% below the recommended norms) satisfies the nutritional requirements for breeding growing females, ensures the formation of high reproductive ability: fertility per 6,37±0,44 puppy and output of young animals 5,24±0,43 puppies per main female. It allows to reduce feed costs by 10.3% during this period.

UV-C radiation on fresh fig quality

ABSTRACT: Sanitization using chemical agents to reduce the microbiological load on the surface of agricultural products have the drawback of leaving residues. Conversely, physical treatments, such as ultraviolet radiation C (UV-C), are residue-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Ripe figs are perishable, exhibiting an epidermis with low resistance to mechanical treatment, high water content and the ostiole, which is an open door that expedites undesirable microorganism penetration. In this study, the effect of different energy levels of UV-C radiation on the appearance and physico-chemical properties of the figs when stored at 10 °C and 20 °C was evaluated focusing on the technological parameters of the application of radiation. The energy levels of radiation applied were 0.00, 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 and they showed neither acceleration nor delay effects on fig ripening. Figs exposed to the radiation energy at 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 showed a lower incidence of rot at the same temperature, but the figs exposed to the highest radiation, 4.01 kJ m−2, showed more wilting and stains, which significantly impaired their appearance. UV-C radiation reduces the development of rotting, providing evidence of its potential in the postharvest processing of ripe figs. However, radiation levels should be limited to avoid undesirable epidermis stains.

Physiologic and Metabolic Changes in Crepidiastrum denticulatum According to Different Energy Levels of UV-B Radiation.

Ultraviolet B (UV-B) light, as a physical elicitor, can promote the secondary metabolites biosynthesis in plants. We investigated effects of different energy levels of UV-B radiation on growth and bioactive compounds of Crepidiastrum denticulatum. Three-week-old seedlings were grown in a plant factory for 5 weeks. Plants were subjected to different levels of UV-B (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.25 W m−2), 6 h a day for 6 days. All UV-B treatments had no negative effect on the shoot dry weight; however, relatively high energy treatments (1.0 and 1.25 W m−2) inhibited the shoot fresh weight. UV-B light of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 W m−2 did not affect total chlorophyll and H2O2 contents; however, they increased total carotenoid content. On 4 days, 0.25 W m−2 treatment increased antioxidant capacity, total hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) content, and several sesquiterpenes. Treatments with 1.0 and 1.25 W m−2 increased total carotenoid, total HCAs, and H2O2 contents, and destroyed chlorophyll pigments, reducing maximum quantum yield of photosystem II and causing visible damage to leaves. Partial least squares discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) showed that secondary metabolites were distinguishably changed according to energy levels of UV-B. The potential of 0.25 W m−2 UV-B for the efficient production of bioactive compounds without growth inhibition in C. denticulatum was identified.

Effects of Different Protein and Energy Levels in Mixed Feed on Growth Performance and Reproduction Characteristics of Heifers

Background: In this study, the effects of different protein and energy levels in mixed feed on growth performance and reproduction characteristics of heifers were investigated. Method: The material of the study consisted of 36 Holstein Friesian (black pied) breed cattle at the age of 6 months and average live body weight of 156.65 kg and the experiment was continued for 8 months. During the experiment, four different feeds containing 16% CP - 2500 kcal / kg ME for the 1st group, 16% CP - 2700 kcal / kg ME for the 2nd group, 18% CP - 2500 kcal / kg ME for the 3rd group, 18% HP - 2700 kcal / kg ME for the 4th group were given at 1.5% of the live weight of heifers. (Where CP and ME stand for Crude Protein and Metabolizable Energy, respectively). As roughage, an equal amount of straw and alfalfa hay mixture was given. Result: As a result of this study, the effects of the different protein levels on live body weight and body measurements (body length-BL, withers height-WH, hip height-HH, hip width-HW, body depth-BD, chest girth-CG) were not found significant (P is greater than 0.05). Similarly, the effects of different energy levels on body weight and body measurements (P is greater than 0.05) and protein X energy interaction in terms of live body weight and size were also not found significant (P is greater than 0.05). Regarding the reproductive properties, the differences between the groups in terms of the effect of different protein and energy levels on the first estrus age were found statistically significant (P is less than 0.05). As a result of the analysis made in terms of heifers age during the first insemination, the difference was found to be statistically significant (P is less than 0.05). The effect of different protein and energy levels on the conception rate in the first insemination was found significant (P is less than 0.05). As a result, it was concluded that affordable mixed feed combinations can be used within the limits of mixed feed combinations containing 2500-2700 kcal / kg ME and 16-18% CP, which were given in the investigation; however, low energy-high protein combinations would give more positive results considering their effects on the reproductive performances and conception rates at first insemination.

Pregnant beef cow's nutrition and its effects on postnatal weight and carcass quality of their progeny.

A systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) were performed to evaluate the effects of different energy levels (metabolizable energy, ME) and crude protein (CP), supplied to pregnant cows, on weight of their progenies at 60 (BW60), 100 (BW100), 180 (BW180) and 205 (BW205) days of age, average daily gain (ADG), and weight, age, loin eye area (LEA), marbling and fat thickness (FT) at slaughter. The SR was performed on two electronic databases. The MA for random effects was performed for each response variable separately. The BW60 was reduced (P<0.001; I2 = 78.9%) when cows consumed CP and ME above the required levels during the third trimester of pregnancy (3TRI). The BW205 was lower (P<0.001; I2 = 92.6%) when cows consumed ME above the recommended levels in the second trimester of pregnancy (2TRI) and 3TRI. Conversely, the ADG was higher when cows consumed CP (P = 0.032; I2 = 96.1%) and ME (P<0.001; I2 = 96.1%) above the required levels. The steers whose mothers consumed CP and ME above the required levels during the 3TRI were slaughtered 5.5 days earlier (P = 0.015; I2 = 98.5%) compared to other steers. The marbling was higher (P<0.001; I2 = 91.7%) in calves born to mothers consuming CP and ME above the recommended levels, regardless of the gestation phase. The FT was higher (P<0.001; I2 = 0%) in the offspring of cows that consumed CP and ME above the required levels during the 3TRI. Thus, CP and ME intake, at levels higher than those recommended by the NRC, by pregnant cows in the 3TRI reduces the progeny weight up to 205 days of age. However, this is advantageous during the finishing phase, as it reduces slaughter age and increases the ADG and carcass quality by improving marbling and FT.

Effects of different energy levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of pigs reared in different seasons in Korea

Effects of different energy levels on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of pigs reared in different seasons in Korea

Bariatric Surgery in Rats Upregulates FSP27 Expression in Fat Tissue to Affect Fat Hydrolysis and Metabolism.

Purpose To explore the changes in FSP27 expression and fat metabolism in adipose tissue and their relationship after bariatric surgery in rats. Method Food intake, body weight, triglyceride content, fat distribution, and fat cell morphology were evaluated in rats grouped into control, sham, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) groups. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to detect protein expression and real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expression. Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used to assess the effects of different energy levels and nutrient factors on FSP27 in adipocytes. Result Food intake, body weight, and triglyceride levels were reduced in RYGB and SG rats within 28 days after surgery, with a more pronounced effect in the RYGB group. Weight loss was mainly due to loss of fat mass rather than loss of lean mass, with the most pronounced decrease in trunk fat. FSP27 expression increased in lean rat adipocytes accompanied by increased lipid droplets (LDs). In SG and RYGB rats, the FSP27 protein concentration gradually increased in white adipose tissue (WAT) after operation. Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), p-HSL/HSL, Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL), and Comparative Gene Identification-58 (CGI-58) gradually decreased in SG and RYGB rats, but they were always higher than in control and sham animals. FSP27 was also decreased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes of animals with a high-energy diet. Conclusion FSP27 is associated with rat lipid metabolism and its expression varies with energy and nutrient supply. It can inhibit excessive hydrolysis and fat accumulation by regulating HSL and ATGL expression and by mediating LDs formation.

Pregnant cow nutrition and its effects on foetal weight – a meta-analysis

AbstractThe prenatal development of cattle has influence on productive performance throughout postnatal life. The number of muscle and fat cells that the animal will have throughout its life is determined in the foetal stage and is influenced by nutrition of the pregnant cow. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of different energy levels (total digestible nutrient, TDN) and crude protein (CP) supplied to pregnant cows on foetal weight at 4 (FW4) and 8 months (FW8) and calf birth weight (CBW). Four studies and six trials involving 170 animals were assessed for FW4; four studies, four trials and 156 animals for FW8 and 48 studies, 125 trials and 9053 animals for CBW. High heterogeneity across studies was presented in FW4 (I2 = 94.4%), FW8 (I2 = 91.08%) and CBW (I2 = 96.9%). Dietary TDN and CP levels did not influence FW4. The FW8 was reduced by 2.24 kg when cows were fed 100% of their CP and TDN requirements (I2 = 0%), relative to those fed 70% of their requirements during the first and second trimesters. The CBW was reduced by 0.45 kg (I2 = 96.9%) when cows were fed 130% of their CP requirements relative to other dietary CP levels. When cows were fed 140% of their TDN requirements, CBW decreased by 2.71 kg (I2 = 98.3%) relative to other TDN levels. Dietary energy or CP levels fed above the requirements to pregnant cows restrict foetal development and CBW.

Effect of different dietary energy levels on physio-biochemical, endocrine changes and mRNA expression profile of leptin in goat (Capra hircus)

This study aims to assess the effect of different energy levels of restriction on physiological and genetic level adaptability. Eighteen adult nonpregnant does (average BW 33.56kg) were used in the present study. The ewes were divided into three groups, viz., GI (n=6; control), GII (n=6; 30% feed intake of control), GIII (n=6; 40% feed intake of control). The study was conducted for 40 days covering a period of two estrous cycles. Blood samples were collected every ten days interval. The parameters studied were allometric parameters (viz., body weight, and body condition) scoring and physiological responses (viz., respiration rate, pulse rate, and rectal temperature) biochemical parameters (glucose, albumin, creatinine, cholesterol), hormones (T3, T4, cortisol, leptin) and mRNA expression profile of leptin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The nutritional stress significantly (P<0.05) affected most of the parameters. There was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in Body weight, Body condition score and. The physiological responses were significantly (P<0.05) affected. Among the biochemical parameters mean serum glucose first increased significantly (P<0.05) and then stabilized in GII whereas as there was no change in serum glucose levels in GIII. Serum albumin significantly (P<0.05) affected in late stages of study. There was no significant (P<0.05) changes in serum creatinine. Among hormonal parameters there was significant decrease in T3 in both the groups; T4 increased significantly in GII on 10th day and then stabilized whereas no changes was observed in GIII. Cortisol levels increased significantly (P<0.05) in both GII and GIII. There was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in serum leptin levels in GII but in GIII significant reduction was observed only 10th and 30th day of study. The mRNA expression was significantly (P<0.05) upregulated in GII on 30th day followed by a significant downregulation whereas in GIII significant (P<0.05) downregulation was only seen on 30th and 40th days. It can be concluded from our study that animals can maintain near physiological homeostasis even at 40% energy intake levels. The animals have innate physiological ability to survive periods of nutritional stress by adjusting leptin levels which are required for maintaining the physiological normalcy.

Effect of different energy levels of microwave on disinfection of dental stone casts.

Background and aims Current chemical methods may not efficiently disinfect dental stone casts. The aim of this study was to investigate if microwave irradiation is effective for disinfection of stone casts. Materials and methods In this laboratory study, three groups (n = 162) of prepared spherical stone beads as carriers with a diameter of 10 mm were inoculated by separately soaking in three broth culture media, each containing a study microorganism—Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans. Six inoculated carriers were used for every test, including irradiation in a household microwave oven at 300, 450, 600 or 900 W energy level, or soaking in 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.12%, 0.25% or 0.50% concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution, at 1, 2, or 3-minute test times. Positive and negative control groups were considered for each test. All treated carriers were then individually transferred to nutrient broth culture medium and one milliliter from each tube was cultured in nutrient agar media over night. Colony forming unit per milliliter (CFU/mL) was counted, and multi-factor ANOVA was used to analyze data (α = 0.05). Results Microwave irradiation at 600 W resulted in high-level disinfection in 3 minutes. Immersion of the stone casts in hypochlorite solution at 0.06% concentration resulted in disinfection after 2 minutes. Conclusion According to the results, high level disinfection of the stone casts can be achieved by microwave irradiation at 600 W in 3 minutes, similar to a validated chemical method.