Effects Of Different Energy Levels Research Articles

Effect of different energy levels of microwave on disinfection of dental stone casts.

Background and aims Current chemical methods may not efficiently disinfect dental stone casts. The aim of this study was to investigate if microwave irradiation is effective for disinfection of stone casts. Materials and methods In this laboratory study, three groups (n = 162) of prepared spherical stone beads as carriers with a diameter of 10 mm were inoculated by separately soaking in three broth culture media, each containing a study microorganism—Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans. Six inoculated carriers were used for every test, including irradiation in a household microwave oven at 300, 450, 600 or 900 W energy level, or soaking in 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.12%, 0.25% or 0.50% concentration of sodium hypochlorite solution, at 1, 2, or 3-minute test times. Positive and negative control groups were considered for each test. All treated carriers were then individually transferred to nutrient broth culture medium and one milliliter from each tube was cultured in nutrient agar media over night. Colony forming unit per milliliter (CFU/mL) was counted, and multi-factor ANOVA was used to analyze data (α = 0.05). Results Microwave irradiation at 600 W resulted in high-level disinfection in 3 minutes. Immersion of the stone casts in hypochlorite solution at 0.06% concentration resulted in disinfection after 2 minutes. Conclusion According to the results, high level disinfection of the stone casts can be achieved by microwave irradiation at 600 W in 3 minutes, similar to a validated chemical method.

Effect of different energy levels of diets on the performance, nutrient digestibilities and carcass characteristics of lambs

Eighteen male lambs (initial weight 30±1.3 kg and 5-6 months) were used in this experiment to study the effect of energy levels on the performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass traits. Total experimental period was 90 days. The animals were allotted into 3 groups, 6 animals per each. The first group was fed a medium energy (ME) diet (3.20 Mcal/kg diet), while the second group fed on diet contained high energy (HE) level ( 3.50 Mcal/kg diet) and the third group fed on low energy (LE) diet ( 2.90 Mcal/kg diet). All diets contained 14.70% crude protein in dry matter. The average daily feed intake was affected significantly (P

Effects of Different Energy Levels on Nutrient Utilization and Serum Biochemical Parameters of Early-Weaned Calves

Current study was performed to investigate the effects of different energy levels on nutrient digestion metabolism and serum biochemical parameters of early-weaned calves. Twelve neonatal Holstein calves were selected and assigned randomly to receive 1 of 3 treatments that contained 18.51, 19.66 and 20.80 MJ kg −1 gross energy, respectively (n = 4 per treatment). Digestion and metabolism trials were carried out in 5 phases (12-20, 22-30, 32-40, 42-50, and 52-60 d of age). At the same time, blood metabolites were determined at 21, 31, 41, 51, and 61 d of age prior to morning feeding. The results indicated that either dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and gross energy (GE) apparent digestibility or N and P retention tended to increase as age advanced; the average value of DM and OM apparent digestibility and Ca retention in high-energy treatment was significantly lower than that of other groups ( P < 0.05); there were no significant differences in the concentration of serum glucose, triglyceride and urea N among treatments, whereas a significant effect of age was found on the level of triglyceride ( P < 0.05). To sum up, medium-energy milk replacer seems to be more beneficial for GE digestibility and N utilization, whereas low-energy milk replacer appears to be more rewarding for Ca and P utilization.

The mechanical effects of shock waves in extracorporeal shock wave treatment of calcific tendinitis--an in vitro model

Various studies have shown the benefit of the extracorporal shock wave therapy in the treatment of the calcific tendinitis. It was the aim of this study to examine the energy needed to disintegrate a calcific deposit. By using the in vitro model of the pig shoulder the mechanical effects of different energy levels and impulse rates on the calcifying deposits are investigated. The results are showing the energy- and impulse-depending effect of the shockwaves. The disintegration of the implanted "bonn-stones" with development of an large amount of fragments smaller then 1000 microns requires an energy of 0.42 mJ/mm2 and between 2000 and 3000 impulses. According to the experimental results a instant mechanical effect on the calcifying deposits using the ordinary parameter is unlikely. The absorption of the calcifying deposits in likely induced through cellular clearing function. Clinical trials confirmed the good therapeutical results after two sessions with at least 1500 pulses and an energy of 0.28-0.30 mJ/mm2.

Relação materno-filial da raça Morada Nova recebendo dietas com três níveis de energia, ao final da gestação

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de energia ofertados no terço final da gestação sobre o comportamento materno-filial de animais da raça Morada Nova. O experimento consistiu de três tratamentos - três grupos de oito matrizes, alimentadas com dietas isoprotéicas contendo diferentes níveis energéticos (2,0; 2,4 e 2,8 Mcal EM/kg MS), com oito repetições cada. Observou-se efeito dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis comportamentais maternas avaliadas (vocalização, ato de cheirar e lamber a cria e a posição da ovelha em - pé ou deitada), nas ovelhas, mas não foi observada diferença para os comportamentos filiais (posição da cria, tempo decorrido do nascimento à primeira vez que ficou de pé, tempo decorrido do nascimento à primeira mamada, tempo total de mamadas) dos cordeiros. A mobilização de reservas ou o carreamento direto de nutrientes da dieta para o crescimento fetal normal, nos grupos alimentos com dietas contendo 2,0 e 2,4 Mcal EM/kg MS, minimizaram os possíveis efeitos sobre o comportamento filial dos cordeiros. Mesmo sob interferência no relacionamento com as crias, ovelhas Morada Nova conseguiram manter as condições dos cordeiros inalteradas em todos os tratamentos.

Efeito de diferentes níveis de energia e de programas de alimentação sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte abatidos tardiamente

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável e de programas de alimentação sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte no período de 42 a 57 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 1.600 pintos machos da linhagem Cobb, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, composto de dois níveis de energia (3.200 e 3.600 kcal EM/kg) e quatro programas de alimentação (recomendações de aminoácidos). As aves foram alimentadas com ração à base de milho e farelo de soja até os 41 dias de idade, quando foram pesadas, homogeneizadas e separadas por tratamento, dando-se início ao fornecimento das rações experimentais. Foram avaliados dados de ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar ao final de cada período experimental, a conversão calórica e o índice de eficiência produtiva para todo o período experimental. O nível de 3.600 kcal EM/kg melhorou o desempenho das aves, mas o fracionamento das exigências de aminoácidos digestíveis em dois períodos piorou os resultados. O desempenho no período de 50 a 57 dias de idade indicou que o abate tardio deve ser antecipado em uma semana, pois, após os 49 dias de idade, ocorre piora na conversão alimentar.

Effect of different energy levels in feed and slaughter weights on carcass and chemical composition of Lori-Bakhtiari ram lambs

In this study the effect of three slaughter weights (SWs) of 45, 52.5 and 60kg and two different feed metabolizable energy levels (MELs) (2.64 and 2.4Mcal/kgDM) were evaluated. At the beginning of the experimental period the BW of 53 lambs on average was 35.7±3.8kg and 165 days of age. Fifty-three lambs were randomly assigned to a 2×3 factorial design. Lambs were slaughtered according to their SW. Weights of wholesale cuts and bone, fat trim and trimmed meat of each cut were recorded. Percent of moisture, CP, EE, ash, Ca and P were determined in each de-boned carcass. MEL and SW did not influence the mean dressing percentages. MEL did not influence loin eye muscle area (LEMA) and back fat (BF), but there was a difference (P<0.01) between SW of 45 and 60kg for LEMA and BF. Shoulder and flap were influenced by MEL and SW (P<0.05). The mean meat, bone, subcutaneous fat and tail fat percent were not influenced by MEL, however, by different SW (P<0.05). MEL had no significant effect on DM, CP, EE, ash, Ca and P content of the de-boned carcasses, but SW did (P<0.05). This study indicated that most of the carcass characteristics were not altered by lowering the energy levels, but were higher when lambs were slaughtered at 60kg live weight, and under intensive feeding lambs of the Lori-Bakhtiari breed produced desirable carcass at 60kg live weight.

Effects of energy level in finisher diets and slaughter age of on the performance and carcass yield in broiler chickens

Male broilers were used to evaluate the effects of different energy levels in finisher diets and age of slaughter on performance, production pattern and carcass yield. Experimental design was a 2x3 factorial arrangement: energy level (ME) in the finisher diet (3,200 and 3,600 kcal ME/kg) and age of slaughter (42, 49 and 56 days), resulting in six treatments with four replicates. The finisher diet was fed only in the last week of the growing period. Characteristics evaluated were feed consumption (FC), body weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC), energy intake (EI), caloric conversion (CC), efficiency production index, production pattern, and carcass yield. The results showed better WG and CC for broilers fed 3,200 kcal ME/kg finisher diet. Broilers slaughtered at 42 and 49 days of age had better performance and higher annual production than broilers slaughtered at 56 days of age. Carcass yield was influenced by slaughter age and better breast yield was seen at 49 and 56 days than at 42 days of age. It was concluded that 3,200 kcal ME/kg induced the best overall performance. Poultry houses were efficiently used when broilers were slaughtered at 42 days of age. Meat:bone ratio was improved for broilers slaughtered at 49 and 56 days of age.

Effects of different energy levels, concentrate/forage ratios and lipid supplementation to the diet on the adaptation of the energy metabolism at calving in dairy cows.

A low level of energy (110 MJ ME) and a low concentrate/forage ratio (10/90) at calving resulted in low basal concentrations of glucose and insulin, but the cows had the capacity to increase the glucose level after glucagon injections. No signs of disturbances in the metabolic adaptation were observed. High intensity feeding (200 MJ ME and 50% concentrates) resulted in high basal serum insulin levels. The increase in the insulin concentrations after glucagon injections and the changes in insulin levels around calving varied widely between individual cows. The metabolic adaptation period was longer than in cows in the former group. An energy level of 170 MJ ME and variations of concentrate/forage ratios (5/95, 30/70 and 60/40) resulted in small differences in basal glucose and insulin concentrations and in response to glucagon injections. But the cows fed 60% concentrates showed signs of prolonged metabolic adaptation. Increased lipid concentrations in diets containing equal levels of energy and protein resulted in a fall in basal glucose and insulin levels and the metabolism seemed to be directed towards catabolism. Because of these metabolic effects, more needs to be known on fat supplementation if it is used in practical feeding. It is also necessary to take more interest in the effects of protein feeding on the periparturient metabolism.

P 322 Histological effects of different energy levels of diode laser

P 322 Histological effects of different energy levels of diode laser

Effects of different energy levels during indoor rearing on performance of Norwegian dairy goats

In three consecutive years, 97 female dairy goat kids from 10 to 20 wk of age of the Norwegian breed were supplemented with low (L = 0.2 kg/kid/d) and high (H = 0.5 kg/kid/d) levels of concentrate (13.3 MJ ME/kg DM and 15% DCP). Average initial BW and age were 13.3 kg and 71 d, respectively. The L-group received an average 0.25 kg DM/head/d less concentrate than the H-group during the initial indoor period, and consumed 0.11 kg (41%) DM/head/d more roughage. Average daily energy intake during this period was 6.70 MJ ME in the L-group (806 kJ ME/kg W 0.75) and 8.86 MJ ME in the H-group (1064 kJ ME/kg W 0.75). BWG was 28% less in the L-group, with average BWG during the first indoor period beeing 107 g/d and 77 g/d in H- and L-group, respectively. Average difference of 1.7 kg in BW at 20 wk of age between H- and L-group animals was reduced to 1.0 kg by the end of the grazing period. Low levels of concentrate prior to pasturing resulted in higher forage DMI in 2 of 3 years during the second indoor feeding period. The daily energy intake during this period was 10.3 MJ ME/head/d in the L-group and 10.1 MJ ME/head/d in the H-group. BW at kidding was 40.2 kg and 40.3 kg for L- and H-groups, respectively. Thirty-eight and 18% of the animals were culled in the L- and H-group, respectively, for failure to conceive. Age at first kidding was 389 for the L- and 385 d for the H-group. Average daily milk yield for 222 d in the first lactation was 1.93 kg for animals in the L- and 1.71 kg ( P = 0.08) in the H-group. No significant difference in milk composition was shown. Different amounts of concentrate offered to pregnant goats in 1989 during indoor feeding, 0.2 kg/d in the LL- and HL-subgroups vs. 0.5 kg/d in LH- and HH-subgroups, resulted in 0.13 kg/d higher forage DMI in L-subgroups compared to H-subgroups, but the difference did not affect subsequent forage DMI or milk production in the first lactation. Moderate energy supplementation is recommended during the rearing period for dairy goats under Norwegian conditions.

Effects of the XeCl excimer laser on Streptococcus mutans

The effect of XeCl excimer laser irradiation on the growth of Streptococcus mutans in liquid media and on agar plates was studied. Bacterial suspensions of S. mutans were placed in 96 wells of well culture plates. The contents of 72 wells (three experimental groups of 24 wells each) were lased for different time durations (2, 4, and 8 s). The remaining 24 wells were left unlased to be used as controls. Samples were withdrawn from all wells and examined for surviving bacteria. In addition, blood agar plates were inoculated with S. mutans and were lased with different energy densities (fluences). Zones of bacterial inhibition were measured. Analysis of variance test was used to determine statistical differences. The bactericidal effect of the laser applications was directly related to the amount of radiation time. Laser irradiation for 4 and 8 s resulted in bactericidal effect that was statistically significant compared with no treatment or to 2-s exposure. The effect of different energy levels was studied by irradiating inoculated blood agar plates. The zones of inhibition produced by higher energy levels (0.5 J/cm2, 0.7 J/cm2, and 1.0 J/cm2) were larger in comparison to the lowest fluence used (0.1 J/cm2). Application of the laser to the surface of the agar plates produced an indentation with a surrounding halo. The indentations and the zones of inhibition were more pronounced as the fluences increased. Based on our results it appears that the XeCl 308-nm excimer laser can kill S. mutans. This effect should be tested on other bacteria commonly present infected root canals.

The effects of different energy levels in argon laser trabeculoplasty

In a retrospective survey of 143 eyes of 143 patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma, 0.2 second argon laser trabeculoplasty was found to produce a greater decrease in intra-ocular pressure, especially at higher initial values, and was associated with a reduction in the medications used. In addition, fewer patients required further intervention (repeat trabeculoplasty or drainage surgery) compared with those undergoing 0.1 second trabeculoplasty. This effect may have occurred because of the difference in the mean energy delivered between the two groups, which arose chiefly as a result of the duration employed.