Effect Of Different Adjuvants Research Articles

Absorption and Translocation of Aminocyclopyrachlor and Aminocyclopyrachlor-Methyl Ester in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Laboratory studies were conducted using14C-aminocyclopyrachlor (DPX-MAT28) and its14C-methyl ester formulation (DPX-KJM44) to (1) determine the adjuvants' effects on absorption, (2) compare the absorption and translocation of aminocyclopyrachlor free acid with the methyl ester, and (3) determine the rate at which aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester is metabolized to the free acid in Canada thistle. Canada thistle plants were grown from root cuttings and treated in the rosette growth stage. The effect of different adjuvants on absorption was determined by treating individual leaves with formulated herbicide plus14C-herbicide alone or with methylated seed oil (MSO), crop oil concentrate, or nonionic surfactant with and without urea ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. Plants were harvested 96 h after treatment (HAT). For absorption and translocation experiments, plants were oversprayed with aminocyclopyrachlor or its methyl ester at a rate of 0.14 kg ae ha−1in combination with 1% MSO. Formulated herbicide plus14C-herbicide was then applied to a protected leaf, and plants were harvested 24 to 192 HAT. Plants were harvested and radioactivity was determined in the treated leaf and in aboveground and belowground tissues. Metabolism of aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester to the free acid was determined 2, 6, and 24 HAT. All aboveground biomass was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to establish the ratio of methyl ester to free acid. MSO applied with either herbicide formulation resulted in the highest absorption compared with no surfactant. Significantly greater aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester was absorbed, compared with the free acid, which was reflected in the greater aboveground translocation for the methyl ester. Both formulations had similar amounts of translocation to the roots, with 8.6% (SE ± 3.3) for the methyl ester compared with 6.2% (SE ± 2.5) for the free acid. Approximately 80% of the methyl ester was converted to the free acid at 6 HAT. Based on this conversion rate, aminocyclopyrachlor translocated as the free acid in Canada thistle.

Effect of adjuvants on immunization with dengue virus-induced cytotoxic factor.

Specific active immunization with dengue type 2 virus (DV)-induced cytokine, cytotoxic factor (CF), prevents CF-mediated pathology in mice. The present study was undertaken to determine the optimum dose of CF and the effect of different adjuvants on the immune response as assessed by the study of anti-CF antibody titre by ELISA and protection against increase in capillary permeability to challenging dose of 3 micrograms CF. The maximum protection of 94 +/- 4% against increase in capillary permeability was observed at week 4 after immunization with 5 micrograms dose of CF mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA), which gradually decreased to 21 +/- 10% on week 24. With a dose of 10 micrograms the protection obtained was 79 +/- 5%, but persisted for a longer time at a higher level. The response was poor with 1 microgram dose of CF. The mean anti-CF antibody titres gradually decreased after reaching the peak at week 4 after immunization. Mice immunized with different adjuvants emulsified with 5 micrograms CF were challenged at different intervals with 3 micrograms CF. Maximum protection observed with CF + tetanus toxoid (TT) and 84/246 was about 93 +/- 2% and 97 +/- 2%, while that with alhydrogel was 33 +/- 12% and with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was 67 +/- 4%. At week 24 after immunization, however, the best response was obtained with 10 micrograms of adjuvant 84/246. Intracerebral challenge with 10 or 100 LD50 dose of dengue type 2 virus showed significantly prolonged mean survival time and delayed onset of signs of sickness in immunized mice compared with normal mice. The maximum survival time was with adjuvant 84/246 even at week 24. The findings thus show that the optimum dose of CF is 5 micrograms and the adjuvant of choice is 84/246.

Adjuvants Affect Penetration of Copper Through Isolated Cuticles of Citrus Leaves and Fruit

Copper (Cu)-based fungicidal sprays are widely used on many crops although Cu sprays can be phytotoxic under some conditions. The mechanism of phytotoxicity is poorly understood but must involve toxic levels of Cu penetrating plant tissues. We studied the effect of different adjuvants on the deposition pattern of droplets and penetration of Cu (in Kocide fungicide) through isolated cuticles of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit leaves and ‘Valencia’ orange fruit. The addition of the silicone-based L-77 surfactant to the Kocide suspension markedly increased the spread of the droplets on cuticles and increased the penetration of Cu through fruit and abaxial leaf cuticles, both with stomatal pores, but not through astomatous adaxial leaf cuticles, which had much lower permeability. Urea and petroleum spray oil adjuvants had no effect on surface area of droplets or the penetration of Cu through leaf and fruit cuticles. Spray tank mixes of Cu fungicides with organosilicone surfactants should be avoided because these surfactants can enhance the penetration of Cu into citrus leaves and fruit thereby leading to phytotoxicity.

Der Effekt von Hilfsmitteln (Bandagen und Kompressionsstrümpfen) auf Schmerzen, Stabilität und Muskelkraft nach arthroskopischem Gelenkdébridement

Ziel der Untersuchung war es, den Effekt verschiedener Hilfsmittel (Kniebandage, Kompressionsstrumpf mit oder ohne Patellapelotte) in Bezug auf die Schmerzreduktion, die Stabilisierung des Gelenkes und die Entfaltung der Muskelkraft nach arthroskopischem Gelenkdébridement bei initialer Arthrose zu untersuchen.

Comparison of different adjuvants of protein and DNA vaccination for the prophylaxis of IgE antibody formation

A high-molecular-weight mite allergen Der f11 that was hardly purified for immunotherapy was used to develop the DNA vaccine pDf11. We have shown that vaccination of mice with pDf11 induces Th1 responses characterized by suppression of IgE responses. In the present study, effects of different adjuvants on pDf11 were first studied. Mice receiving pDf11±CpG, bestatin, and bupivacaine had better suppression of IgE responses than those receiving pDf11±lipofectin or alum. Bestatin could greatly boost IgG2a responses. Immunomodulating effects of different adjuvants between protein and DNA vaccines were further elucidated. CpG was the best for both protein and DNA vaccines to profoundly suppress IgE responses, but alum, bestatin and lipofectin were useless for rDf11 to induce IgE inhibition. Neither did the combination of rDf11 and pDf11 have further IgE suppression. In conclusion, CpG is the unique adjuvant for the protein vaccine rDf11 to inhibit IgE responses. In contrast, the DNA vaccine pDf11±CpG, bestatin, or bupivacaine induces profound suppression of IgE responses.

Effect of different adjuvants on the immune responses of cattle vaccinated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate proteins

The development of improved vaccines for bovine tuberculosis is urgently required as a cost effective solution for control and eventual eradication of tuberculosis in domestic animals. Studies in small animal models of tuberculosis have shown that vaccination with culture filtrate proteins (CFP), prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis or M. bovis, can induce cellular immune responses and confer a level of protection against aerogenic challenge with virulent mycobacteria. As a first step in the development of a mycobacterial CFP vaccine for protection of cattle against bovine tuberculosis, the immune responses of cattle vaccinated with short-term culture filtrate proteins (ST-CFP) from M. tuberculosis and formulated with different adjuvants were compared with those vaccinated with bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG). The adjuvants included dimethyldioctyldecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran, and ST-CFP adsorbed onto polystyrene beads. Vaccination with ST-CFP/DEAE-dextran induced high levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) but low levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) from whole-blood cultures stimulated with M. tuberculosis ST-CFP in comparison with the strong IFN-γ and IL-2 responses induced after vaccination with BCG. ST-CFP/DEAE-dextran also induced a strong antigen-specific immunoglobulin antibody response with both immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 isotypes. Vaccination with ST-CFP/beads induced a weak IgG1-biased antibody response but no IFN-γ or IL-2 response. DDA did not induce significant immune responses in animals vaccinated with ST-CFP. In comparison to the moderate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses induced by vaccination with subcutaneous BCG, none of the ST-CFP vaccines induced a significant DTH response to either M. tuberculosis ST-CFP or bovine purified protein derivative (PPD). While the ST-CFP vaccines used in this study have not induced strong antigen-specific cellular immune responses in cattle comparable to those induced by BCG, they are immunogenic in cattle and it may be possible to overcome this problem by using adjuvants that more effectively promote IFN-γ responses in this species.

The Effect of Eukaryotic Expression Vectors and Adjuvants on DNA Vaccines in Chickens Using an Avian Influenza Model

Vaccination of poultry with naked plasmid DNA has been successfully demonstrated with several different poultry pathogens, but the technology needs to be further developed before it can be practically implemented. Many different methods can conceivably enhance the efficacy of DNA vaccines, and this report examines the use of different eukaryotic expression vectors with different promoters and different adjuvants to express the influenza hemagglutinin protein. Four different promoters in five different plasmids were used to express the hemagglutinin protein of an H5 avian influenza virus, including two different immediate early cytomegaloviruses (CMVs), Rous sarcoma virus, chicken actin, and simian virus 40 promoters. All five constructs expressed detectable hemagglutinin protein in cell culture, but the pCI-neo HA plasmid with the CMV promoter provided the best response in chickens when vaccinated intramuscularly at 1 day of age on the basis of antibody titer and survivability after challenge with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus at 6 wk postinoculation. A beneficial response was observed in birds boostered at 3 wk of age, in birds given larger amounts of DNA, and with the use of multiple injection sites to administer the vaccine. With the use of the pCI-neo construct, the effects of different adjuvants designed to increase the uptake of plasmid DNA, including 25% sucrose, diethylaminoethyl dextran, calcium phosphate, polybrene, and two different cationic liposomes, were examined. Both liposomes tested enhanced antibody titers as compared with the positive controls, but the other chemical adjuvants decreased the antibody response as compared with the control chickens that received just the plasmid alone. The results observed are promising for continued studies, but continued improvements in vaccine response and reduced costs are necessary before the technology can be commercially developed.

Effects of different adjuvants on rotavirus antibody responses and protection in mice following intramuscular immunization with inactivated rotavirus

I.m. immunization of mice with inactivated rotavirus particles protects against subsequent infection. To optimize protection, the effects of different adjuvants (QS-21, QS-7, QUIL A, PCPP and RAS) with potential for human use were compared. Twenty-eight days after i.m. immunization with 20 μg of purified, UV/psoralen-inactivated murine rotavirus (EDIM), either with or without adjuvant, BALB/c mice were orally challenged with live EDIM and virus shedding was measured. All five adjuvants stimulated large ( P<0.001) increases in rotavirus antibody, but significant differences were found between adjuvants. The order of rotavirus IgG responses, i.e. no adjuvant<RAS<QS-7<Quil A<QS-21<PCPP, was the same as the order of protection except that QS-21 and PCPP were reversed. These results establish the importance of adjuvants during i.m. immunization with rotavirus and identify those with the greatest potential.

Antibody and cytokine responses in efferent lymph following vaccination with different adjuvants

The cannulated efferent lymph node in sheep was used to examine the effect of different adjuvants on the antibody and cytokine responses following sub-cutaneous vaccination with a recombinant Taenia ovis antigen (45W). Vaccination with Quil A elicited relatively higher levels of IgM than did IFA or Al (OH) 3. In general, 45W specific IgG 1 and IgG 2 titres were higher and maintained for longer periods of time in lymph from sheep vaccinated with IFA and lower and shorter lived in animals which received the Al(OH) 3 based vaccine. Interferon- γ was present within one day in efferent lymph from all sheep which received the Quil A formulation and in only one of the three sheep that received the IFA formulation. GM-CSF was only detected in lymph from sheep vaccinated with the IFA formulation. IL-8 was present in lymph prior to vaccination and only animals which received the Quil A formulation had increased levels of IL-8 after vaccination. Neither of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1 β and TNF α were detected in efferent lymph from any animals in this study. This paper highlights the potential of the lymphatic cannulation model for investigations of the in vivo action of adjuvants.

Immune effector cells induced by complete Freund's adjuvant exert an inhibitory effect on antigen‐specific type 2 T helper responses

It has been well documented that environmental factors such as antigenpresenting cells and related cytokines could affect the development of T helper cells. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different adjuvants on T cell development. Ovalbumin (OVA) combined with aluminum hydroxide (Alum) plus pertussis toxin (PT) or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) were used to sensitize mice; the production of IgG and IgE anti-OVA antibodies was then followed. In addition, OVA-specific proliferative responses and cytokine production by spleen cells were also investigated. The data showed that the adjuvants themselves could modify the pattern of immune response: (1) IgG2a anti-OVA antibody was higher in mice sensitized with OVA + CFA compared to that of mice sensitized with OVA + Alum + PT; (2) the ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-4 produced by OVA-stimulated spleen cells was higher in mice sensitized with OVA + CFA than that of mice sensitized with OVA + Alum + PT: (3) increased percentage of gamma delta T cells was noted in the peritoneal exudate cells of OVA + CFA immunized mice; and (4) the immune response of mice sensitized with OVA + Alum + PT was inhibited by the adoptively transferred ascitic cells from OVA + CFA immunized mice. In general, the data suggested higher IgG2a and the ratio of IFN-gamma/IL-4 was noted in mice sensitized with OVA + CFA. Further elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of allergen-specific T helper cells development and exploration of possible agents for immunotherapy might shed light on the management of atopic diseases.

Investigation of the effect of different adjuvants on felodipine release kinetics from sustained release monolithic films

A transdermal film was developed employing a calcium channel blocker, felodipine, with two acrylic resin polymers of varying permeability (Eudragit RL 100 and RS 100). The drug and two acrylic co-polymers of different permeabilities at ratio 1:1, with and without adjuvants were used to form films. Adjuvants, including polyethylene glycols (PEG 200, 400, 600, 1000), glycerol, ethoxydiglycol and propylene glycol were incorporated into films. The effect of these adjuvants on the release of drug from the films was investigated by the USP Method Apparatus II. The release data were evaluated kinetically using a computer programme (DISSOL). Drug release from the formulations containing 10% adjuvants showed zero order kinetics. The release profiles of the films which contained 10% glycerol and ethoxydiglycol were in most agreement with the target profile that was plotted based on the pharmacokinetic parameters. The relationship between the in vitro drug release data and moisture permeation constant and glass transition temperature was investigated. The in vitro release rate of drug increased with increasing water vapor transmission. No relationship was established between glass transition temperature values of the films and in vitro release of drug.

The effects of different adjuvants on intestinal antigen absorption and subsequent immune responses of the tilapian Oreochromis mossambicus

The effects of three potential adjuvants, cholera toxin β-subunit (CTB); aluminium hydroxide [Al(0H)3] and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on the absorption of human gamma globulin (HGG) from the gastrointestinal tract of the tilapian Oreochromis mossambicus, and subsequent antibody generation were investigated utilising specific ELISA assays. CTB increased the levels of HGG transcytosed into the plasma over levels observed after HGG delivery alone or delivery of HGG with either Al(OH)3 or NH4Cl. The enteric immunisation with HGG plus CTB or Al(OH)3 resulted in antibody titres that were raised above those observed after the enteric immunisation with the antigen on its own or with NH4Cl. Parenteral immunisation with each of the three adjuvants resulted in levels of specific antibodies similar to those achieved after immunisation with HGG alone.

Oesophagostomum radiatum: the effect of different adjuvants on vaccination with a partially purified protective antigen

The components of a soluble extract of adult Oesophagostomum radiatum were separated into four fractions by gel filtration chromatography on a Superose-12 column. The second fraction had a molecular weight range of approximately 60 000–65 000 as judged by SDS gel electrophoresis. Vaccination of calves with this fraction significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced faecal egg output after challenge infection. In addition, the packed cell volume of vaccinated calves was higher than that of control calves ( P < 0.05). The effect of three adjuvants on the vaccine activity was compared. Fraction 2 presented in dextran sulfate reduced the faecal egg count by 93.6% ( P < 0.05), Fraction 2 in Freund's complete adjuvant reduced the faecal egg count by 27% ( P = N.S.). Quil A was ineffective as an adjuvant.

Effect of different adjuvants on the rainfastness of bendiocarb applied to Brussels sprout plants

The tenacity of bendiocarb 50 w.p. applied with and without one of six adjuvants at a volume of 125 1/ha to the foliage of brassica plants ( Brassica oleracea germinifera) was evaluated before and after simulated rain by biological assay with Plutella xylostella larvae. Of the adjuvants tested, only Bond Super Sticker and Codacide Oil caused a significant level of improvement in the rainfastness of bendiocarb. Bond Super Sticker and Codacide Oil, individually mixed with bendiocarb were also applied at high volume (600 l/ha) and a suspension of bendiocarb in undiluted Codacide Oil was applied at ultra low volume (5 l/ha). The ultra-low-volume treatment was most effective, providing complete plant protection even after 200 minutes of continuous high-intensity rainfall (36 mm/hour). Codacide Oil may be a suitable adjuvant for bendiocarb at all volumes of application.

Effect of different adjuvants on the humoral immune response of rainbow trout

The mechanism of the adjuvant effect on an immune system has been investigated in mammals but is not yet completely understood. It would seem that the retention of the antigen at the site of injection and its slow distribution in the organism plays a major role in prolonging stimulation. Meanwhile, undesirable secondary effects due to Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) are well known in mammals (eg : production of local granuloma, autoimmune diseases, sensitization to tuberculin (i). This is why research has been undertaken to localize the peptidoglycan sequence in the cell wall of mycobacteria capable of adjuvanticity with no secondary effects ; muramyldipeptide (MDP) is that minimal structure and is now industrially synthetized (i) Before this study, MDP had never been tested in fish, whereas experimental immunology in fish has widely used FCA intraperitoneally in Rainbow Trout to enhance the humoral response to dinitrophenol-haemocyanin (DNP-KLH) (2), killed Aeromonas salmonicida (3), (4), or soluble bovine serum albumin (5) . POST (6) who injected FCA with killed Aeromonas hydrophila in muscles, observed a strong inflammatory reaction with a sterile abscess, sometimes open with secondary infections, as observed in mammals with FCA. FCA and Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) are the most commonly used in fish, but twice, authors have reported the use of Klearol and Arlacel (9 :i v/v) with killed bacteria on Sockeye Salmon (7) or Rainbow Trout (3). In our study, we tested four adjuvants which had never been previously tested in fish : aluminium hydroxide and saponin, water in oil (B) and oil in water (A) emulsions and MDP, and compared their performances to FCA and FIA which are already known. Aluminium hydroxide AI(OH) 3 mixed with saponin is the adjuvant used in Foot and Mouth disease vaccine. Saponin has a high enhancing effect on immune response, but can sometimes be toxic, so this potential toxicity is decreased by aluminium hydroxide gel (8). Successful trials have been reported in fish with A1 (OH) (9), but 3 results were inferior to those obtained with FCA. Different oily emulsions are often used for viral vaccines :for example Newcastle Disease (poultry) and various mammal-specific vaccines (i0)

Preparation and effect of different adjuvants on the immunogenic activity of mycobacterial ribosomal fraction.

Several emulsified and two nonemulsified incomplete adjuvants were examined for their adjuvant activity by use of mycobacterial ribosomal fractions as a substrate. A good adjuvant is defined as one which produces a high immunological response with the ribosomal fraction in mice to infection with virulent tubercle bacilli. Freund's incomplete adjuvant, consisting of Aquaphor and heavy mineral oil, and Arlacel A plus hexadecane were the best adjuvants tested. Aquaphor plus light mineral oil and Arlacel A plus 7-n-hexyloctadecane were not quite as effective. Peanut oil was not satisfactory when emulsified with either Aquaphor or Arlacel A. A moderate degree of immunity was produced in mice vaccinated with ribosomal fraction mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel. Sodium alginate mixed with ribosomal fraction produced a low degree of immunity only with the highest vaccinating dose. It was found that the effectiveness of the emulsified type of adjuvant depended upon the method of preparation. Careful standardization of technique to produce uniform and complete emulsification was essential for maximal adjuvant activity using minimal vaccinating doses. A rapid and practical method of preparing emulsified adjuvants is given. The mode of action of incomplete adjuvants as employed in these experiments is discussed, and it is thought that they acted primarily by protecting the ribosomes from being inactivated by host ribonuclease before they were engulfed by the macrophages.