Effect Of Deposition Time Research Articles

Excellent floating and load bearing properties of superhydrophobic ZnO/copper stearate nanocoating

The development of superhydrophobic materials is rapidly increasing due to their diverse applications such as self cleaning, oil-water separation, aquatic robotics, and so on. In this study, we developed a superhydrophobic coating comprising of porous ZnO nanoparticles and copper stearate (CuSA2) via a cost effective spray coating method. Physico-chemical characterizations such as X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and elemental mapping were used to understand the crystallinity, bonding nature, morphology and distribution of the ZnO/CuSA2 coatings. Superhydrophobic nature of the bare CuSA2 coating measured through goniometer was found to be more than 151°, further it was enhanced to around 161° by increasing the weight percentage of ZnO. The ZnO/CuSA2 superhydrophobic coatings showed excellent super buoyancy characteristic as evidenced by their floating nature in water over a prolonged time. Further, experiments on maximum load bearing capacity of the ZnO/CuSA2 coatings were examined by placing stapler pins on their surface and the effect of deposition time on the load bearing capacity has been investigated in detail. The experimental results showed that the superhydrophobic nature of ZnO/CuSA2 coating with excellent floating characteristics and higher load bearing capacity may find a wide range of future applications in man-made water floating robots.

Synthesis and characterization of sputtered nanostructured ZnO films: Effect of deposition time and pressure on contact angle behavior of ethylene glycol and water

Synthesis and characterization of sputtered nanostructured ZnO films: Effect of deposition time and pressure on contact angle behavior of ethylene glycol and water

Preparation and characterization of Cu clusters and Cu–Ag alloy via galvanic replacement method for azo dyes degradation

Herein, clusters of Cu with size of ˂10 nm were successfully synthesized via galvanic replacement method using various copper salts as precursors. The clusters self-assembled into various morphologies of Cu nanostructures with different apparent colors. Then, Ag nanostructures were deposited on dendritic nanostructures of Cu via same route for preparing Cu–Ag bimetallic alloy, for the first time. Effect of precursor and surfactant type on morphology of products was investigated. As-synthesized products were characterized by techniques such as SEM, TEM, DRS and XRD. Moreover, the prepared Cu–Ag bimetallic alloy was utilized as photocatalyst for decolorization of avid violet 7 as an azo dye under visible light irradiation. As a result, enhanced photocatalytic efficiency was obtained for Cu–Ag nanostructures compared to bare Cu and Ag nanostructures (98% degradation compared to 59 and 78% in 90 min). Effect of deposition time of Ag and thus, effect of Ag percentage in alloy on photocatalytic efficiency were studied and the results showed that 30 s is optimum time for achieving highest photocatalytic efficiency.

Silver Fiber Fabric as the Current Collector for Preparation of Graphene- Based Supercapacitors

During the past few years, a considerable attention has been devoted to the development of textile- based energy storage devices and wearable electronics applications. In this paper, for the first time, we report a flexible high performance graphene-based supercapacitor using silver fiber fabric as the current collector. The silver fiber fabric offers remarkable advantages such as light weight, mechanical flexibility and ease of integration with electronic textiles, which well-suited for wearable energy storage devices. A new hybrid material of graphene-silver fiber fabric (rGO/SFF) was prepared through a facile electrophoretic deposition of graphene and being used as a binder-free flexible supercapacitor electrode. In order to obtain the optimum condition, the effect of deposition time was investigated and a duration time of 10minute was selected as an optimum condition. The as-prepared binder-free electrode based on rGO/SFF-10 showed excellent electrochemical performance in the three-electrode configuration using KOH (3M) as the supporting electrolyte, with the highest capacity of 172mF/cm2 at 4mA/cm2 and a capacitance retention of 97% after 5000 charge−discharge cycles. The high performance of rGO/SFF electrode is associated to the superior conductivity, high mechanical flexibility as well as good electrochemical stability of the silver fiber fabrics. The results suggest that the prepared electrode is a promising candidate for wearable energy storage applications due to its advantageous properties and the ease of preparation.

Experimental investigation of capillary force in a novel sintered copper mesh wick for ultra-thin heat pipes

A novel sintered copper mesh wick, fabricated by weaving, chemical deposition, and sintering, was developed for improving the performance of ultra-thin heat pipes. Capillary force of the deposited wick structures was experimentally examined by comparing with normal mesh wicks. In this study, the sintering process was used to enhance the adhesive strength of the surface structure. Capillary rate-of-rise tests with ethanol and acetone were performed to characterize the capillary force of wick structures. An infrared (IR) thermal imaging method was utilized to monitor the capillary rise processes. The effects of deposition time and sintering temperature on the capillary force were investigated. Test results indicate that the capillary force of the deposited wick structures was larger than that of a normal wick, and the rising velocity and capillary rise height increased as the deposition time increased from 5 to 20min. The sintering process maintains good integrity of the surface microstructures even after being subjected to ultrasonic vibrations for 2min, and also has a great influence on the capillary force of the deposited samples. The deposited wicks can achieve optimum operating efficiency by choosing deposition time of about 15min and a sintering temperature of around 500°C.

Structural and mechanical studies of W2N embedded Si3N4 nanocomposite hard coating prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering

Crystalline tungsten nitride embedded amorphous silicon nitride (W2N/Si3N4) coatings were prepared on Si (100) substrate using DC/RF reactive magnetron co-sputtering. Two series of coatings were prepared at 200°C and 300°C substrate temperature. The deposition time was varied from 1h to 2h. The effect of deposition time on structural and mechanical properties of W2N/Si3N4 coatings was investigated. GIXRD results showed the formation of dominant polycrystalline cubic phase of W2N in all the coatings. The crystal growth improves with increase in deposition time of the coatings. FESEM micrographs showed the randomly oriented, well-developed, sharp edged, irregular shaped grains on surface of the coatings. The microstructure leads to denser structure with increase in deposition time. EDAX confirms the presence of W, Si and N with atomic % approximately 69.2, 17.3 and 13.5 respectively in the films. The mechanical property improved with increasing deposition time. The maximum Hardness (H), Elastic Modulus (E), Elastic recovery (We) and resistance to plastic deformation (H3/E2) achieved were 37.8±1.6GPa, 393±11GPa, 60.7±1.2% and 349±14MPa respectively for 300°C and 1.5h coating. Fairly good value of H/E ratio close to 0.1 and H3/E2 ratio~350Mpa were obtained for above coating (300°C and 1.5h ), suggesting superior wear resistance.

Effect of Deposition Time on Hardness and Bonding Strength of Magnetron Sputtered TiN Coatings on 316 Stainless Steel

TiN coatings were prepared under different deposition time by magnetron sputtering technology. The effects of deposition time on microstructure and properties of TiN coatings were investigated by SEM, EDS, XRD, micro-hardness tester and scratch instrument, respectively. Results showed that coating thickness was gradually increasing with the prolonging of deposition time; The phases were mostly cub-TiN and a small amount of metal hex-Ti and tetr-Ti2N in TiN coatings; Deposition time has a great influence on surface morphology of TiN coatings; The hardness and adhesion of TiN coating both increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of deposition time. In this paper, TiN coating, whose thickness was 4 mm when deposition time was 5 hour, had excellent comprehensive performance, i.e., TiN coating was dense and smooth and its composite hardness was 34.46 GPa and its adhesive force was 16.00 N.

氧化铜–硅同轴纳米线阵列结构的生长与控制

氧化铜–硅核–壳纳米线阵列结构被广泛应用于各类传感器和锂离子电池等领域。本文通过阳极氧化法制备了高质量的氧化铜纳米线阵列，系统研究了后退火处理对其表面形貌的影响。通过低压气相沉积，在氧化铜表面生成非晶硅壳层结构，通过扫描电镜和拉曼光谱分析，研究不同沉积时间及在不同浓度的碳和硼掺杂条件下对硅纳米线阵列微观结构的影响。 CuO-silicon core-shell nanowire array is widely used in various types of sensors and lithium-ion batteries and other fields. In this paper, high quality CuO nanowire array was prepared by anodic oxidation method and the influence of annealing on the surface morphology was studied. Amorphous silicon shell structure was formed on the surface of CuO by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The effects of deposition time and doping concentrations of carbon and boron on the microstructure of silicon nanowire arrays were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.

Annealing and deposition time effects on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of indium sulfide thin films produced by chemical bath deposition method

Indium sulfide thin films were deposited onto indium-doped tin-oxide substrates with different deposition times (60 h, 63 h, 66 h, and 69 h) at room temperature by using a chemical bath deposition method to obtain new structures for solar cells. The film obtained at 60 h was annealed at 400 $^{\circ}$C for 1 h in nitrogen media. The crystallographic structure of the films was observed via the X-ray diffraction pattern while the size and shape of the grains were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the optical transmission spectra of the films were obtained at room temperature in the wavelength range of 300-1100 nm. After the films were annealed, the optical transmission decreased from 52% to 26% at a wavelength of 550 nm. With increasing film thickness and grain size, the direct and indirect optical band gap of the InS films decreased from 2.31 eV to 2.19 eV and from 1.89 eV to 1.75 eV, respectively. The refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric constant of the films were determined. The sheet resistivity of the films decreased from 33 $\Omega $ cm to 28 $\Omega $ cm with increasing grain size.

Adsorption and interlayer diffusion controlled growth and unique surface patterned growth of polyelectrolyte multilayers

In this work, extremely high molecular weight (Mw) poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH, 900K g/mol) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA, 225 K g/mol) were selected to amplify the difference in the growth of multilayers in comparison with low Mw PAA (15K g/mol) and PAH (15K g/mol). By varying the pH conditions, the PAH/PAA multilayers were fabricated via the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly in both linear and exponential growth regimes. In the linear growth regime with interlayer diffusion suppressed, high Mw polyelectrolytes with low charge density could slow down the adsorption step, leading to the decrease of thickness compared to low Mw polyelectrolytes when the deposition time was limited. However, the effect of Mw could be reversed by increasing the deposition time, for the adsorption of low Mw polyelectrolyte reached equilibrium, while the adsorption of high Mw polyelectrolyte continued. The larger coil size of high Mw polyelectrolyte could enable the surpassing of multilayer thickness compared with low Mw polyelectrolyte. In the exponential growth regime, besides the slow adsorption, the application of high Mw polyelectrolytes further suppressed the interlayer diffusion, leading to the decrease of multilayer thickness regardless of deposition time. We further studied the effects of deposition time, Mw of polyelectrolytes, and the number of bilayers on the surface morphology in the exponential growth regime. Surface roughness significantly increased with the application of high Mw PAA and the increase in deposition time. For the first time, the unique LbL film growth patterns of islet, ring and cantaloupe skin-like structures that consecutively formed on the surface of polyelectrolyte multilayers were reported by tuning the above parameters.

Carbon films embedded by nickel nanoparticles: The effect of deposition time on Berthelot-type hopping conduction parameters

In this paper, the electrical conductivity of carbon films embedded by nickel nanoparticles at different deposition times 50, 90, 180 and 600 s over a temperature range from 50 to 500 K was studied. The conductivity data in the temperature range \(T > 300\) K shows the extended state conduction mechanism. The tunneling through a thermally vibrating barrier in the temperature range 50-150 K is described by the Berthelot-type conduction mechanism. It can be seen that the films deposited at 180 s have maximum conductivity and the Berthelot temperature is about 53.5 K. Due to the vibrations of Ni ions in the tetrahedral, sites the extents of the carrier wave function are lower than in the octahedral complexes sites which have maximum values of about \(2.16 \times 10^{-7}\) cm and \(1.85 \times 10^{-7}\) cm in the octahedral-metal stretching vibrations and intrinsic stretching vibrations of the metal ions at the tetrahedral site, respectively. On the other hand, the average distance between the sites in both vibrations at 180 s deposition modes have minimum values of \(2.02 \times 10^{-7}\) cm and \(1.72 \times 10^{-7}\) cm.

Studies on chemical bath deposited SnS2 films for Cd-free thin film solar cells

Tin disulfide (SnS2) is a simple binary metal chalcogenide and it has been proposed as a promising buffer material for Cd-free thin film solar cells. The present work explores the deposition of SnS2 films by a facile chemical bath deposition at different deposition times in the range of 30–120min. The effect of deposition time on the structural, optical and electrical properties was investigated. The as-grown SnS2 films showed a hexagonal crystal structure with a high intensity (001) peak at 15.03°. The films showed shuttle shaped grains that were uniformly distributed across the surface of the substrate. The films showed an optical energy band gap in the range of 2.95–2.80eV. PL spectra showed a strong emission peak in the wavelength range, 410–460nm with the variation of deposition time. The SnS2 films prepared at a deposition time of 90min showed good crystallinity and morphology with low resistivity of 11.2Ω-cm. A solar cell with device structure of Mo/SnS/SnS2/i-ZnO/Al: ZnO/Ni/Ag was fabricated. The fabricated solar cell showed an efficiency of 0.91%, which validate the photovoltaic performance of SnS2 films.

Experimental and thermodynamic considerations of Mg2Si coatings deposited by pack cementation process

Magnesium disilicide is a narrow gap semiconductor which can be used in several applications such as thermoelectric materials, optoelectronic devices and batteries. It has attracted special attraction because of its low cost and non-toxicity. In the herein examination the formation of this compound is investigated by a simple, one-stage process which is pack cementation. Particularly, the effect of deposition time, activator and donor material concentration was examined. Mg2Si was formed in every case without the presence of other compounds as referred to be present when formed with other coating procedures which have higher cost and are very sophisticated. The examined parameters were found to have effect only on the coating thickness up to a certain value. Moreover, the experimental results confirmed the theoretical thermodynamic calculations performed for this case.

Nanostructure and Microstructure Evolution of D.C. Reactive Magnetron Sputtered CrN Thin Films

The CrN thin films were deposited on silicon (100) substrate using reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The films were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDS and nanoindentation techniques to examine the effect of deposition time on crystal structure, compositions, microstructure and hardness. The crystal structure, microstructure, element composition and hardness. The higher crystallinity through longer deposition time were investigated. The grain aggregration with columnar structure were obtained from FE-SEM. The Cr and N contents were not direct relationship with deposition time. The CrN coated sample performed hardness varied between 9 - 16 GPa.

Effect of deposition time on growth of ZrC/SiC composite coating synthesized by low pressure chemical vapor deposition

Present work synthesized ZrC/SiC composite coating on the silicon substrate from ZrCl4-CH4-H2-Ar system by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). The significant effect of deposition time on the growth of ZrC/SiC composite coating, phase composition, microstructure and surface roughness was investigated. Only SiC phase was deposited when the deposition time reached 1h. With the increase of deposition time, the atomic percentage of Si element decreased, Zr element increased significantly, at the same time, the order structure of sp2 carbon improved. A uniform and compact ZrC/SiC composite coating was prepared at 1400°C for the 4h deposition time. The growth mechanism of ZrC/SiC composite coating at different deposition time was described in detail.

Effect of deposition time on structural and magnetic properties of pulse laser deposited hard-soft composite films

Hard-soft composite (BaFe12O19:Mg0.1Ni0.3Zn0.6Fe2O4 (2:1) films, were deposited by ‘Pulsed Laser Deposition’ (PLD) technique on Si (100) substrate using different deposition time - 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Influence of deposition time on structural and magnetic properties were studied via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD confirms the presence of soft and hard phases in all the prepared thin films. Small amount of secondary phase - Fe2O3 is also detected in all the thin films except for the deposition time - 90 mins. With deposition time average grain diameter of both hard (BaFe12O19) and soft (Mg0.1Ni0.3Zn0.6Fe2O4) phase increases. Increase in the distance between the magnetic ions (Ni2+ and Fe3+) at tetrahedral (A) and octahedral [B] site leads to increase in the hopping length at A and B site except for the the deposition time of 60 minutes. Magnetic measurements shows that the coercivity and magnetization of the prepared thin films respectively ranges between 112.07 - 213.03 Oe and 1.4 x 10-7 - 3.15 x 10-7 Am2.

The effects of deposition time on surface morphology, structural, electrical and optical properties of sputtered Ag-Cu thin films

The preparation of designed nanostructured thin films combining nano grains of different compositions and physical properties represents a promising avenue for the exploration of novel collective behaviors with technological potentials. Herein, nanostructured Ag-Cu thin films with different surface morphology properties were grown by magnetron sputtering varying the deposition time (4-24 min) and fixing the other deposition conditions. X-ray diffraction studies corroborated that Cu and Ag tend to appear as separated phases with nanometric sizes due to the fact that these elements are rather immiscible. The deposited Cu tended to be partially oxidized with crystal sizes of several tens of nm, whereas the deposited Ag phase displayed a poor crystallinity with an average crystal size of around 3nm. However, at deposition time of few minutes, the formation of Ag-Cu crystals with a preferable crystallization orientation along the [111] direction was detected. The surface morphology of the obtained thin films was studied by atomic force microscopy determining the surface roughness and average particle sizes of the samples. These parameters were correlated with the plasmon resonance extinction bands of the different Ag-Cu films and their electrical properties, providing a reproducible route to obtain thin films with tuned electrical resistances and optical properties.

Effect of Deposition Time and Temperature on the Performance of Electroless Ni-P Coatings

Effect of Deposition Time and Temperature on the Performance of Electroless Ni-P Coatings

Effect of Deposition Time on Nanostructure ZnO Thin Films Synthesized by Modified Thermal Evaporation Technique

Effect of Deposition Time on Nanostructure ZnO Thin Films Synthesized by Modified Thermal Evaporation Technique

Potentiostatic deposition of CoNi2S4 nanosheet arrays on nickel foam: effect of depostion time on the morphology and pseudocapacitive performance

The bimetallic sulfide of CoNi2S4 nanosheet arrays have been successfully prepared via a facile one-step potentiostatic deposition on nickel foam using Co(NO3)2, NiCl2, and thiourea as the raw materials. The effect of deposition time on the morphology, structure, and electrochemical performance of the products is carefully investigated. The results show that when the potentiostatic deposition time is set as 10 min, the most uniform nanosheet arrays with the optimal supercapacitive performance are achieved on the nickel foam. The specific capacitance of material obtained under this condition is determined to be 1932 F g−1 at 2 A g−1 and 1640 F g−1 at 20 A g−1, respectively. The material retains 89.2 % of its original specific capacitance after 1000 charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1, demonstrating that the CoNi2S4 nanosheet arrays have an outstanding long-term cycling stability. These impressive performances can be ascribed to the unique architecture and properties of the deposited product, such as high interfacial contact area, rich redox activity, large pore size, and excellent conductivity. This work provides more supporting data to obtain high-performance supercapacitive bimetallic sulfide material by electrodeposition method.