Effects Of Cinnamaldehyde Research Articles

Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on Salivary Gland Tissue in Xerostomia Model

Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on Salivary Gland Tissue in Xerostomia Model

Effect and Safety of Cinnamaldehyde on Immunosuppressed Mice with Invasive Pulmonary Candidiasis.

To evaluate the effect and safety of cinnamaldehyde on immunosuppressed mice with invasive pulmonary candidiasis. An immunosuppressed BALB/c mouse model was established by intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) once daily for 2 days. The immunosuppressed mouse with invasive pulmonary candidiasis model was further established by nasal perfusion of Candida albicans suspension. In the cinnamaldehyde treatment group, immunosuppressed mice with invasive pulmonary candidiasis were orally given cinnamaldehyde 240 mg/(kg·d) for 14 consecutive days. Fluconazole and 0.9% saline were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. The mice in the cinnamaldehyde safety evaluation group were orally administered cinnamaldehyde 480 mg/(kg·d) for 42 days to observe the safety of the drug. Microscopic identification, fungal culture, histopathological examination, and (1,3)-beta-D-glucans detection were conducted to analyze the effect of cinnamaldehyde on C. albicans. The fungal clearance rate in the cinnamaldehyde treatment group was higher than that in the fluconazole control group (80.00% vs. 56.67%, P<0.05). The level of (1,3)-β-D-glucan in the cinnamaldehyde treatment group was lower than that in the fluconazole positive control group (1160.62 ±89.65 pg/mL vs. 4285.87 ± 215.62 pg/mL, P<0.05). The survival rate of mice in the cinnamaldehyde safety evaluation group was 100%, and no significant pathological changes of kidney, lung and liver were observed. Cinnamaldehyde was effective and safe in treating immunosuppressed BALB/c mice with invasive pulmonary candidiasis. It would be a potentially novel drug for anti-candidiasis infection.

Evaluation of cinnamon extract effects on clbB gene expression and biofilm formation in Escherichia coli strains isolated from colon cancer patients

BackgroundColon cancer is one of the most common malignancies and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Colibactin, which is synthesized by the pks genomic island of E. coli interfere with the eukaryotic cell cycle. Cinnamon has an antimicrobial effect and considered as a colon cancer-preventing agent. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of cinnamon extract and cinnamaldehyde on clbB gene expression and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of E. coli.MethodsThirty E. coli carrying pks gene were isolated from the colon cancer patients, inflammatory bowel disease and healthy subjects. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by disk diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde by microdilution broth method. In vitro biofilm formation of E.coli isolates was monitored using a microtiter plate method. The presence of clbB, clbA and clbQ genes in E.coli isolates were evaluated by PCR. The effect of cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon essential oil on clbB gene expression was evaluated by Real-Time PCR.ResultsThe highest antibiotic resistance was obtained with 94.4% for ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, azithromycin, amoxicillin, and amikacin. The MIC for all clinical isolates was 32 μl/ml of cinnamon essential oil and the MIC of cinnamaldehyde was between 0.00002 to 0.03 μl/ml. After exposure of isolates to cinnamon extract and cinnamaldehyde, 40 and 13.3% were weakly biofilm producers, respectively. The frequencies of clbB, clbA, and clbQ genes were 23.3, 23.3, and 26.7%, respectively. The expression of clbB gene in the presence of the Sub-MIC concentration of cinnamon essential oil and cinnamaldehyde was decreased in 8 isolates compared to untreated isolates (p-value < 0.05).ConclusionsThe antibacterial activity of cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon essential oil allows the use of these herbal compounds for treatment or supplements in infections caused by E. coli and in patients with suspected colorectal cancer.

Correction to: Effects of Cinnamaldehyde as an Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor on Mild Steel in Aerated NaCl Solutions

In the original publication of this article the fourth author’s name was incorrectly published.

Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on the Viability and Expression of Chemokine Receptor Genes in Temozolomide-treated Glioma Cells.

The effects of cinnamaldehyde on glioma are still unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on the viability and expression of chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 in temozolomide (TMZ)-treated glioma cells. Cell viability and CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression were measured by western blotting at 72 h after treatment with various concentrations of cinnamaldehyde and TMZ. Cell viability was significantly lower after treatment with 300 μM TMZ, 50 μM cinnamaldehyde, 75 μM cinnamaldehyde, or combined treatment with 300 μM TMZ plus 50 μM or 75 μM cinnamaldehyde than after no treatment (i.e., without TMZ or cinnamaldehyde); and significantly lower after combined treatment with 300 μM TMZ plus 75 μM cinnamaldehyde but not 50 μM cinnamaldehyde, than treatment with 300 μM TMZ alone. Western blotting showed that either single treatments or combined treatments had lower CXCR4 expression (compared to the no-treatment control). Compared to 300 μM TMZ alone, both combined treatment of 300 μM TMZ plus 50 μM cinnamaldehyde or 75 μM cinnamaldehyde had significantly lowered CXCR4 expression. However, CXCR7 expression was not significantly different in all groups. Cinnamaldehyde, acting with TMZ, reduces glioma cell viability possibly via decreasing CXCR4 expression.

Synergistic activity of cinnamaldehyde and citronellal against green mold in citrus fruit

Abstract The citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum is responsible for the green mold decay in citrus fruit, causing tremendous economic losses. In this study, we observed that the combination of cinnamaldehyde and citronellal (CO, 5: 16, v/v) exhibited synergistic action compared to the individual compounds on the mycelial growth of P. digitatum, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) both being 0.40 mL L−1. And this synergistic action also verified by the spores’ germination results of cinnamaldehyde, citronellal and CO against P. digitatum. Significantly, the postharvest wax + CO (WCO, 1 × MFC) treatment on Satsuma mandarin citrus fruit incubated with P. digitatum could effectively reduce the decay of green mold. After 5 d of storage, the rotting rate of WCO treatment was only 38 %, which was clearly lower than the control fruit (100 %). Simultaneously, WCO treatment maintained the quality of citrus fruit. Additionally, the effects of cinnamaldehyde, citronellal and CO on the cell wall and cell membrane integrity of P. digitatum showed that the combined use of citronellal or cinnamaldehyde accelerated the damage of cell wall and cell membrane. Therefore, the combination of cinnamaldehyde and citronellal (5: 16, v/v) is a promising natural preservative in controlling green mold and prolonging the shelf life of citrus fruit.

Evaluation of antianxiety effect of cinnamaldehyde in swiss albino mice

Background: Cinnamon is one of the best known spices used as an herbal medicine. Cinnamaldehyde (CNM) the volatile oil, which was present in the essential oil of the bark, is the important constituents of cinnamon. Cinnamon has been investigated for its various effects like peptic ulcer protection, antioxidant property, inhibition of tau aggregation, anti-inflammatory activity, effect on cardiovascular system, anti-nociceptive activity, hepato-protective effects, hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activites. The present study was aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of CNM per se and its interaction with diazepam in swiss albino mice.Methods: Anxiolytic activity was evaluated by elevated plus maze method. A group of 36 healthy mice of either sex weighing 20-30 grams were divided at random into six groups (n=6). CNM and diazepam were dissolved in tween twenty 20% to maintain uniformity of the solvent and given orally. Group I was given twenty 20% (10 ml/kg, p.o.), group II diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.), group III diazepam (1 mg/kg, p.o.), group IV cinnamaldehyde (100 mg/kg, p.o.), group V cinnamaldehyde (200 mg/kg, p.o.), group VI cinnamaldehyde and diazepam (100 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, p.o.).Results: Cinnamaldehyde per se showed no anxiolytic effect at any dose (p&lt;0.05). The standard drug diazepam has shown significant anxiolytic activity on elevated plus maze. Whereas combination of diazepam 0.5 mg/kg and cinnamaldehyde 100 mg/kg showed significant increase in the time spent in open arms as compared to all groups (p&lt;0.05).Conclusions: CNM per se did not show any effect on anxiety but enhanced the action of diazepam when co-administered.

Effects of Cinnamaldehyde as an Eco-Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor on Mild Steel in Aerated NaCl Solutions

This article investigates the impact of cinnamaldehyde as an eco-friendly inhibitor in mitigating corrosion detriment on mild steel in aerated NaCl (3% w/w) using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization methods. The results indicate moderate inhibition efficiency of cinnamaldehyde reaching around 70% at an optimum level of 0.5 g/L or 500 ppm by establishing an adsorption film on metal surface. Adsorption of the cinnamaldehyde seemed to adhere to the Langmuir isotherm. The corrosion rate decreased with cinnamaldehyde dose up to the optimum level while increased slowly with the medium temperature. The activation energy (Ea) achieved with cinnamaldehyde was found to be lower than that of without cinnamaldehyde. The polarization curves revealed that the inhibitor performs as a mixed-type inhibitor since it diminishes both anodic and cathodic current densities. The calculated inhibition efficiencies using both corrosion monitoring techniques were found to be in good agreement. Additionally, the mild steel surfaces (inhibited and uninhibited) were examined by using SEM–EDX analysis.

Behavioral, histopathological, and biochemical evaluations on the effects of cinnamaldehyde, naloxone, and their combination in morphine-induced cerebellar toxicity

Long-term morphine use for therapeutic approaches may lead to serious side effects. Several studies have suggested opioid antagonist and antioxidant therapy for reducing adverse effects of morphine. Cinnamaldehyde has a potent anti-oxidant property. In this study, separate and combined effects of cinnamaldehyde and naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist) on behavioral changes and cerebellar histological and biochemical outcomes were investigated after long-term morphine administration. Seventy-eight rats were divided into two major morphine-treated and morphine-untreated groups. Morphine-treated group was subdivided into seven subgroups for receiving vehicle, normal saline, cinnamaldehyde (1.25, 5, and 20 mg/kg), naloxone, and cinnamaldehyde plus naloxone before morphine. Morphine-untreated group was subdivided into six subgroups and treated with vehicle, cinnamaldehyde (1.25, 5, and 20 mg/kg), naloxone, and their combination. Chemical compounds were administered for 28 consecutive days. Behavioral tests including footprint, rotarod, and beam balance tests were employed. Histopathological and biochemical alterations of cerebellum were determined. Body and cerebellum weights, stride width, time spent on the rotarod, Purkinje cell number, thickness of molecular and granular layers, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) decreased as a result of administrating morphine. Morphine increased beam transverse time, malondealdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and caspase-3 levels. Histopathological changes such as cellular vacuolation and loss were also produced as a result of treatment with morphine. Cinnamaldehyde, naloxone, and their combination treatments improved all the above-mentioned alterations induced by morphine. We concluded that cinnamaldehyde produced a neuroprotective effect through anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, apoptotic, and probably naloxone-sensitive opioid receptor interaction mechanisms.

Cinnamaldehyde: a compound with antimicrobial and synergistic activity against ESBL-producing quinolone-resistant pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae.

Usage of cephalosporin and quinolone antibiotics has aggravated the development of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing quinolone-resistant (QR) pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. The present study aims to determine antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde alone or in combination with cefotaxime/ciprofloxacin to reverse the drug resistance and evaluations of efficacy, and possible molecular mechanism of action of the combination was also evaluated using in vitro assays. Broth microdilution assay was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of cinnamaldehyde and antibiotics against ESBL-QR Enterobacteriaceae. Synergistic effect and dynamic interaction with antibiotics were further examined by checkerboard assay, isobologram analysis, and time-kill assay, respectively. Cellular morphology of bacteria was viewed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Effects of cinnamaldehyde and its combination on the expression of gene encoding-porins (ompC, ompF, ompK35, and ompK36), efflux pump genes (acrB-E. coli, acrB-K. pneumoniae), and antibiotic-resistant genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTXM, and QnrB) were evaluated using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Majority of the E. coli (32.1%) and K. pneumoniae (24.2%) isolates demonstrated MIC of cinnamaldehyde at 7.34μg/mL and 0.91g/mL, respectively. Synergism between cinnamaldehyde and cefotaxime was noted among 75% E. coli and 60.6% K. pneumoniae. Similarly, synergism with ciprofloxacin was observed among 39.6% and 42.4% of the bacteria, respectively. Thus, cinnamaldehyde reduced MIC of cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin 2-1024-fold with bactericidal and/synergistic effect after 24h. Cinnamaldehyde and its combination altered gene expression by ~ 1.6 to ~ 400-fold. Distorted bacterial cell structures were visible after treatment with cinnamaldehyde and/or with cefotaxime/ciprofloxacin. The results indicated the potential efficacy and mode of action of cinnamaldehyde alone and in combination with antibiotics against pathogenic ESBL-QR bacteria.

Comparative effects of parent and heated cinnamaldehyde on the function of human iPSC-derived cardiac myocytes

Many e-cigarette products contain cinnamaldehyde as a primary constituent of cinnamon flavorings. When used as a food additive, cinnamaldehyde is generally regarded as safe for ingestion. However, little is known about the effects of cinnamaldehyde or its degradation products, generated after heating and inhalation, which may lead to elevated circulatory exposure to the heart. Hence, in this study, we tested the in vitro cardiac toxicity of cinnamaldehyde and its thermal degradation products generated by heating at low (200 ± 50 °C) and high temperatures (700 ± 50 °C) on the contractility, rhythmicity and electrical signaling properties of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-CMs). Cellular impedance measurements on spontaneously beating hiPSC-CMs revealed that cinnamaldehyde significantly alters contraction-dependent signal amplitude, beating rate, and cell morphology. These effects were attenuated after cinnamaldehyde was subjected to heating at low or high temperatures. Current clamp analysis of hiPSC-CM action potentials (APs) showed only modest effects of acute application of 1–100 μM cinnamaldehyde on resting membrane potential, while prolonged (~20 min) application of 100 μM cinnamaldehyde resulted in progressive depolarization and loss of rhythmic AP spiking activity. Collectively, these results suggest that micromolar levels of cinnamaldehyde could alter cardiac excitability, in part by impairing the processes that regulate membrane potential and depolarization. Our results further suggest that heating cinnamaldehyde by itself does not directly lead to the formation of products with greater cardiotoxicity in vitro.

Effect of cinnamaldehyde on interfacial rheological properties of proteins adsorbed at O/W interfaces

The dynamics of heterogeneous food products such as emulsions can be affected significantly by the interfacial properties of their interfaces. Proteins are widely used to increase the stability of these food products. This work compares the interfacial properties of a model protein (whey protein isolate, WPI) and silkworm pupae (SLW) adsorbed at the O/W interface. A natural aldehyde (cinnamaldehyde, CNM) was used for both protein systems in order to promote protein-protein interactions. Interfacial properties were characterised during protein adsorption and after reaching a quasi-equilibrium state by means of oscillatory and step dilatational, and oscillatory interfacial shear measurements. The results obtained from dilatational and interfacial shear tests showed that the use of CNM resulted in the development of stronger interfaces, with higher values for the dilatational and surface shear storage moduli, and a lower loss tangent. Step-dilatation tests indicated that the addition of CNM also resulted in more homogeneous interfaces. Our results show that CNM addition can enhance the surface properties of SLW, to a level which is close to the properties of un-modified WPI stabilized interfaces.

Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on Smooth Muscle Preparations

The effects of cinnamaldehyde (CNA), known as a transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonist, on guinea-pig ileum and urinary bladder were studied in isolated organ experiments. Contractile effects were found to be present on both preparations. In the ileum, both cholinergic and purinergic (pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulphonic acid tetrasodium salt-sensitive) mechanisms are involved; the TRPA1 antagonist A967079 (1 µmol/L) significantly reduced the response. The contractile response to CNA in the bladder, but not in the ileum, was significantly reduced by in vitro capsaicin desensitization. In the bladder A967079 or the TRPV1 antagonist, BCTC failed to reduce the response. A direct relaxation on the smooth muscle was detected in the precontracted ileum. In the precontracted urinary bladder, CNA also caused relaxation that was insensitive to capsaicin pretreatment. It is suggested that CNA excites the muscles of the bladder via activation of capsaicin-sensitive nerves; in the ileum, it may interact with TRPA1 located on tissue elements that initiate both purinergic and cholinergic mechanisms. The relaxant effects of CNA may be due to the direct inhibition of the smooth muscles.

Effect of cinnamaldehyde and 1, 8-cineole on performance, egg quality and some blood parameters of laying hens

This study was aimed at determining the effects of the addition of cinnamaldehyde and 1, 8-cineole to laying hen rations on performance, egg quality and some blood parameters. For this purpose, 96 (48-week-old and initial body weight average 1,773.19 g) laying hens of the Bovans White lineage were used. Birds were fed on a standard basal ration (PC) and basal rations were added with 500 mg/kg of antibiotic (NC); 100 mg/kg of cinnamaldehyde (T1); and 100 mg/kg of 1, 8-cineole (T2) for 60 days. While the feed consumption levels of groups T1 and T2 were significantly lower than that of group PC, their egg production was significantly lower than that of groups PC and NC. When compared to groups PC and NC, it was observed that the feed additive given to group T2 had significantly reduced the feed conversion rate. All of the feed additives used in this study were determined to have decreased egg weight, eggshell strength and eggshell thickness, in comparison to the measurements of group PC. Furthermore, when compared to groups PC and NC, groups T1 and T2 were ascertained to have lower serum glucose and cholesterol levels. However, when compared to the other 3 groups, group T1 presented with significantly higher serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and group T2 displayed a significantly higher rate of defective eggs. In result, the addition of cinnamaldehyde and 1, 8-cineole to the ration was observed to show a positive impact on serum glucose and cholesterol levels, and a negative impact on other performance parameters and eggshell quality. It was concluded that further more detailed investigation is required in this added to laying hen rations.

Cinnamaldehyde ameliorates STZ-induced rat diabetes through modulation of IRS1/PI3K/AKT2 pathway and AGEs/RAGE interaction.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder considered to be the most predominant form of diabetes throughout the world. This study aimed to investigate the possible effects of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) on insulin signaling pathways in STZ-induced T2D rat model. T2D was originated by feeding rats with a high-fat diet (HFD) plus 25% fructose solution plus streptozotocin (STZ) (35mg/kg, i.p.). CIN effects were investigated on fasting blood glucose, insulin, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), liver biomarkers, lipid profile, oxidative stress biomarkers, serum advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and its receptors (RAGE) in the aorta, and histopathology of the liver and aorta. Additionally, the mRNA expression of hepatic insulin signaling pathway genes, phosphorylated AKT (serine 473) (P-AKT ser473) level, and aortic nitric oxide synthase3 (eNOS) and NADPH oxidase4 (NOX4) were determined. CIN treatment for 30days significantly decreased OGTT, ITT, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR and increased HOMA-β index when compared to diabetic rats. CIN also improved lipid profile and decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity, serum AGEs, and aortic RAGE. Additionally, CIN treatment significantly decreased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), increased hepatic and aortic glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and decreased steatosis and inflammation observed in liver tissue of rats. Additionally, significant elevation in mRNA expression of insulin receptor substrate1 (IRS1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit1 (PI3K-P85 subunit), and AKT serine/threonine kinase2 (AKT2); increased levels of P-AKT ser473 and aortic eNOS; and decrease in mRNA expression of NOX4 were detected in CIN-treated group when compared to diabetic group. This study suggests antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of CIN probably through upregulation of eNOS and IRS1/PI3K/AKT2 signaling pathway and alleviating AGEs, RAGE, and NOX4 elevation.

Effect of cinnamaldehyde on 1, 3-β-D-glucans in cell wall of Candida albicans in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice

ObjectiveInvasive pulmonary candidiasis is a disease with high incidence, difficult treatment, poor prognosis, and high mortality. The present study analyzed the influence of cinnamaldehyde on 1,3-β-D-glucans in the cell wall of Candida albicans in order to provide a theoretical basis for the research of antifungal drugs. MethodsAn immunosuppressed BALB/c mouse model with invasive pulmonary candidiasis was established by nasal perfusion of 50 µL of C. albicans suspension (107 cfu/mL). 1,3-β-D-glucans examination and electron microscopy were carried out. Fluconazole was used as the control. ResultsCinnamaldehyde was administered at a dose of 240 mg/kg/d for 14 consecutive days, and the measured value of 1,3-β-D-glucans was (1160.62 ± 89.65) pg/mL, whereas that of fluconazole was (4285.87 ± 215.62) pg/mL. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Electron microscopy observation indicated that the 2−3 layers outside the cell wall of C. albicans (1,3-β-D-glucans layer) were rough, deformed, and incomplete, although the cell membrane was clear and intact. ConclusionCinnamaldehyde demonstrated special efficacy on 1,3-β-D-glucans in the cell wall of C. albicans.

Cinnamaldehyde exerts vasculoprotective effects in hypercholestrolemic rabbits.

The effects of cinnamaldehyde (CIN), a commonly consumed food flavor, against high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced vascular damage in rabbits were evaluated. Male New Zealand rabbits (n = 24) were allocated to four groups at random: control, fed with standard rabbit chow; CIN, fed with standard diet and administered CIN; HCD, fed with 1% cholesterol-enriched diet; and HCD-CIN, fed with HCD and treated with CIN. CIN was orally given at a dose of (10mg/kg/day) concomitantly with each diet type from day 1 until the termination of the experimental protocol (4weeks). HCD elicited significant elevations in serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C, respectively) compared with control rabbits. Moreover, aortic levels of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly lower, while aortic levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were significantly higher, in HCD-fed rabbits relative to control animals. CIN administration mitigated or completely reversed HCD-induced metabolic alterations, vascular oxidative stress, and inflammation. Moreover, CIN ameliorated HCD-induced vascular functional and structural irregularities. Aortic rings from HCD-CIN group showed improved relaxation to acetylcholine compared to aortas from HCD group. Moreover, CIN decreased atherosclerotic lipid deposition and intima/media (I/M) ratio of HCD aortas. CIN-mediated effects might be related to its ability to attenuate the elevated aortic mRNA expression of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and MPO in HCD group. Interestingly, the vasculoprotective effects of CIN treatment in the current study do not seem to be mediated via Nrf2-dependent mechanisms. In conclusion, CIN may mitigate the development of atherosclerosis in hypercholestrolemic rabbits via cholesterol-lowering, antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Retracted: Effect of Cinnamaldehyde on Glucose Metabolism and Vessel Function.

This paper was retracted on the authors' request due to duplicate publication. This experiment was entrusted to a third party called Nanjing Changcong Biology Company, and we found that some of the data reported in the Results figures were duplicated in another published paper. The pdf file of the above-mentioned paper is available from the Editorial Office on request.

Supplementation of encapsulated cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on pre- and postweaning growth performance of beef cattle fed warm-season forages

ABSTRACT Two experiments evaluated the effects of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on performance of grazing (Exp. 1) and drylot beef cattle (Exp. 2). Treatments in both experiments consisted of daily supplement fortification with (CNG) or without (CON) cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil (300 mg/d). In Exp. 1, 24 cow-calf pairs were allocated into limpograss (Hemarthria altissima; n = 4) or bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum; n = 4) pastures, which were randomly assigned to treatments (4 pastures per treatment) until weaning. Thereafter, 24 weaned heifers were allocated into bahiagrass pastures (4 pastures per treatment) for 72 d. In Exp. 2, 20 Brangus steers were fed bahiagrass hay ad libitum and concentrate DM supplementation at 1% of BW for 30 d. Effects of forage type, treatment, and interactions were not detected for growth, fecal egg counts, and plasma glucose and urea nitrogen of heifers and cows (P ≥ 0.11). The fly counts of CNG heifers on limpograss was less at weaning than for CON heifers (P = 0.03) but did not differ between CNG and CON heifers grazing bahiagrass (P = 0.66). Effects of treatment and treatment × day were not detected for postweaning growth, fecal egg counts, and plasma haptoglobin (P ≥ 0.43). In Exp. 2, effects of treatment and treatment × day were not detected for growth and total fly counts (P ≥ 0.34). Hence, daily supplementation of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil did not affect growth and fecal egg counts of grazing or drylot cattle. Cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil reduced fly counts of heifers grazing limpograss but not heifers grazing bahiagrass.

Effect of Cinnamaldehyde and Citral Combination on Transcriptional Profile, Growth, Oxidative Damage and Patulin Biosynthesis of Penicillium expansum.

Penicillium expansum, as a main postharvest pathogen of fruits, can secrete patulin (PAT), causing fruit decay and health problems. In this study, the antifungal test, SEM (scanning electron microscope) observation, transcriptional profile, PAT biosynthesis, and physiological characters of P. expansum exposed to cinnamaldehyde and citral combination (Cin/Cit) were evaluated. Cin/Cit could inhibit the mycelial growth and spore germination of P. expansum in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, Cin/Cit caused spores and mycelia wrinkled and depressed by SEM observation. Gene expression profiles of P. expansum were conducted by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in the presence or absence of Cin/Cit treatment. A total of 1713 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, including 793 down-regulated and 920 up-regulated genes. Most of the DEGs participated in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, amino acid metabolism, and oxidation-reduction process, etc. Cin/Cit induced the dysfunction of the mitochondrial membrane, causing the potential influence on energy metabolism and reactive oxidative species production. The changes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities combing with the increase of hydrogen peroxide content indicated the oxidative stress on P. expansum induced by Cin/Cit, which corresponded well with the transcriptional results. Moreover, both the RNA-seq data and the qRT-PCR showed the remarkable down-regulation of genes included in the PAT biosynthetic pathway under the Cin/Cit treatment. These findings provided more useful information about the antifungal mechanism of Cin/Cit against P. expansum at molecular and gene levels and suggested that Cin/Cit is a potential candidate to control P. expansum.