Effects Of Chlorella Vulgaris Research Articles

The Effect of Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorellales: Chlorellaceae) on the Fertility of Sandy Soils and on the Composition of Soil Leachates

The Effect of Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorellales: Chlorellaceae) on the Fertility of Sandy Soils and on the Composition of Soil Leachates

Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on the Growth and Phytochemical Contents of “Red Russian” Kale (Brassica napus var. Pabularia)

Kale is a prominent leafy vegetable because of its high content of bioactive compounds and various health benefits. Microalgae have been suggested as a biostimulator that can replace chemical fertilizers by enhancing crop yield and supporting soil carbon sequestration. In this study, the effect of Chlorella vulgaris as a plant biostimulant on the growth and secondary metabolite contents of “Red Russian” kale (Brassica napus var. Pabularia) with green leaves and purple veins has been demonstrated. Three Chlorella treatments were used: CS, C. vulgaris suspension; CB, C. vulgaris biomass; and CFS, filtered C. vulgaris-free supernatant. The plant growth rates, phytochemical contents, and individual glucosinolate and anthocyanin contents were determined. There was no significant difference under the CS and CB treatments, while CFS negatively influenced on kale growth with 37% reduction of dried weight. In contrast, metabolite production differed according to Chlorella treatments. Total contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid were increased by 1.57 and 1.41 folds by CS treatment, whereas total contents of phenol and flavonoids were enhanced by 1.30 and 1.22 folds by CFS treatment. Totally, seven glucosinolates and four anthocyanins were characterized and quantified individually. Notably, CFS treatment increased gluconasturtiin and all anthocyanins the most, 10.28-fold and 5.90-fold, respectively.

Effects of Chlorella vulgaris as a Feed Ingredient on the Quality and Nutritional Value of Weaned Piglets' Meat.

Chlorella vulgaris (CH) is usually considered a feed supplement in pig nutrition, and its use as an ingredient is poorly studied. Among many interesting characteristics, this microalga has high protein levels and can be a putative alternative for soybean meal. Our aim was to study the effect of a 5% CH incorporation in the diet, individually or combined with two carbohydrases, on meat quality traits and nutritional value. Forty-four post-weaned male piglets individually housed, with an initial live weight of 11.2 ± 0.46 kg, were randomly distributed into four experimental groups: control (n = 11, without CH) and three groups fed with 5% CH incorporation, plain (n = 10), with 0.005% Rovabio® Excel AP (n = 10), and with 0.01% of a pre-selected four-CAZyme mixture (n = 11). After two weeks of trial, piglets were slaughtered and longissimus lumborum collected. CH had no effect on piglets’ growth performance. In turn, incorporation of CH improved the nutritional value of meat by increasing total carotenoids and n-3 PUFA content, thus contributing to a more positive n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio. The supplementation with Rovabio® benefited tenderness and increased overall acceptability of pork. Our results show beyond doubt the viability of the utilization of this microalga as a feed ingredient for swine production.

The effect of Chlorella vulgaris on obesity related metabolic disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Chlorella vulgaris (CV) as a unicellular algae is a dietary supplement with beneficial nutritious content, used for decades in some countries. Positive effects for CV supplementation on metabolic parameters has been established in animal and human studies. However there is a gap for this results summary for a definite conclusion announce. This systematic review aimed to summarize the effects of CV on body weight, lipid profile, and blood glucose. PRISMA guidelines were charted in this review. Subject search was performed in MEDLINE, ProQuest, PubMed, ISI web of sciences, Google scholar, Cochrane and Scopus databases for randomized clinical trials published in English languages, until December 2020, which assessed the effects of CV on metabolic syndrome related symptoms in clinical trials. Out of 4,821 records screened, after duplicate and irrelevant exclusion by title and abstract, 20 articles remained for full text screening. Finally a total of 12 articles met the study inclusion criteria and were assessed for study method and results. The findings showed controversies in anthropometric,glycemic and lipid profile effects. CV may have beneficial effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders; however, collected studies lacked statistical power to reach a definite conclusion. More well-designed studies are required.

Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on gut microbiota through a simulated in vitro digestion process

Effect of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> on gut microbiota through a simulated <i>in vitro</i> digestion process

Effect of Chlorella vulgaris enriched diet on growth performance, hemato-immunological responses, antioxidant and transcriptomics profile disorders caused by deltamethrin toxicity in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The toxic effect of deltamethrin (DM) was documented in aquaculture. There is no obtainable data on the effect of Chlorella vulgaris against DM toxicity. The current study focused on the effect of dietary supplementation with C. vulgaris (CV) on growth performance, innate immune response, antioxidant activities, and transcriptomics disorders induced by sub-lethal dose of DM in Oreochromis niloticus. A total number of 216 O. niloticus divided into four groups with tri-replicates. The 1st control group (CT) fed a basal diet, the second group fed diet enriched with 5% CV. The third group was exposed to DM (15 μg/L), where the last group fed CV and simultaneously exposed to DM as previous-mentioned. The procedure of CV feeding and DM exposure were continued for two months. Exposures to DM revealed in stunting of the growth parameters and lessening of survival ratio of tilapias with a significant decline of the erythrogram (macrocytic hypochromic anemic picture), and leucocytes immune cells and related parameters (immunoglobulin M, lysozyme) and sever shifting in the antioxidant indicators. Sever raise was monitored in hepatic and kidney markers. Also, genes expression related to immune and antioxidant parameters were severely impacted. Where tilapias received CV showed a significant increase in the growth and immune parameters besides to an improvement of hematological, antioxidant values and their related genes expressions. The fourth group that received CV simultaneous with DM exposure showed a soothing of the previous indicators and markers toward the values of tilapias fed on basal diet (CT). In turn, CV supplementation may be presented a protective effect alongside DM toxicity in O. niloticus appeared through soothing of the immune, antioxidant and related genes expressions in addition to its hepato-renal protective effects. Therefore, the current study recommended that an incorporating of 5% CV for tilapias diet could improve their growth performance, immunity, antioxidant and transcriptomics disorders induced by deltamethrin.

Chlorella vulgaris modulates the expression of senescence-associated genes in replicative senescence of human diploid fibroblasts.

Human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) cultured in vitro have limited capacity to proliferate after population doubling is repeated several times, and they enter into a state known as replicative senescence or cellular senescence. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Chlorella vulgaris on the replicative senescence of HDFs by determining the expression of senescence-associated genes. Young and senescent HDFs were divided into untreated control and C. vulgaris-treated groups. A senescence-associated gene transcription analysis was carried out with qRT-PCR. Treatment of young HDFs with C. vulgaris reduced the expression of SOD1, CAT and CCS (p < 0.05). In addition, the expression of the SOD2 gene was increased with C. vulgaris treatment in young, pre-senescent and senescent HDFs (p < 0.05). Treatment of senescent HDFs with C. vulgaris resulted in the downregulation of TP53 gene expression. The expression of the CDKN2A gene was significantly decreased upon C. vulgaris treatment in young and senescent HDFs. C. vulgaris treatment was also found to significantly upregulate the expression of the MAPK14 gene in pre-senescent HDFs. In addition, the expression of MAPK14 was significantly upregulated compared to that in the untreated senescent HDFs (p < 0.05). In summary, the expression of senescence-associated genes related to antioxidants and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling, DNA damage-associated signalling, cell differentiation and cell proliferation pathways was modulated by C. vulgaris during replicative senescence of human diploid fibroblasts.

The use of immobilized microalgal bead concentrations in the removal of ammonium nitrogen from synthetic wastewater

Removal of chemical pollutants has been important in the treatment of wastewater. The effect of Chlorella vulgaris (microalgae) on the removal of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) in synthetic wastewater (wastewater prepared in the laboratory) was investigated. C. vulgaris cells were immobilized in calcium alginate beads to allow diffusion of nutrients but retention of the cells. Concentration of C. vulgaris cells used to treat wastewater were equivalent to 20 g/l, 40 g/l and 80 g/l of wastewater and treatment was under laboratory conditions at 25±2°C. C. vulgaris was effective in the removal of NH4+ from wastewater; at the end of 24 hours of treatment, there was reduction in the initial concentration of NH4+ by 78% for 20 g/l. For 40 g/l treatment, there was 97% reduction in NH4+ and 91% reduction for 80 g/l treatment. After 43 hr of treatment, there was further reduction in NH4+ for 20 g/l (86%), and 80 g/l (93%) but 40 g/l (97%) remained constant. The concentration of C. vulgaris that showed the best activity in removing NH4+ -from wastewater was 40 g/l.Keywords: Microalgae, immobilize, microalgae, bead concentrations, ammonium nitrogen

Antioxidant Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on Physiological Response of Rat Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride

Chlorella vulgaris is an algae with high nutrition content. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a hepatotoxic chemical.The aims of this study were to determine the effect of C. vulgaris extract on the physiological response of liver such as MDA, SOD and GPx activity on rat after induced by CCl4 exposure as well as to determine the effective dose of C. vulgaris extract as antioxidant that can neutralize CCl4 exposure. This research was conducted experimentally with Completely Randomized Design that consists of 6 treatment and 5 times repetition. The doses of C. vulgaris extract used were 3, 4, and 5 mg per /100 g of rat’sbody weight (BW).The administration of C. vulgaris extract was performed within 30 days, while the CCl4 (0.25 ml/100 g BW) was administered orally on the day 9, 12, 16, 19, 23, and 26. Parameters measured were levels of MDA, SOD and GPx of rat blood serum.The results showed that the administration of C. vulgaris extract can inhibit lipid peroxidation indicated by decrease in MDA activities and oxidative stress by increasing SOD and GPx activity. In conclusion, 5 mg/100 g BW of C.vulgaris extract is an effective dose to be uses as endogenous antioxidant to protect the liver cell from damage caused by CCl4exposure. The benefit of C. vulgaris as a supplement for antihepatotoxin in humans.

Effect of Chlorella Vulgaris and Japonochytrium sp. Microalgae Supplementation on Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Milk

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two species of the microalgae on the milk yield, the basic composition and the fatty acid profile of goat milk, with focus on n‑3 fatty acids. Forty‑five White short‑haired goats were randomly allocated to three groups; the control group (C) with no supplementation microalgae to the diet. The first experimental group (Ch) was supplemented with Chlorella vulgaris and second experimental group (J) has been supplemented with Japonochytrium sp. The Japonochytrium supplementation negatively affected milk yield, but the amount of milk fat (+0.1 %; +0.45 %) and solids‑not‑fat (+0.27 %; +0.86 %) were higher than in group C and Ch. The amount of polyunsaturated (5.527 % ± 0.378) and saturated (71.560 % ± 0.861) fatty acids was also highest in group J. An increase of C20:4, C20:5 was detected in J and Ch, and the concentration of C22:6 was highest in group J (+0.019 %; P &lt; 0.001).

Modulation of Cell Cycle Profile byChlorella vulgarisPrevents Replicative Senescence of Human Diploid Fibroblasts

In this study, the effects of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) on replicative senescence of human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) were investigated. Hot water extract of CV was used to treat HDFs at passages 6, 15, and 30 which represent young, presenescence, and senescence ages, respectively. The level of DNA damage was determined by comet assay while apoptosis and cell cycle profile were determined using FACSCalibur flow cytometer. Our results showed direct correlation between increased levels of damaged DNA and apoptosis with senescence in untreated HDFs (P < 0.05). Cell cycle profile showed increased population of untreated senescent cells that enter G0/G1 phase while the cell population in S phase decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Treatment with CV however caused a significant reduction in the level of damaged DNA and apoptosis in all age groups of HDFs (P < 0.05). Cell cycle analysis showed that treatment with CV increased significantly the percentage of senescent HDFs in S phase and G2/M phases but decreased the population of cells in G0/G1 phase (P < 0.05). In conclusion, hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris effectively decreased the biomarkers of ageing, indicating its potential as an antiageing compound.

Effect of Chlorella vulgaris on serum cholesterol‐regulation in healthy subjects and hypercholesterolemia

Recently, patients with hyperlipidemia including hypercholesterolemia have increased steadily as dietary habit has been changed to western style based on high‐fat diet. Since hypercholesterolemia can develop serious cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke and atherosclerosis, studies to prevent and treat this have been consistently reported. Chlorella contains a variety of nutrients such as chlorophyll, vegetable protein, essential amino acids, vitamins and dietary fiber. And its function has been approved in the aspects of its antioxidant capacity and enhancement of immune function. In the previous study, cholesterol level reducing effect has been confirmed in animal.Therefore, this study aimed to confirm that ingestion of chlorella for normal subjects interferes with the absorption of cholesterol coming from high cholesterol diet and lowers the blood cholesterol level. Additionally, it aimed to confirm the reduction of blood cholesterol level before and after ingestion of chlorella for patients with hypercholesterolemia. This study is a randomized, parallel‐group, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial.Besides cholesterol level, in order to confirm the extent of systemic absorption of carotenoids, the major active component of chlorella, we analyzed the level of lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha‐carotene, beta‐carotene, lycopene by HPLC in the serum before and after ingestion of chlorella.

Investigation of the effects of Chlorella vulgaris as an adjunctive therapy for dyslipidemia: Results of a randomized open-label clinical trial

Investigation of the effects of Chlorella vulgaris as an adjunctive therapy for dyslipidemia: Results of a randomized open-label clinical trial

Chlorella vulgaris Modulates Immunomyelopoietic Activity and Enhances the Resistance of Tumor-Bearing Mice

We studied the effects of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) on the interaction between stromal and hematopoietic stem cells in normal and Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT)-bearing mice. Long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC), cytokine production, spleen mononuclear cells (SMC) proliferation (SCP), colony stimulating activity (CSA), and NK cells activity were evaluated. In tumor bearers, reduced capacity of stromal cell layer to support the growth and differentiation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-GM), concomitantly to decreased numbers of total nonadherent cells in LTBMC and reduced local production of IL-6 and IL-1α, were observed. Presence of the tumor has not altered the number of stromal adherent cells. CV treatment restored the ability of stromal cells from EAT-bearing mice to produce IL-6 and IL-1α, which was consistent with increased number of nonadherent cells and higher ability to display CFU-GM in vitro. EAT growth increased SCP, serum CSA, and IL-10 production and concurrently depressed NK cell activity and the secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with CV augmented CSA, SMC proliferation, NK cell activity, and the production of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, whereas IL-10 levels where reduced. Our results suggest that CV modulates immunehematopoietic cell activity and disengages tumor-induced suppression of these responses.

Effects of Chlorella vulgaris on bone marrow progenitor cells of mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes

In this study we investigated the effects of the treatment with Chlorella vulgaris extract (CVE) on the hematopoietic response of granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming unit (CFU-GM) of mice infected with a sublethal dose of Listeria monocytogenes (1×10 4 organisms/animal). CVE was given orally as 50 mg/kg/day for 5 days. In the CVE treated/infected groups L. monocytogenes was administered at the end of CVE treatment. The colony stimulating activity of the serum (CSA) was also studied in all groups. Although no effects on CFU-GM, as compared to controls, were observed in the groups receiving CVE alone, the extract produced an increase in CSA levels as compared to controls. On the other hand, the presence of the infection led to a significant reduction in the numbers of CFU-GM as observed at 48 and 72 h after the infection, in spite of the significant increase in serum CSA activity. CVE treatment of infected animals restored the numbers of CFU-GM to control levels. In the treated/infected group the increased serum CSA was significantly higher than that observed in the only infected group. The CVE treatment (50 and 500 mg/kg) of mice infected with a dose of 3×10 5 bacteria/animal, which was lethal for all the non-treated controls, produced a dose-response protection which led to a 20 and 52% survival, respectively. These results demonstrated that CVE produces a significant increase in the resistance of the animals infected with L. monocytogenes, and that this protection is due, at least in part, to increased CFU-GM in the bone marrow of infected animals.

The Effects of Chlorella Vulgaris in The Protection of Mice Infected With Listeria Monocytogenes. Role of Natural Killer Cells

In this work we have demonstrated the effects of oral administration of Chlorella vulgaris (CV) on Natural Killer cells (NK) activity of mice infected with a sublethal dose of viable Listeria monocytogenes. The treatment with C. vulgaris produced a significant increase on NK cells activity in normal (non-infected) animals compared to the animals that received only vehicle (water) (p< 0.0001). Similarly, the infection alone produced a significant increase on NK cells activity, which was observed at 48 and 72 hours after the inoculation of L. monocytogenes. Moreover, when CV was administered in infected animals, there was an additional increase in NK cells activity which was significantly higher than that found in the infected groups (p < 0.0001)CV treatment (50 and 500mg/Kg) of mice infected with a dose of 3x105 bacterial/animal, which was lethal for all the non- treated controls, produced a dose-response protection which led to a 20% and 55% survival, respectively (p < 0.0001)