Effects Of Certain Variables Research Articles

Structural Equation Model (SEM) of Stroke Mortality in Spanish Inpatient Hospital Settings: The Role of Individual and Contextual Factors.

Introduction: Traditionally, predictive models of in-hospital mortality in ischemic stroke have focused on individual patient variables, to the neglect of in-hospital contextual variables. In addition, frequently used scores are betters predictors of risk of sequelae than mortality, and, to date, the use of structural equations in elaborating such measures has only been anecdotal.Aims: The aim of this paper was to analyze the joint predictive weight of the following: (1) individual factors (age, gender, obesity, and epilepsy) on the mediating factors (arrhythmias, dyslipidemia, hypertension), and ultimately death (exitus); (2) contextual in-hospital factors (year and existence of a stroke unit) on the mediating factors (number of diagnoses, procedures and length of stay, and re-admission), as determinants of death; and (3) certain factors in predicting others.Material and Methods: Retrospective cohort study through observational analysis of all hospital stays of Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) 14, non-lysed ischemic stroke, during the time period 2008–2012. The sample consisted of a total of 186,245 hospital stays, taken from the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) upon discharge from Spanish hospitals. MANOVAs were carried out to establish the linear effect of certain variables on others. These formed the basis for building the Structural Equation Model (SEM), with the corresponding parameters and restrictive indicators.Results: A consistent model of causal predictive relationships between the postulated variables was obtained. One of the most interesting effects was the predictive value of contextual variables on individual variables, especially the indirect effect of the existence of stroke units on reducing number of procedures, readmission and in-hospital mortality.Conclusion: Contextual variables, and specifically the availability of stroke units, made a positive impact on individual variables that affect prognosis and mortality in ischemic stroke. Moreover, it is feasible to determine this impact through the use of structural equation methodology. We analyze the methodological and clinical implications of this type of study for hospital policies.

Viewpoints of the target population regarding barriers and facilitators of colorectal cancer screening in the Czech Republic.

BACKGROUNDPublic awareness of colorectal cancer (CRC) and uptake of CRC screening remain challenges. The viewpoints of the target population (asymptomatic individuals older than 50) regarding CRC screening information sources and the reasons for and against participation in CRC screening are not well known in the Czech Republic. This study aimed to acquire independent opinions from the target population independently on the health system.AIMTo investigate the viewpoints of the target population regarding the source of information for and barriers and facilitators of CRC screening.METHODSA survey among relatives (aged 50 and older) of university students was conducted. Participants answered a questionnaire about sources of awareness regarding CRC screening, reasons for and against participation, and suggestions for improvements in CRC screening. The effect of certain variables on participation in CRC screening was analyzed.RESULTSOf 498 participants, 478 (96%) respondents had some information about CRC screening and 375 (75.3%) had participated in a CRC screening test. General practitioners (GPs) (n = 319, 64.1%) and traditional media (n = 166, 33.3%) were the most common information sources regarding CRC screening. A lack of interest or time and a fear of colonoscopy or positive results were reported as reasons for non-participation. Individuals aged > 60 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.42-3.71), P = 0.001], females (aOR = 1.95, 95%CI (1.26-3.01) P = 0.003), and relatives of CRC patients (aOR = 4.17, 95%CI (1.82-9.58) P = 0.001) were more likely to participate in screening. Information regarding screening provided by physicians - GPs: (aOR = 8.11, 95%CI (4.90-13.41), P < 0.001) and other specialists (aOR = 4.19, 95%CI (1.87-9.38), P = 0.001) increased participation in screening. Respondents suggested that providing better explanations regarding screening procedures and equipment for stool capturing could improve CRC screening uptake.CONCLUSIONGPs and other specialists play crucial roles in the successful uptake of CRC screening. Reduction of the fear of colonoscopy and simple equipment for stool sampling might assist in improving the uptake of CRC screening.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Emerging Contaminants: Artificial Sweeteners

Artificial sweeteners are food additives widely used, mainly in reduced sugar or sugar-free foods and beverages. Acesulfame potassium (ACE-K) and sodium saccharin (SAC) are among the most widely consumed sweeteners worldwide. These compounds when ingested are not metabolized by the body, being excreted unchanged. They arrive at treatment plants, where they are partially degraded and consequently released directly into water bodies. For this reason, artificial sweeteners have been detected in the most diverse aquatic environments, being recognized as emerging contaminants. In this work, aqueous solutions of ACE-K and SAC, submitted to heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2/UV-A) for 60 min, showed degradations of more than 99% and maximum mineralization of 57% for ACE-K and 49% for SAC. The effects of certain variables were evaluated, with pH having a greater influence on the degradation of acesulfame and the mass of semiconductor on that of saccharin. The degradation of ACE-K and SAC followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model according to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model. Assays using Artemia salina as the test organism demonstrated the low toxicity of the photocatalyzed solutions of ACE-K and SAC. The contribution of different reactive species to the photocatalysis was investigated using specific radical inhibitors; the results indicate that singlet oxygen (1O2) has a fundamental role in the photocatalytic degradation of ACE-K and SAC.

Burnout in nurses: A meta analysis of related factors&lt;p&gt;Hemşirelerde tükenmişlik: İlgili faktörlerin meta analizi

Burnout syndrome is still among the leading problems of nursing profession. Reduction and prevention of burnout will be possible with a better understanding of the relevant factors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of certain variables on burnout levels of nurses in Turkey with a meta analysis. The study was conducted with a meta analysis. A number of online databases were reviewed including Turkish Medical Index, Google scholar, National Thesis Center, Pubmed, EBSCO Host, and Web of Science by searching for certain keywords such as “Emotional exhaustion”, “Depersonalization”, “personal accomplishment”, “burnout”, “nurse”, and “Turkey” both in Turkish and English. The results of the review indicated that there were 11 studies for sex, 17 studies for marital status, 20 studies for educational status, 7 studies for the type of institution, and 8 studies for willingness to choose nursing and the work shift that were found eligible for the inclusion criteria. The study data were analyzed with CMA. The homogeneity of the studies was tested with Q and I2 values. The study bias was assessed with Orwin’s Fail-Safe N and Tau coefficients. The effect size was calculated with random effects and fixed effects models. The study findings indicated that burnout was affected by sex, the type of institution, and the work shift at lower levels and by willingness to choose nursing at moderate levels. It was similarly found that depersonalization dimension was affected by the type of institution, the work shift, and willingness to choose nursing at lower levels. ÖzetTükenmişlik hemşireler için hala önemli problemlerden biridir. Tükenmişliğin azaltılması ve önlenmesi ilgili faktörlerin daha iyi anlaşılması ile mümkün olacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Meta analiz yöntemi kullanarak Türkiye’deki hemşirelerin tükenmişlik düzeyleri üzerine bazı değişkenlerin etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmada meta analiz yöntemi kullanıldı. İlgili çalışmalara ulaşmak için Türk Tıp Dizini, Google Akademik, YÖK tez merkezi, Pubmed, EBSCO Host, Web of Science veri tabanları tarandı. Taramada “Tükenmişlik”, “duygusal tükenmişlik”, “Duyarsızlaşma”, “kişisel başarı” “hemşire” ve “Türkiye” anahtar sözcükleri Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak kullanıldı. Cinsiyet için 11, Medeni durum için 17, eğitim durumu için 20, kurum tipi için 7, mesleği isteyerek seçme durumu ve çalışma şekli için 8 çalışma dahil edilme kriterlerine uygundu. Verilerin analizinde CMA istatistik programı kullanıldı. Meta analize dahil edilen çalışmaların homojenliğini test etmek için Q ve I2 değerleri hesaplandı. Yayın yanlılığını test etmek için Orwin’s Fail-Safe N ve Tau-kare katsayısı hesaplaması yapıldı. Etki büyüklüğünün incelenmesinde rastgele etkiler ve sabit etkiler modeli kullanıldı. Bulgular duygusal tükenme üzerine cinsiyet, kurum tipi ve çalışma şeklinin düşük, mesleği isteyerek seçme durumunun orta düzeyde önemli etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koydu. Duyarsızlaşma boyutu üzerine kurum tipi, çalışma şekli ve mesleği isteyerek seçme durumu değişkenlerinin düşük düzeyde önemli etkiye sahip olduğu belirlendi.

Factors relating to professional self-concept among nurse managers.

To investigate the self-concept in nurse managers in Turkey and the effects of certain variables on professional self-concept. Professional self-concept plays a significant role in improving certain professional behaviours. Nursing managers have the potential to influence other members of the profession with their attitudes and behaviours. The study was designed as a cross-sectional descriptive study. This study was conducted with 159 nurse managers in nine different hospitals. The study data were collected with a Personal Information Form and Professional Self-concept Nursing Inventory, and the data analysis was accomplished with descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha coefficients and Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector analyses. The professional self-concept score of nurse managers was 3·33 (SD=0·308). Professional competence subdimension had the highest scores, while professional satisfaction subdimension had the lowest. The types of hospital were found to be influential on professional self-concept. The types of hospital were reported to influence the professional self-concept of nurses. Nursing managers are visionaries who can potentially influence nursing practices and decisions. Nursing leaders must monitor and administer strategies to improve their professional self-concept.

The Influence of Jobs–Housing Balance and Socio-economic Characteristics on Commuting in a Polycentric City

Substantial increases in commuting times have become a serious problem affecting the quality of life in Chinese megacities. Accordingly, research into the dynamics of urban spatial restructuring and socio-economic transition in rapidly growing Chinese cities and the impacts on workers’ travel behaviour can provide important evidence in this research field. Using data from a recent survey of employees at their workplaces in sub-centres of Beijing, a multiple linear regression analysis was employed to measure the effect of certain variables on workers’ commuting time, by identifying relationships between the various independent variables (local jobs–housing spatial relationships, individual socio-economic characteristics and choice of transport mode) and the dependent variable (workers’ commuting times). The results of the regression analysis show that jobs–housing balance has a more significant impact on workers’ commuting times than socio-economic characteristics. The results also suggest that workers’ commuting behaviour is strongly related to socio-economic characteristics such as income, age, gender and education, as well as institutional factors such as economic and land-use reforms.

Static and Dynamic Approaches to Studying Factors Affecting the Price of Gold

The study examines the relationship of the price of gold to five factors: the U.S. GDP, Consumer Price Index, U.S. dollar index, S&P 500, and LIBOR, for a period of 10 years, from December 2001 to December 2011. When the values of each precedent were perturbed from the base value, it was found that U.S. GDP has the highest impact on the price of gold. It was also found that the price of gold has a positive relationship with U.S. GDP, CPI, U.S. dollar index and the S&P 500 and a negative relationship with LIBOR. The U.S. GDP shows the highest nonlinear rank correlation, whereas the LIBOR shows the lowest nonlinear rank correlation. It is also proven that it is important to perform sensitivity analysis after a simulation to ascertain if any interactions exist in the model and whether the effects of certain variables still hold in the presence of such interactions.

Physics, Chemistry and Biology Teachers’ Reasons for Choosing the Profession of Teaching and Their Levels of Job Satisfaction with Respect to Certain Variables

The purpose of this study was to determine teachers’ reasons for choosing the profession of teaching and their level of job satisfaction and to investigate the effects of certain variables on their job satisfaction. The research data were collected via a questionnaire form to determine the demographic backgrounds of the participants and a Job Satisfaction Scale made up of 32 items in five parts. For the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, t-test and Scheffe test were used. Of all the participants, 34.8% of them preferred to be a teacher just because they wanted to do the profession of teaching; 20.8% of them reported that they incidentally became a teacher; 16.8% of them stated they became a teacher as it was easy to get employed after graduation; and only 0.7% of them believed the salary was satisfactory. The mean score of the participating teachers’ overall responses to the scale was calculated as 66.5, which demonstrated that the teachers had a moderate level of satisfaction with their jobs. Moreover, it was seen that the teachers’ levels of job satisfaction differed significantly with respect to their gender, age and fields of teaching.

Perceptions of Safety by On-Campus Location, Rurality, and Type of Security/Police Force: The Case of the Community College

This study examined Virginia community college students’ perceptions of campus safety. A survey of 11,161 students revealed the crimes students most feared being a victim of while on the community college campus and the areas in which they felt the most and least safe. The research also demonstrated the effect of certain variables had on students’ overall perception of campus safety. The variables studied included student demographics, the presence and type of security personnel, and the rurality of the campus setting. The campuses with the highest and lowest degrees of perceived safety were then further studied via case studies to gather detailed information, which may assist college administrators and policymakers in improving campus safety on community college campuses.

Where is the Organisational Memory? A Tale of Local Government Employees in Ghana

This article examines the dual effects of certain variables that affect organisational memory loss and organisational learning in local government authorities in Ghana. Analysing data from a case study, the paper argues that plausible enablers of organisational learning could also constrain the storage and utilization of organisational knowledge. We found that unpredictable staff transfers caused by central governments’ management of employees at sub national level in addition to a poor culture of record keeping affect the ability of Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) to combine knowledge and experience required to optimize organizational performance.

Planning-Level Model for Assessing Pedestrian Safety

Crash prediction models are useful tools for identifying locations that have a higher risk of crashes and for prioritizing projects. The focus of this study was on developing macroscopic or planning-level models for pedestrian safety. Although such efforts have been undertaken, they have generally focused on specific cities or counties with census tracts as the unit of the analysis. This study analyzed a larger study area (the state of Florida) at a finer spatial resolution (census block groups instead of tracts). Four models were developed to determine the crash frequency for each census block group. The models were for total crashes, severe and fatal crashes, fatal crashes, and nighttime crashes. The estimated models captured the effects of several socioeconomic, transportation, land use, and contextual variables. The results generally reaffirmed past findings about the relationship between crashes and socioeconomic, transportation, and land use characteristics. However, the models in this study captured relationships at the level of census block groups, whereas most past studies reported relationships at the level of census tracts. In addition, the models developed in this study included the effect of certain variables at multiple spatial scales and yielded interesting results. In particular, the variables at multiple scales clearly indicated locations with larger volumes of conflicting vehicular and pedestrian movements to be of higher risk for pedestrian crashes.

Indoor leakage test for safety of R-290 split type room air conditioner

The selection of alternative refrigerants for the room air conditioner (RAC) industry has, in recent years, been a significant challenge. According to the literature, flammable refrigerants may be one of the potential options. In particular, R-290 (propane) has a major possibility to be the chosen working fluid for the next generation of RACs because of its environmental and unique thermo-physical properties. However, its use is hindered by its flammability and the resulting concerns on safety. In this paper, the safety implications of using R-290 are examined through evaluating the effects of certain variables upon the concentrations of leaked refrigerant into a room. R-290 is leaked under different scenarios and its distributions inside room are measured. The results are interpreted with respect to the requirements of RAC safety standards, where it is found that the requirements may need more detailed verifying for wall type RAC.

A filtration-based protocol to isolate human Plasma Membrane-derived Vesicles and exosomes from blood plasma

The methods of Plasma Membrane-derived Vesicle (PMV) isolation and quantification vary considerably in the literature and a new standard needs to be defined. This study describes a novel filtration method to isolate PMVs in plasma, which avoids high speed centrifugation, and to quantify them using a Becton Dickinson(BD) FACS Calibur™ flow cytometer, as annexin V-positive vesicles, larger than 0.2μm in diameter. Essentially microvesicles (which comprise a mixture of PMVs and exosomes) from citrate plasma were sonicated to break up clumped exosomes, and filtered using Millipore 0.1μm pore size Hydrophilic Durapore membranes in Swinnex 13mm filter holders. Phosphatidylserine-positive PMVs detected with annexin V-PE were quantified using combined labelling and gating strategies in conjunction with Polysciences Polybead Microspheres (0.2μm) and BDTrucount tubes. The PMV absolute count was calculated on the analysis template using the Trucount tube lot number information and expressed in PMV count/ml. Having estimated a normal reference range (0.51×105–2.82×105 PMVs/ml) from a small sample of human donors, using the developed method, the effect of certain variables was investigated. Variations such as freezing of samples and gender status did not significantly alter the PMV absolute count, and with age plasma PMV levels were only marginally reduced. Smokers appeared to have reduced PMV levels. Nicotine, as for calpeptin was shown to dose-dependently (from 10 up to 50μM) reduce levels of early apoptosis in THP-1 monocytes and to decrease the level of PMV release. Fasting individuals had 2–3 fold higher PMV absolute counts compared to non-fasting subjects.

Research on the Effect of Certain Variables Chosen and Technology- Supported Project-Based Learning Approach on 11th-Grade Students’ Attitudes towards Computers

Research on the Effect of Certain Variables Chosen and Technology- Supported Project-Based Learning Approach on 11th-Grade Students’ Attitudes towards Computers

CFD analysis of heat collection in a glazed gallery

A glazed gallery in most old buildings is a space located on the first floor (and/or higher floors), facing south and almost fully glazed. As a result of the large glazed area and the orientation of the gallery, its temperature is warmer than the exterior and, in cold weather, it is used both as a space to insulate the adjacent rooms and as a leisure area, among other applications. In the framework of the ARFRISOL project (Bioclimatic Architecture and Solar Cooling), a demonstration container has been constructed in northern Spain (Asturias) which includes, among other bioclimatic elements, a glazed gallery. This gallery is considered as an element of Bioclimatic Architecture that enables solar radiation to be collected and the energy obtained to be used to support the building's air conditioning system. It consists of a south-facing glazed exterior wall, an intermediate space or passage and a partially glazed interior wall. Dampers located in the floor and ceiling of the intermediate space and connected to the air ducts enable the air circulating inside the gallery to be heated or cooled, depending on the season of the year, before it is further conditioned and conveyed to the rooms. This paper focuses on the three-dimensional numerical simulation of the airflow inside the gallery. The aim is to obtain a model to evaluate the thermal energy obtained in this architectural feature, integrating the effect of certain variables, such as the incident solar irradiation, the outdoor temperature and the air flow rate circulating in the gallery.

Influence of Different Aspects of the SOFC Anode Environment on the Oxidation Behavior of Porous Samples Made of Crofer

Crofer can be considered as the reference interconnect material in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) working under 800°C. Thanks to its thermal expansion coefficient, it is suitable to replace ceramic components, such as the interconnect and the metal support, and it can be cost effective. Several research groups, including Ikerlan, have used porous substrates with the same composition as Crofer (PM from H.C. Starck GmbH, Goslar, Germany) as the metal support for their SOFC cells. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of certain variables (time, temperature, vapor content, cycling, porosity, and current flow), while other aspects are constant (sample composition and particle size and shape).

Comparison of effects of spatial autocorrelation on distribution predictions of four rare plant species in the Watarase wetland

AbstractWe tested the effectiveness of distribution‐prediction models for four rare herbaceous wetland species in the Watarase wetland, Japan, based on data obtained from aerial images. We used visible and near‐infrared aerial images from three seasons, and elevations and vegetation heights derived from the images. Because spatial autocorrelation in species distribution data often biases the estimated effects of certain variables and reduces the prediction accuracy of distribution models, we compared the predictions of an intrinsic conditional autoregressive (CAR) model, which accounts for spatial autocorrelation, with those of a standard logistic regression model. The four study species had different distribution patterns: Ophioglossum namegatae and Impatiens ohwadae had aggregated distributions, whereas Galium tokyoense and Thalictrum simplex var. brevipes had scattered distributions. Predictions based on remote sensing images performed well for O. namegatae with the intrinsic CAR model and for I. ohwadae with both the logistic and CAR models; performance was poor for G. tokyoense and T. simplex var. brevipes with both models. Prediction accuracy improved by the CAR model in comparison to the logistic model most in O. namegatae and least in I. ohwadae. Impatiens ohwadae's distribution was explained well by ground height. In contrast, the apparent improvement in the prediction for O. namegatae resulted from a substantial spatial random effect, suggesting the presence of determinants that could not be detected by remote sensing. The number of explanatory variables with large effects decreased in the intrinsic CAR model in three species possibly by avoiding spatial pseudoreplication, but not for T. simplex var. brevipes.

Strategies for developing design spaces for viral clearance by anion exchange chromatography during monoclonal antibody production

The quality-by-design (QbD) regulatory initiative promotes the development of process design spaces describing the multidimensional effects and interactions of process variables on critical quality attributes of therapeutic products. However, because of the complex nature of production processes, strategies must be devised to provide for design space development with reasonable allocation of resources while maintaining highly dependable results. Here, we discuss strategies for the determination of design spaces for viral clearance by anion exchange chromatography (AEX) during purification of monoclonal antibodies. We developed a risk assessment for AEX using a formalized method and applying previous knowledge of the effects of certain variables and the mechanism of action for virus removal by this process. We then use design-of-experiments (DOE) concepts to perform a highly fractionated factorial experiment and show that varying many process parameters simultaneously over wide ranges does not affect the ability of the AEX process to remove endogenous retrovirus-like particles from CHO-cell derived feedstocks. Finally, we performed a full factorial design and observed that a high degree of viral clearance was obtained for three different model viruses when the most significant process parameters were varied over ranges relevant to typical manufacturing processes. These experiments indicate the robust nature of viral clearance by the AEX process as well as the design space where removal of viral impurities and contaminants can be assured. In addition, the concepts and methodology presented here provides a general approach for the development of design spaces to assure that quality of biotherapeutic products is maintained.

Neurosurgical mortality rates: what variables affect mortality within a single institution and within a national database?

Mortality rate is a common outcome measure used by patients, families, physicians, insurers, and health care policy makers to evaluate and measure the quality of health care. The mortality index is a heavily used metric to measure survival, and is a key indicator in hospital report cards and national rankings. The significance of this metric is belied by the literature, which fails to accurately detail the overall mortality rate within the neurosurgical population. Given that there is no gold standard that can be used as a baseline, it is difficult to make durable interinstitutional comparisons concerning performance. In Part I of this paper, the authors examined an academic neurosurgical program's mortality rate and the effect of certain variables on this rate. In Part II, they assumed a broader perspective, examining a group of institutions, the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) Clinical Database/Resource Manager, and identifying factors that may be responsible for variability in the mortality index between hospitals. Over a 36-month period, the authors' neurosurgical service performed 3650 procedures. Monthly "mortality and morbidity" conference logs were reviewed to collect information on the number of deaths. Deaths were classified according to elective or nonelective admission status. Additionally, the authors reviewed the UHC Clinical Database/Resource Manager for information regarding mortality rates in various other neurosurgical programs. These data reflected a 12-month period. Comparisons of hospital mortality indices were based on the percentage of transferred patients (both emergency department [ED] and inpatient), whether a hospital was a designated Level 1 trauma center, whether a hospital was designated a certified stroke center, and also based on the number of Medicaid patients treated. Sixty-two patients met the criteria to be considered neurosurgery-related deaths at the authors' institution (1.7% of all cases): 9 elective admissions (15%), 3 nonelective direct admissions (5%), 24 transfer patients (39%), and 26 ED admissions (42%). Causes of death included trauma (40%), stroke (33%), tumor (14%), spinal disease (8%), and infection (6%). Evaluation of the UHC data revealed that a mortality index of >or= 1.00 was seen in the following hospital types: trauma centers, hospitals with 11-20% Medicaid patients, and those with > 50,000 ED admissions. A nonstatistically significant trend toward increasing mortality rates was seen in hospitals with a lower percentage of elective neurosurgical cases, in Level 1 trauma centers, and in hospitals that were not certified stroke centers. Significance was seen in comparisons of hospitals with the highest and lowest mortality index quartiles in the following groups: trauma centers, hospitals with > 10% Medicaid patients, and hospitals with a high number of ED visits. Many variables appear to impact the mortality rate within the neurosurgical population. The authors' observations have illuminated some of the reasons why: the data are elusive, documentation is variable, and the modes of statistical analysis are questionable. The first step in addressing this issue is to identify that there is a problem. The authors believe that this study has done so. Presently there is no definitive or reliable source for rating the quality of overall neurosurgical care, nor is there a good and complete source for understanding the quality of neurosurgical care in the US. It is important to view these results as the initial steps to a better understanding of patient outcomes, their measures, and their impact on neurosurgical practice.

A comparison of acceptance and hopelessness levels of disabled preschool children's mothers

The general purpose of this study was to compare the effects of certain variables on the acceptance issue of mothers with disabled children and their hopelessness levels. Mothers of 49 preschool children with autism and 52 with Down Syndrome, a total of 101 mothers, constituted the sampling of this study. Data were collected by the PARQ-Mother Version, Beck Hopelessness Scale and Personal Information Scale. The results revealed a linear relationship between acceptance and hopelessness levels in mothers of children with disability. It was found that mothers were more hopeless in case of rejection, whereas the hopelessness level decreased in case of acceptance.