Effects Of Carbon Dioxide Concentration Research Articles

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on biomass production and partitioning in Betula pubescens Ehrh. seedlings at different ozone and temperature regimes

Seedlings of Betula pubescens were grown at two CO 2 concentrations, in combination with either two O 3 concentrations or two air temperatures, during 34–35 days at 24 h day −1 photoperiod in growth chambers placed in a greenhouse. Increasing the CO 2 concentration from 350 to 560 μmol mol −1 at 17°C air temperature increased the dry weight of the main leaves, main stem, branches and root. The mean relative growth rate (RGR) was increased 10% by CO 2 enrichment, while increasing the O 3 concentration from 7 to 62 nmol mol −1 decreased the RGR by 9%. The relative biomass distribution between the different plant components was not significantly affected by the CO 2 concentration irrespective of the O 3 concentration. No significant interactions between CO 2 and O 3 concentration were found except on leaf size, which was stimulated more by elevated CO 2 concentration at high, compared to low, O 3 levels. In another experiment, elevated CO 2 (700 μmol mol −1) significantly increased the dry weight of the different plant components, and more at 20°C than at 15°C. Raising the CO 2 concentration increased the RGR by 5 and 10% at 15 and 20°C, respectively. CO 2 enrichment increased the branch dry weight relatively more than the dry weight of the other plant parts. Increasing the CO 2 concentration or temperature increased the plant height and stem diameter, however, no interactions between CO 2 and temperature were found.

Effects of Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Wind Speed Using the Chamber Method on Soil Respiration

Effects of Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Wind Speed Using the Chamber Method on Soil Respiration

Examination of the method for measuring soil respiration in cultivated land: Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on soil respiration

AbstractAn acceleration of soil respiration with decreasing CO2 concentration was suggested in the field measurements. The result supporrs that obtained in laboratory experiments in our previous study. The CO2 concentrations in a chamber of the alkali absorption method (the AA‐method) were about 150–250 parts/106 lower than that in the atmosphere (about 350 parts/106), while those observed in the open‐flow IRGA method (the OF‐method) were nearly equal to the soil surface CO2 levels. The AA‐method at such low CO2 levels in the chamber appears to overestimate the soil respiration. Our results showed that the rates obtained by the AA‐method were about twice as large as those by the OF‐method in field and laboratory measurements. This finding has important consequences with respect to the validity of the existing data obtained by the AA‐method and the estimation of changes in the terrestrial carbon flow with elevated CO2

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the bioleaching of a pyrite–arsenopyrite ore concentrate

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the bacterial leaching of a pyrite-arsenopyrite ore concentrate was studied in continuous-flow reactors. Steady-state operation with two feed slurry densities, 6 wt% and 16 wt% solids, were tested for the effect of carbon dioxide concentration. Bacterial growth rates were estimated via the measurement of carbon dioxide consumption rates. Aqueous-phase carbon dioxide concentrations in excess of 10 mg/L were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth.

Leaf conductance and rate of crop transpiration of greenhouse grown sweet pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) as affected by carbon dioxide

The effects of carbon dioxide concentration (CO 2) in the range 300–1100 μmol mol −1 on leaf conductance ( g) and rate of crop transpiration ( E) of sweet pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) were investigated in spring 1990. In two greenhouse compartments (154 m 2) that were simultaneously exposed to different CO 2 levels, leaf conductance of the upper leaves was measured with a steady state diffusion porometer and crop transpiration rates were measured with three weighing lysimeters per greenhouse compartment. Multiple regression equations, describing the effects of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), vapour pressure deficit (VPD)-leaf-air, CO 2 and optionally leaf temperature on g, were fitted to the measured data. The fitted regression curves demonstrated that 100 μmol mol −1 increase in CO 2 reduced g by about 3%, at any level of CO 2, VPD and PAR, if VPD and PAR would remain constant. Measured rates of crop transpiration were highly correlated to radiation and were in reasonable accordance with the Penman-Monteith combination equation. With this equation it was estimated that a 10% decrease in g would reduce E by 1.5–3% at high levels of g (high radiation) and by 4–7% at low g (dark weather), at least if VPD would remain constant. In a greenhouse-crop system, however, owing to thermal and hydrologic feedbacks, an increase in CO 2 leads to a considerable increase in VPD-leaf-air. This enforces the effect of CO 2 on g and counteracts the effect of CO 2 on E, because the driving force for transpiration is enhanced. Thus, in general the apparent response of g to changes in CO 2 is far greater than the mentioned percentage, whereas the apparent response of E is relatively small.

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on microbial respiration in soil

AbstractIn order to assess the validity of conventional methods for measuring CO2 flux from soil, the relationship between soil microbial respiration and ambient CO2 concentration was studied using an open‐flow infra‐red gas analyser (IRGA) method. Andosol from an upland field in central Japan was used as a soil sample. Soil microbial respiration activity was depressed with the increase of CO2 concentration in ventilated air from 0 to 1000 ppmv. At 1000 ppmv, the respiration rate was less than half of that at 0 ppmv. Thus, it is likely that soil respiration rate is overestimated by the alkali absorption method, because CO2 concentration in the absorption chamber is much lower than the normal level. Metabolic responses to CO2 concentration were different among groups of soil microorganisms. The bacteria actinomycetes group cultivated on agar medium showed a more sensitive response to the CO2 concentration than the filamentous fungi group.

Effect of carbon dioxide on fruiting in Aspergillus nidulans

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on growth and sexual differentiation of Aspergillus nidulans was investigated. The activities of several enzymes of intermediary carbon metabolism were only slightly affected by removal of carbon dioxide. However, depending on the time and duration of a lowered carbon dioxide level, sexual differentiation was strongly inhibited, possibly through inhibition of α-1,3 glucan synthesis. If the cultures were deprived of carbon dioxide at the end of the growth phase, the activity of the developmentally regulated enzyme α-1,3 glucanase was very low and sexual differentiation was inhibited. Addition of carbon compounds to the medium in some cases alleviated the negative effect of lack of CO2 on sexual differentiation. A concentration of carbon dioxide higher than the atmospheric concentration is important in Aspergillus nidulans for α-1,3 glucan metabolism and sexual differentiation.

Effects of carbon dioxide concentration on anaerobic fermentations of Escherichia coli

The effect of dissolved carbon dioxide concentration in the anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli was investigated. E. coli was grown anaerobically with the dissolved CO2 concentration controlled over the range from 8x10-6 M to 3.7x10-2 M in the liquid phase. The maximum specific growth rate was 0.75h-1 at 1.3x10-3 M CO2 and the maximum yield of cells on glucose was 0.32 at 1.75x10-4 M CO2. The maximum specific growth rate occurs close to the concentration of CO2 prevalent in the mammalian gut where E. coli naturally resides.

Effects of carbon dioxide concentration on coral photosynthesis

The effects of inorganic carbon concentrations on photosynthetic oxygen evolution of isolated zooxanthellae and coral tips from the hermatypic coral Seriatopora hystrix were measured in the laboratory using an oxygen electrode. Whole coral colonies of Stylophora pistillata were examined in situ, using a bioassay respirometer. Inorganic carbon concentrations above 2.3 mM, the ambient concentration of reef water, generally did not stimulate photosynthesis. These results indicate that inorganic carbon is not limiting to coral photosynthesis and that respiratory carbon dioxide production by the coral host probably has little effect on the photosynthetic rates of its symbiotic zooxanthellae.

Assimilate Movement in Lolium and Sorghum Leaves. Iii. Carbon Dioxide Concentration Effects on the Metabolism and Translocation of Photosynthate.

Raising the CO2 concentration of air to 720 �l I-� increased the rate of net CO2 uptake by the leaf of Lolium temulentum, a C*3 species, more than in Sorghum sudanense, a C*4 species. In Lolium, but not in Sorghum, high CO2 over a 6 h period resulted in relatively more of the additional leaf photosynthate being partitioned into storage rather than to translocation. Removing CO2 from the air passing over a 5 cm length of leaf before and after a pulse application of 14CO2 resulted in a reduced labelling of sucrose and a slower rate of export of 14C-labelled photosynthate in both species. With the fall in net CO2 exchange by the leaf section deprived of CO2 there was a compensating increase within this section in retention of photosynthate derived from the distal part of the leaf. Evidence provided by 14CO2 pulse chase experiments and CO2 exchange studies confirmed the relative enhancement of photorespiration under low CO2 concentrations in Lolium, but not in Sorghum. The CO2 depletion experiments provide a useful base for comparison with the effect of low light and water stress on photosynthate metabolism and translocation in that both these conditions reduce CO2 uptake. There is support for the suggestion that the change in photosynthate metabolism under water stress in C*3 species may result from reduced CO2 entry into the leaf due to stomatal closure.

The role of CO 2 enrichment of aerating gas in the growth of an estuarine diatom

The effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the growth of Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt) Hasle and Heimdal clone 3H was studied at three light intensity levels and two oxygen concentrations. Algal cultures were grown in an enriched artificial seawater medium under constant illumination in 500 ml gas wash bottles. Population density, particulate carbon and particulate nitrogen were measured periodically during exponential growth. Growth rate did not increase as the CO 2 concentration was elevated above 16.0 μmole/l. Freshly inoculated algal cultures did not grow in an organic carbon-free medium bubbled with CO 2 -free air. The kinetics of inorganic carbon mobilization including concentrations, reaction rates, and CO 2 transport, generation and uptake are analyzed.

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants : VII. Influence of light intensity and temperature on the effect or carbon dioxide-enrichment in some C<SUB>3</SUB>-and C<SUB>4</SUB>-species

[in Japanese]

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop plants : VI. Effect of oxygen concentration on the carbon dioxide-dry matter production relationship in some C<SUB>3</SUB>- and C<SUB>4</SUB>- crop species

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop plants : VI. Effect of oxygen concentration on the carbon dioxide-dry matter production relationship in some C<SUB>3</SUB>- and C<SUB>4</SUB>- crop species

Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on calcification in the red coralline alga Bossiella orbigniana

The relationship between various experimental concentrations of CO2 and calcification in Bossiella orbigniana (Decaisne) was studied by measuring Ca-45 incorporation into the crystalline matrix. Air containing CO2 at partial pressures (PCO2) of 0.04 to 5.5% was bubbled through synthetic seawater in incubation vessels. The resultant pH values in the presence of plants ranged from 6.5 to 8.7. The maximum calcification rate appears to lie between 0.11 and 1.05% PCO2. The data suggest that calcification is controlled by a biological process that may be sensitive to pH and/or to the relative bicarbonate concentration. The data also suggest that a severalfold increase in CO2 over the present atmospheric level might lead to increased calcification in this marine alga.

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants : V. Analysis of after-effect of carbon dioxide-treatment on apparent photosynthesis

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants : V. Analysis of after-effect of carbon dioxide-treatment on apparent photosynthesis

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants : IV. After-effects of carbon dioxide-treatments on the apparent photosynthesis, dark respiration and dry matter production

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants : IV. After-effects of carbon dioxide-treatments on the apparent photosynthesis, dark respiration and dry matter production

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants

Two kinds of experiments were conducted to elucidate the relationship between atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen nutrition on the dry matter production of crop seedlings. One was a water culture (Table 1) of rice, and the other was a soil culture of rice, Japanese millet and maize at 5 to 6-leaf stages. In the former experiment, nitrogen was applied at 5 to 40 ppm in ammonium nitrate form, and in the latter, 30 to 160 mg nitrogen per plant was applied in ammonium sulfate form. CO2 enrichment or depletion treatments (160 to 3200 ppm) were carried out in transparent plastic growth chambers placed outdoors for 8 to 10 days in June and August. The following results were obtained:1. In rice plant (C3-species), higher CO2 concentration promoted dry matter production, and the effect was accelerated by higher nitrogen levels due mainly to increased leaf area of tillers (Tables 2, 3, 4; Fig.2). No change was caused in the response of net assimilation rate (NAR) to CO2 concentration by nitrogen levels in the soil (Fig.1).2. Japanese millet (C4-species) was similar to rice in its response of leaf area growth to CO2 and nitrogen, but its low response of NAR to CO2 brought the lower response of dry matter growth rate (GR) to CO2 as compared with rice (Table 4; Fig.1).3. In maize (C4-species), leaf area growth showed fairly a high response to CO2 at both nitrogen levels, but the response of NAR to CO2 was very low, causing its low response of GR to CO2. Little response of NAR to nitrogen levels was observed both in rice and Japanese millet alike (Table 4; Fig.1).From these results, it may be concluded that the pattern of dry matter production of crop plants in their response to CO2 concentration or nitrogen nutrition does not always reflect their CO2-photosynthesis characteristics as C3-or C4-species, due principally to their differential response in leaf area growth.

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants : II. Specific and varietal differences in the response of dry matter production

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants : II. Specific and varietal differences in the response of dry matter production

Effect of Carbon Dioxide Concentration on Growth and Dry Matter Production of Crop Plants : 1. Effects on leaf area, dry matter, tillering, dry matter distribution ratio, and transpiration

Crop plants at the 5 to 7-leaf stages possessing C3 (barley, rice, and soybean) and C4 (barnyard millet and maize) pathways of photosynthesis were cultured for 15 days in transparent growth chambers placed outdoors under 4 different carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations from 1/2 to 10 times the normal atmosphere (ca. 350 ppm) to make clear the effects of various CO2 concentrations on growth and dry matter production. The following results were obtained: I. Increases in plant height and leaf area were promoted by high CO2 concentrations, but the degree of promotion was relatively small. At a low concentration (160 ppm), plants often elongated and had narrow drooping leaves as compared to control plants under normal CO3 concentration. 2. Increase in dry weight was promoted by high CO2 concentrations and suppressed by a low concentration. This increase proceeded up to about 3 times (sometimes 10 times) the normal concentration, and this was effected mainly through the increase in net assimilation rate. The C3- and C4-plants responded differently to CO2 concentrations, the latter giving less suppression at a low concentration and less promotion at high concentrations than the former. 3. Tillering in barley and rice was accelerated by high CO2 concentratoins and withheld by a low concentration. In rice plants, observed at the 7-leaf stage, the promotion of tillering took place at the 4th node, and the appearance of tillers was made steadier at the 2nd and 3rd nodes by high CO2 concentrations. 4. Distribution ratio of dry matter in rice and maize was in a marked contrast. In rice plant distribution to leaves was less and that to roots was increased at high CO2 concentrations, while in maize such a tendency was not observed at all. 5. Transpiration rates (dm-2 day-1) were smaller at higher CO2 concentrations. At a low concentration, the promotion of transpiration was enhanced day by day as the treatment proceeded. On fine days, the leaf temperature was about 1°C lower at a low CO2 concentration and about 1°C higher at higher concentrations as compared to control plot, but no difference was observed on cloudy days.

Ethylene and the germination and early growth of barley

Barley seeds have been germinated in gas mixtures containing ethylene (up to 20 vpm) and various amounts of oxygen (0.5–21.0 per cent). When oxygen was adequate, ethylene had no effect on germination but decreased root growth and increased top growth. Ethylene-treated roots were short, broad and curled. When inadequate oxygen slowed seedling growth, ethylene had no effect on roots but increased top growth. Effects of carbon dioxide concentration and of the residual effects of ethylene on seedling growth are also discussed.