Effect Of Calcination Temperature Research Articles

Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Lead Citrate as Precursor for Preparation of Lead Oxide from Lead Sulfate

ABSTRACT In this study, an efficient method of lead recovery from lead sulfate in spent lead-acid batteries assisted by ultrasonic is developed using the citric acid–sodium citrate solution. Ultrasonic-assisted technology is employed to enhance the kinetics of lead sulfate leaching. Initially, the predominance area of the lead citrate complexes was analyzed. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic-assisted technology on the kinetic behavior of lead sulfate within the citric acid–sodium citrate solution, thereby unveiling the differences between ultrasonic-assisted leaching and the non-ultrasonic-assisted leaching. Kinetic study indicated that the employment of ultrasonic-assisted technology could effectively reduce the apparent activation energy during the desulfurization process, decreasing the energy initially required from 43.27 kJ/mol to 35.15 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the ultrasonic-assisted leaching led to successful preparation of lead citrate precursor, characterized by a smaller particle size and larger specific surface area. Systematic investigations were performed on the thermal decomposition process of these precursors and the effects of calcination temperature and holding time on the properties of calcination products. It was revealed that pure porous lead oxide powder with a purity of 99.9% could be produced successfully under the conditions of calcination temperature at 350°C and holding time of 1 h. The research provides an innovative process for the efficient recovery of lead from spent lead acid batteries.

Effect of calcination temperature and superplasticizer on the properties of anhydrite II from phosphogypsum

Effect of calcination temperature and superplasticizer on the properties of anhydrite II from phosphogypsum

Preparation and performance of catalyst for organic peroxide wastewater treatment

To improve the oxidation pretreatment efficiency of wastewater from organic peroxides, a catalyst (CeO2-C catalyst) was developed using the calcination method with ceramic particles as the support. The crystalline structure and elemental composition of the CeO2-C catalyst were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This study explored the effects of CeO2 mass ratio, calcination temperature, and calcination time on the performance of the catalyst. The optimal preparation conditions were established through orthogonal experiments. Additionally, the synergistic effect of the catalyst on the ozone oxidation treatment of peroxide wastewater was investigated. The results indicated that the optimal preparation parameters were a CeO2 mass ratio of 4 %, a calcination temperature of 500 °C, and a duration of 5 h, respectively. After five cycles of reuse, the catalytic activity slightly decreased but remained relatively stable. With an ozone flow rate of 6 L/min, the CeO2-C/ozone catalytic oxidation process achieved a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal rate of 28.11 % in wastewater, and the B/C (the ratio of BOD concentration to COD concentration) of wastewater improved from 0.093 to 0.152. The calcination method proved effective for preparing the CeO2-C catalyst, which demonstrated significant catalytic performance and held promising application prospects in the oxidation pretreatment of organic peroxide wastewater.

Effect of calcination temperature on the activity of basalt tailings for the lightweight geopolymer from microwave curing

Basalt, the most widely distributed alumino-silicate volcanic rock on Earth, is commonly utilized in construction aggregate area. The challenge lies in how to utilize the tailings produced during mining processes to create high-value products through energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly means. A previous study has already shown the use of basalt tail powder as raw material for lightweight geopolymer materials supported microwave curing, without an extensive focus on mechanical properties, in turn known to be significantly affected by the reactivity of constituents. Here, calcination operations are discussed in their impact on the activity of basalt for lightweight geopolymer from microwave curing. Additionally, the thermal characteristics of basalt during temperature were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses were employed to examine the micromorphology, chemical structure, phase compositions, and reaction degree of basalt and its alkali activated products. The results prove that basalt is a sustainable raw material for geopolymers, with properties already optimized without calcination, in turn determining a slight increase only at 750 °C (resulting in compressive strength >7 MPa, with a porosity of 30 %). The effect mechanism of calcination temperature on the activity of basalt tailings for the lightweight geopolymer from microwave curing is also discussed.

Improved electrochemical performance of the iron-doped NiO nanoparticles at varying calcination temperatures and examination of their supercapacitor applications

The scientific community is interested in increasing oxide electrochemical characteristics for supercapacitor applications. The present research explores the development of supercapacitor electrodes using Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles synthesised via chemical co-precipitation method with varied calcination temperatures (350, 550, and 750 °C). The key innovation of the work lies in the systematic investigation of the effects of calcination temperature on the electrochemical properties and structural characteristics of the Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a trend of increasing crystallite size with rising temperatures, and optical studies indicated a decreasing trend in the energy band gap from 3.67 eV to 3.23 eV. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the metal-oxygen bond in the molecules. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis showed the mesoporous spherical morphology of the nanoparticles. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) ensured the samples' elemental composition purity. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) shows a specific surface area of around 180.8 m2/g was obtained for Fe-doped NiO nanoparticles at 350 °C. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that the Fe-doped NiO electrodes, especially calcined at 350 °C, exhibit superior specific capacitance values (635 F/g) and impressive cycle stability with 93.29 % capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. The present demonstrates the potential of optimizing calcination temperatures to enhance the electrochemical performance and stability of Fe-doped NiO supercapacitor electrodes, marking a significant advancement in supercapacitor technology.

Catalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid using Co-N/C catalysts with stepwise base addition approach

The production of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) through green reaction routes is of crucial scientific value for the production of sustainable polymers. This study explores the active centers in cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon (Co-N/C) for FDCA production. It was established that Co-Nx synergistically along with the nitrogen-doped carbon acted as centers for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation. This study demonstrates a sustainable method for FDCA production from HMF without using precious metals, organic solvents, and harsh basic environments. Co-N/C catalyst displayed a high FDCA yield of ∼90% in an aqueous medium under mildly basic conditions in 34 h with 100% HMF conversion. An innovative strategy of stepwise base addition has been proposed to effectively accelerate the generation reaction of FDCA. The detrimental effects of high heating rate and calcination temperature on the active centers were also thoroughly investigated. Through DFT simulations it was established that Co-Nx aided in the activation of oxygen for HMF oxidation.

Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Structural and Catalytic Efficiency of APSR-Derived CaO for Biodiesel Production

Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Structural and Catalytic Efficiency of APSR-Derived CaO for Biodiesel Production

Exploring the Synthesis of Novel Sillenite Bi12SnO20: Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Phase Formation and Catalytic Performance

Sillenite materials have been the focus of intense research in recent years due to their unique properties and distinct structure with the I23 space group. This electronic structure has reflected high-quality applications and results for some environmental processes such as photocatalysis. This paper investigates the synthesis of a new sillenite, Bi12SnO20, and its characteristics, emphasizing its potential for photocatalytic applications. The sillenite Bi12SnO20 has been synthesized through the co-precipitation method by mixing the appropriate ratio of Bi and Sn ions. The obtained particles after precipitation and drying were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and then calcined at different temperatures based on this analysis. The phase has been identified by structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and its morphology after identification was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The calcination temperature has been found to have a critical role in obtaining the phase, where the phase was found to be formed at temperatures between 310 and 400 °C and changed to other phases within higher temperatures. The physicochemical properties of this sillenite were also studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV Visible Spectrometer (UV-Vis). To study the obtained phases at different calcination temperatures, performance testing was performed under visible light to remove different contaminants, which are Tetracycline, Bisphenol A, and Rhodamine B. The phase Bi12SnO20 obtained at 350 °C with a catalyst dose of 1 g/L showed the highest performance for removing these pollutants with concentrations of 20 mg/L, with an efficiency of almost 100% within 2 h. This work will be useful as an important resource and strategy for the development of this sillenite material in its pure phase.

MoC nanoparticles decorated carbon nanofibers loaded with Li2S as high-performance lithium sulfur battery cathodes

Lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries have broad development potential in the field of electrochemical energy storage due to their high theoretical specific capacity, low cost, and environmentally friendly. However, the notorious shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) during cycling process severely limits the performance improvement of Li-S batteries. In this work, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) decorated by MoC nanoparticles have been successfully established through electrospin combined with carbothermal reduction method. The effect of calcination temperature and MoC loading amount on the catalytic activity on LiPSs, as well as the electrochemical performance have been first investigated in detail. Based on the visualized adsorption and LiPSs conversion kinetics testing, the CNFs@MoC composites with 37 wt% MoC loading (CNFs@MoC-37 %) are confirmed to be the optimized sample. By using liquid-phase impregnation to load Li2S onto the CNFs@MoC-37 % composites to act as cathode, the assembled cells can achieve a reversible capacity of 941 mAh g−1 and 751 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.1C and 1C respectively. The reversible capacity can still maintain at 550 mAh g−1 at 1C after 500 cycles, corresponding to the capacity decay rate of 0.054 % per cycle.

Magnetically recyclable PrFeO3/g-C3N4 nano-photocatalyst with Z-scheme structure: Synthesis and characterization and its application for enhanced degradation of malachite green as contaminated water under sunlight

Using the modified sol–gel process, PrFeO3 nanoparticles were produced with citric acid, maleic acid and malic acid present as carboxylic acids. Research has been done on the effects of calcination temperature, and fuel type as operational synthesis factors on the product’s characteristics. The nanocomposites based on PrFeO3 was fabricated with different percentage of g-C3N4. The resultant flawless sample was used as a photocatalyst to degrade organic dyes under visible light due to narrow band gap (2.42 eV). The scavengers for active agents were examined in order to better understand the process of photocatalytic degradation. Thus, maximal efficiency (93 %) was obtained employing 0.06 g PrFeO3/g-C3N410% nano-photocatalysts in 5 ppm malachite green. The optimized sample shows proper structural stability and recycles ability after 5 runs.

Carbon-doped CuO nanoparticle-constructed single tube adsorbent for high efficient adsorption of Pb2+ at near room temperature

How to prepare adsorbents using economical, environmentally friendly and simple methods has become the focus of research. In this paper, silk cotton (SC) was used as a biomass template impregnated with copper nitrate solution and then calcined to prepare CuO-based adsorbent. Carbon-doped CuO (C/CuO-400) adsorbent was obtained under 400 °C air calcination calcination. It completely replicates the morphology of kapok and consists of uniformly smaller nanoparticles. The effects of different calcination temperatures, adsorption temperatures, adsorption times, adsorbent dosages and different concentrations on the adsorption of lead ions were investigated. The results showed that C/CuO-400 had a good adsorption effect on Pb2+, which was suitable for Pseudo second-order and Langmuir, and the maximum adsorption amount of Pb2+ was 588.24 mg/g with good Reusability. This environmentally friendly, economical and simple to operate biomass template prepared adsorbent of single tube C/CuO has good adsorption effect on lead ions, which is very meaningful and easy to promote the preparation of adsorbent.

Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Surface of Prepared ZnO Nanocatalysts

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) having nsemiconducting properties are important nanocatalysts for many surface reactions. Because of their extensive use as heterogeneous nanocatalyst for energy production and environmental cleaning, it is essential to understand their surface properties to design better chemical and photochemical nanocatalysts. Here, we used the sol-gel method to develop numerous ZnO NPs at various calcination temperatures (300 - 800 oC) and analyzed by different surface characterization techniques such as FTIR, SEM, XRD and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. To investigate the catalytic activity a series of photooxidation studies on Remazol Red RR (RRR) were carried out at different conditions. From the surface characteristic analysis, it is found that the crystalline ZnO NPs are formed at above 400 oC temperature. The highest photocatalytic efficiency is found at 500 oC which might be related to the lowest particle size (35.4 ± 5.2 nm) and surface heterogeneity. The experimental results suggest that temperature-controlled growth rate and intra/inter-particle heterogeneity of ZnO nanoparticles have a great impact on the surface properties and photocatalytic activity. In addition to surface area, surface defects and crystal deformation may have a considerable impact on the photocatalytic activity by ZnO NPs. Finally, this study will help to understand what type of surface properties need to optimize to design industrial suit ZnO nanocatalysts. Journal of Engineering Science 15(1), 2024, 75-81

Experimental investigation on mechanical property and hydration process of sintered sludge cement paste at different water‐binder ratios and curing ages

AbstractThis research investigated the mechanical property and hydration process of sintered sludge cement (SSC) paste, focusing on the effects of calcination temperature of sludge, sintered sludge ash (SSA) content, curing age, and water‐binder ratio using isothermal calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and multiple regression. Increasing calcination temperature enhanced the compressive strength of SSC paste due to the decomposition of minerals like Clinochlore and Muscovite. The compressive strength decreased by 2.4%–49.4% when the SSA content increased from 0% to 50%, with more significant declines noted at higher water‐binder ratios. Notably, the 7‐day compressive strength of the cement paste with 10% SSA showed little change, and the 28‐day compressive strength actually increased at a water‐binder ratio of 0.4. SSA slowed down the hydration rate of cement and induced more Monocarbonate to form in the early stage. A multiple linear regression model was developed to predict SSC compressive strength with a 12% error margin.

Studies on sol–gel autocombustion processed Ni–Zn–Mg ferrite system: effect of calcination temperature, thermoelectric power, and gas sensing application

Studies on sol–gel autocombustion processed Ni–Zn–Mg ferrite system: effect of calcination temperature, thermoelectric power, and gas sensing application

Tailoring solar-assisted calcium looping for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) steam gasification: Combined effect of carbonation and calcination temperatures on process performance

The solar-assisted calcium looping process has gained more and more interest in recent years. It allows both the capture of CO2 and the storage of solar energy during sorbent regeneration, removing the request of auxiliary fuels for heat supply. The effect of carbonation or calcination temperatures on calcium looping performance has been widely studied but mainly based on individual factors. This study investigated the combined effect of carbonation and calcination temperatures on sorbent deactivation and solar energy carrying capacity of a solar-assisted calcium looping process (10 calcination‑carbonation cycles) in a directly irradiated fluidized bed, to obtain the optimized operating temperatures with conceptual reference to the integration with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) steam gasification. The investigated carbonation and calcination temperatures were 600–700 °C and 800–900 °C, respectively, while the inlet CO2 concentration during carbonation was set at 10%v following previous results on PET steam gasification. The experimental results showed that increasing the calcination temperatures promoted the deactivation, while the carbonation temperature had a negligible effect. Fitting parameters of deactivation models were obtained by varying carbonation and calcination temperatures and performed well in process prediction, which broadens the application of these models at different operating temperatures. The best optimized condition of the solar-assisted calcium looping process for maximal averaged carbonation degree and energy carrying capacity was at carbonation temperature of 600 °C and calcination temperature of 800 °C. However, considering hydrogen yield and heat transfer to gasification, the second-best set (carbonation temperature of 650 °C and calcination temperature of 850 °C) would be preferable for the PET steam gasification process. The results of process optimization for all temperature combinations were provided, so that the required condition can be accordingly chosen also for the integration of other processes with solar-assisted calcium looping.

Non-thermal plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis over alumina-supported iron catalyst: Insights into the effect of alumina calcination temperature

Non-thermal plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis (NTPCAS) has been regarded as a promising route to store hydrogen by utilizing renewable electricity. Alumina is a suitable support of the catalysts in NTPCAS and its properties can influence the performance of catalysts remarkably. In this study, the influence of the alumina calcination temperatures (Tc) on the catalytic performance of Fe-Al-x (x represents the value of Tc) was analyzed in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor for NTPCAS. The results suggested that an increase in Tc transforms the alumina crystalline from γ phase to α phase. The best performance with a synthesized ammonia concentration of 11833 ppm was achieved over Fe-Al-900 with coexisting γ and θ phases of alumina under N2: H2 = 1:1 and SEI = 37.05 kJ/L conditions, which was 37 % higher than that of Fe-Al-800 with only γ phase. In addition, the larger Tc (i.e. 1100 and 1200 °C) decreased the specific surface area, increased the mean catalyst particle size, and led to the non-uniform dispersion of Fe species. The NH3-TPD and XPS studies suggested that an increase in Tc could influence the surface acidity and oxygen vacancy concentration of Fe catalysts, which were crucial to adjusting the catalytic activity for NTPCAS. This study clarifies the value of a suitable design of support of catalysts for improving NTPCAS.

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Green Powder From Ensis sp. Shell Waste

Ensis sp. is a primary source of protein from the Nyumbun Tradition in Jambi Province, and it is becoming solid waste after tradition. This study explored the effect of calcination temperature on green powder derived from Ensis sp. shell waste. Before characterization, the powder was treated at room temperature, 800 °C, and 900 °C. After that, the powder material was studied using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) instruments. The material was shifted using a 200 mesh sieve. Temperature of 800 and 900 °C showed similar Ca content of 443 and 447,6 mg/g, respectively. The morphology of the two samples was different due to the other temperature conditions used. Higher temperatures induce decomposition, leading to a decrease in particle size. The product of this process could be used as a promising heterogeneous catalyst, so it reduced the existence of shell waste.

Lignin-MOF hybrid polymetallic composites for selective hydrogenolysis of cellulose derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

The development of green, effective and inexpensive catalysts was important for the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to prepare 5-methylfurfuryl alcohol (MFA). The assembly of sodium lignosulfonate (LS) with NiCo-MOFs through a simple hydrothermal method was reported, and a series of iron-containing polymetallic hybrid catalysts were investigated. The introduction of iron led to the increase of medium strong acid sites and Lewis acid sites in the catalyst and enhanced the adsorption of furan rings, thus improved the catalytic activity. The effects of calcination temperature, iron content, and reaction parameters (including reaction temperature, pressure, hydrogen donor solvent) were all studied in detail. It was found that HMF could be completely converted over Fe@Ni3Co-MOF-LS, with a MFA yield of 88.75 % under the optimal condition (240 ℃, 2 MPa N2 in 4 h) without the presence of hydrogen. This study provided a new perspective for the utilization of lignin resource as carbon-based catalysts for the production of biomass-derived platform chemicals.

Nitrate reduction on bimetallic (Pd0.09Sn0.91) electrodes: Effects of calcination temperature, electrode support, and quenching

The effects of fabrication process, namely, calcination temperature, electrode support, and quenching, on electrochemical nitrate reduction were investigated, exemplified by Pd0.09Sn0.91 electrode. The electrode was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. Results showed that electrode surface morphology, crystalline formation, and chemical composition, which were influenced by the electrode fabrication process, controlled nitrogen selectivity and nitrate reduction reactivity. The Pd0.09Sn0.91/SS electrodes were calcined at different temperatures (from 100 to 700 °C) for 3 h in air and the results showed that high calcination temperature rendered electrode oxidized, and decreased nitrogen selectivity and nitrate reduction capability. Electrode supports affected nitrate reduction following the order of Ni ≈SS > G > Ti. Quenching electrode in ice water decreased nitrate reduction capability. Porous surface with small oxygen content, less degree of metal oxidation (i.e., higher fraction of Pd0 and Sn0), and Sn crystals favored nitrogen selectivity and nitrate removal.

Calcination synthesized and self-assembled “rough bark-like” cobalt pyrophosphate for the high-performance hybrid supercapacitor as cathode materials

Transition-metal phosphate/pyrophosphate always exhibits promising theoretical electrochemical performance and has essential prospects in supercapacitors. In this study, “rough bark-like” Co2P2O7 is successfully synthesized via calcination method using ammonium cobalt phosphate as raw material. By investigating the effect of calcination temperature on the morphology of Co2P2O7, the pure cobalt pyrophosphate piece could be prepared at 600 °C (CPO-600). Due to the unique morphology and mesoporous presence, the CPO-600 exhibits a good affinity and infiltration interface with the electrolyte and displays a specific capacitance of 544 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 in 3 M KOH, which has excellent rate performance. After 10,000 cycles at 20 A g−1, it still maintains the good cycle stability with 81.48 % initial specific capacitance. Furthermore, the hybrid asymmetric aqueous supercapacitor of CPO-600//AC delivers remarkable energy densities of 10.6 Wh kg−1 at power densities of 559 W kg−1. And its gel electrolyte device also provides higher electrochemical properties and good comprehensive performance.