Effects Of Cadmium Chloride Research Articles

Effect of cadmium on the ovarian development in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man)

In this investigation, effect of cadmium chloride (25 μg/l) on oogenesis of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii was studied. In vivo experiments were performed with both intact and eyestalk ablated prawns. The intact, cadmium-exposed prawns exhibited decrease in Gonado Somatic Index (GSI) and ovarian development compared to controls. Whereas, ablated treated ovary showed reduction of yolk material and oocyte membrane thickness at the end of 15 days exposure. Interestingly, the control prawn showed normal cellular architecture of gills, hepatopancreas and ovary with mature oocytes. But, the gills of treated prawns showed lamellar hypertrophy, cuticular dystrophy and irregular arrangement of epithelial cells. Hepatopancreas showed reduction in both tubular diameter and basement membrane thickness. Conspicuously, ovary showed hypertrophied primary oocytes with more vacuoles in intact-treated group. Cadmium had increased gonad inhibiting hormone (GIH) secretion and decreased gonad stimulating hormone (GSH) release as evident with the retardation of gonadal maturation in the intact prawns.

Effects of cadmium chloride and sodium selenite alone or in combination on the liver of male Sprague-Dawley rats assessed by different assays.

This study assessed the impact of either cadmium chloride (Cd) or sodium selenite (Se) alone or in combination on male Sprague-Dawley rats. For this purpose, body and liver weights, comet and TUNEL assays, histological analysis and levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in liver were determined in four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were given subcutaneous doses of 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) of either normal saline (control=Ct) or Cd or Se or Cd plus Se (Cd+Se) on alternate days for 4 weeks. The Cd group showed increased DNA damage, apoptosis and hepatic levels of lipid peroxidation and altered histology. Conversely, the antioxidant levels in this group were decreased as compared with the control group. The Se group also showed DNA damage, apoptosis and altered histology and reduced catalase activity, but it was less severe than the Cd group. In the Cd+Se group, ameliorating effects of Se on Cd-induced changes were observed. While the Se was able to curtail the toxic effect of Cd, the Cd or Se alone were genotoxic and cytotoxic for rats receiving a high pharmacological but non-fatal dose of 1 mg/kg BW.

Changes in antioxidant status and biochemical parameters after orally cadmium administration in females rats

The research was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl2), administered during gestation period on female Wistar rats. Pregnant rats received CdCl2 (20 mg/l, orally) from Day 6 to Day 19 of pregnancy. Results showed that Cd treatment induced a decrease in body weight gain. The relative liver weight increased significantly, with a marked decrease of glycogen and total lipids content. The administration of Cd induced hepatotoxicity as indicated by elevations in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities (p < 0.05). Treatment with CdCl2 caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in glucose. A significant increase was observed in the level of MDA and 8-oxodGuo tissues in the cadmium-exposed group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Results showed that cadmium given to dams led to an oxidative stress and DNA damage in tissues of pregnant rats.

Photosynthetic pigments content, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase and acid phosphatase activities and mineral nutrients concentration in cadmium-exposed Cucumis sativus L.

AbstractIn this study, the effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on plant growth, histology of roots, photosynthetic pigments content, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D; E.C. 4.2.1.24) and acid phosphatase activities (AP; E.C. 3.1.3.2), soluble phosphorus (Pi) measurement and mineral nutrients content in cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus L.) were investigated. Cucumber seedlings were grown in vitro in an agar-solidified substrate containing four CdCl2 treatments (0, 100, 400, and 1000 μM) for ten days. Cd was readily absorbed by seedlings and its content was greater in the roots than in the shoot. Cd reduced shoot and root length, and fresh and dry biomass of seedlings. Inhibition of root cell elongation in Cd-treated seedlings was observed by the increase of the mean radial size of cells belonging to three zones of the root tip. The highest level of Cd reduced in a similar manner chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents. Increasing concentrations of Cd resulted in a linear decrease in carotenoids levels of cotyledons. Interestingly, the ALA-D activity in cotyledons was inhibited only at the highest level of Cd. Root and shoot AP activities were, respectively, activated and inhibited at all CdCl2 concentrations. Root Pi concentration was increased in all Cd treatments and it was not altered in the shoot tissues. Moreover, in general, the nutrient contents were increased in the root and decreased in the shoot. Therefore, we suggest that Cd affects negatively growth, photosynthetic pigments, ALA-D and AP activities and partition of mineral nutrients in cucumber seedlings.

Effect of cadmium exposure on the globin protein expression in 4th instar larvae of Chironomus riparius Mg. (Diptera: Chironomidae): An ecotoxicoproteomics approach

In order to identify Chironomus hemoglobin (Hb) as a biomarker of ecotoxicity monitoring; herein, the effects of cadmium chloride (Cd) on Hb parameters were investigated in the 4th instar larvae of Chironomus riparius. The expressions of globin mRNA and hemolymph protein, using ecotoxicoproteomic approach, were investigated. Conventional ecotoxicity tests were also conducted to validate the ecotoxicological relevance of the response of Chironomus Hb as a biomarker. The proteomic analysis indicated that exposure to Cd lead alteration in the expression of hemolymph protein, with the total expressions of 12 hemolymph protein spots decreasing in response to treatment, with that of two increasing in response to Cd exposure. In addition, all of the spots differentially expressed in response to Cd treatment were identified as globin proteins. The decreased total Hb content observed in the hemolymph of larvae exposed to Cd suggested that the decreased expression of selected globin proteins in response to Cd exposure impacted on Hb synthesis. The overall results suggested that Hb could be a target molecule for exposure to Cd in C. riparius, with a proteomic approach appearing to be an ideal tool for the discovery of biomarkers in ecotoxicological research.

Lipid peroxidation in various organs and tissues of albino rats with cadmium intoxication in winter and summer

The effect of cadmium chloride on lipid peroxidation in the liver, kidneys, brain, and gonads of outbred albino rats was studied in winter and summer. Cadmium chloride in a daily dose of 2 mg per 100 g body weight was administered intragastrically for 15 days. Administration of cadmium chloride was followed by an increase in peroxide radical production in the liver during the summer period. Lipid peroxidation remained unchanged in the liver, but increased in the ovaries of animals receiving the same dose of cadmium chloride during the winter period.

Effects of cadmium chloride on some mitochondria-related activity and gene expression of human MDA-MB231 breast tumor cells

It was reported that cadmium is able to exert a cytotoxic effect on tumor MDA-MB231 cells, which shows signs of “non-classical” apoptosis and is characterized by drastic changes in gene expression pattern. In this study, we have extended our knowledge of metal-breast cancer cell interactions by analyzing some mitochondria-related aspects of the stress response to CdCl 2 at either 5 or 50 μM 24- or 96-h exposure, by cytochemical, conventional PCR and Northern/Western blot techniques. We demonstrated that (i) no modification of the mitochondrial mass was detectable due to CdCl 2 exposure; (ii) the respiration activity appeared to be increased after 96-h exposures, while the production of reactive oxygen species was significantly induced, as well; (iii) hsp60, hsp70, COXII and COXIV expressions were dependent on the duration of Cd exposure; (iv) a different hsp60 protein distribution was observed in mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial extracts and (v) 96-h exposure induced the over-expression of hsc/hsp70 proteins and, conversely, the down-regulation of cytochrome oxidase subunits II and IV. These observations, in addition to providing more information on the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction between CdCl 2 and MDA-MB231 breast tumor cells, contribute to the comprehension of the intracellular molecular mechanisms implicated in the regulation of some mitochondrial proteins.

Phase Behavior of Polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) Copolymers Coordinated by Metal Chloride

The effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on the phase behavior of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) copolymer (S4VP) was investigated by using rheometry, small-angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. For this purpose, symmetric S4VPs with various molecular weights were prepared by anionic polymerization. We found that with the addition of CdCl2 the order-to-disorder transition of S4VP was significantly increased because of the intermolecular coordination connecting different P4VP block chains. We also studied the change of the domain spacing (D) upon addition of CdCl2 as well as gelation behavior. At a relatively low content of CdCl2 (γ < 6, where γ is the number of coordinated CdCl2 per chain), D remains unchanged. However, when the amount of CdCl2 increases further, D begins to decrease due to many coordinations of CdCl2 that strongly perturb block copolymer conformation, including many ring closures. Furthermore, it is found that the scaled gelation point increases with increa...

Effect of cadmium chloride on some parameters of heme metabolism in rats under modulation of NO radicals level

Effect of cadmium chloride on some parameters of heme metabolism in rats under modulation of NO radicals level

Peculiarities of the inhibiting effect of cadmium chloride on the corrosion of aluminum in hydrochloric solutions

The concentration effect of cadmium chloride on the corrosion rate of aluminum under conditions of the contact deposition of cadmium in hydrochloric acid solutions is studied. At changes in the contact deposition rate of the metal, in the surface area of the cadmium deposit, and the character of the deposits formed, the inhibiting effect of cadmium cations is shown to transform into the stimulating effect with an increase in the cadmium concentration in the solution. The reasons for the nonmonotonic character of the concentration dependence of the corrosion rate of aluminum are discussed.

Effects of Cadmium Chloride on the Activity ofFour Enzymes in Gills of Mosquito FishGambusia affinis

: Gambusia affinis fishes were exposed to 2,4 and 8 mg Cd/L of water for 8 days and for 2,4, and 8 days to 10 mg Cd/L of water. Gills were used to investigate the effect of cadmium on the activity of four enzymes measured by calorimetric methods. There were no clear changes in the activity of Alkaline phosphatase at different concentrations but the activity increased at different periods of exposure to cadmium. Acid phosphatase activity showed a gradual inhibition after the first concentration, while the activity increased at the different periods. There was no change in the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) at different concentrations and periods of exposure. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity increased at the concentrations 2 and 8 mg Cd/L, but the activity increased after the first period and decreased gradually at other periods of exposure to the metal.

The role of the antioxidant: Selenopyran in the stability of the antioxidant system to toxic effect of cadmium chloride

The purpose of the present work was, under conditions of the model experiment on rats, to tap the information about the features of shortterm acclimatization of the antioxidant system in various organs to toxicity of cadmium at stages of an ontogenesis and about the preventive role of the antioxidant selenopyran in this process. The obtained results showed the ontogenetic differences in the adaptive reactivity of the enzymatic antioxidant defense system in the most important organs and tissues of rats under conditions of oxidative stress induced by cadmium. The ontogenetic differences of Se redistribution in a body under influence of cadmium administration were found. The discovered decrease of Se concentration in the liver of young animals and the increase of its concentration in the liver of old animals correlated positively with the changes of GPx activity. Preventive administration of selenopyran (9- phenyl-simmetrical octa-hydroselenoxanthene) to old animals reduced the oxidative stress intensity. Animals of all age groups showed higher selenium concentration in the tissues and the increase in the selenium-dependent GPx activity.

Toxic effects of cadmium (Cd++) on metabolism of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings

Effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl2H2O) on the content of chlorophyll (a + b), chlorophyll a/b ratio, proline, protein and abscisic acid in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings has been investigated. One-week-old seedlings were grown at cadmium concentration of 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09 mM for ten days in Hoagland's solution. Elevated cadmium levels increased the abscisic acid contents in roots, shoots and leaves of seedlings. An increase of proline in the leaves of seedlings exposed to cadmium occurred, as well as a decrease of chlorophyll (a + b) and total protein (p<0.05 or p<0.01) contents. Thus cadmium levels at certain critical points negatively affect seedling growth.

Effect of cadmium chloride flux in GTA welding of magnesium alloys

In the present paper, the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) flux on gas tungsten welding of magnesium alloys was investigated by high speed camera, Infrared and electron probe microanalysis. The results indicated that the weld penetration with flux could be increased up to 200% of the weld penetration without flux. Infrared temperature measurement demonstrated that CdCl2 increased the arc temperature. Furthermore, high speed camera recording showed that the electric arc profile with CdCl2 was broader than that without CdCl2. The results indicated that the flux increased weld penetration mainly owing to the effects of the flux on the arc. The deionisation energy of the cation Cd2+ was higher than the ionisation energies of the dominant emitting elements in arc plasma, which could be considered as the main contribution to the weld penetration increasing with CdCl2.

Cadmium chloride-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells in vitro

The effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl 2) on oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle cell line C 2C 12 were investigated. Myoblast cells that differentiated into myotubes were treated with CdCl 2 (1, 3, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 μM) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Subsequent assay of cell homogenates for MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiozol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) reduction, neutral red uptake and nucleic acid content showed that cadmium was toxic to C 2C 12 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Glutathione-S-transferase activity (nmol μg of protein −1 min −1) was increased with 1 and 3 μM CdCl 2 (36.9 ± 5.6 and 32.1 ± 6.0, respectively) compared to control cells (21.8 ± 1.5), but decreased at higher concentrations (7.5 μM = 15.9 ± 3.3, 10 μM = 15.9 ± 4.6, and 12.5 μM = 10.5 ± 2.8). An increase in malondialdehyde content (nmol μg of protein −1), especially at high CdCl 2 concentrations (control = 7.3 ± 0.5; CdCl 2: 7.5 μM = 11.2 ± 3.1, 10 μM = 14.6 ± 3.8, and 12.5 μM = 20.5 ± 6.5) indicated that there was enhanced lipid peroxidation. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that there was a concentration-dependent loss of adherent cells and the formation of vesicles indicative of cell death. These results indicated that CdCl 2 increased oxidative stress in C 2C 12 cells, and this stress probably compromised cell adhesion and the cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms.

The effect on apoptosis in anterior pituitary induced by cadmium chloride and its relations with caspase-9 pathway

To study the effects of cadmium chloride in anterior pituitary and the relation between apoptosis and expression of procaspase-9 mRNA. In vivo studies:40 SD male rats were randomly distributed into four groups which were administered with CdCl2 at different doses by gavage for 6 weeks; the rats' anterior pituitary cells were primarily cultured for 120 hours, then treated with CdCl2 at the dose of 0, 1.56, 3.12, 6.25, 12.50, 25.00, 50.00, 100.00 micromol/L for 6 hours; The indices included: expression of procaspase-9 mRNA, detection of apoptosis with TUNEL assay. The results showed the excretion of ACTH, LH seemed to be decreased dramatically and the apoptosis inclined to enhance remarkably, and further more, the expression of procaspase-9 mRNA appeared to be increased significantly as compared with those of the control. It was show that a dose-effect relationship between the CdCl2 dosing and indices above with the regression analysis and a linear correlation between the mean gray value of apoptosis cell and the relative gray value of procaspase-9 mRNA positive cell. The results indicated that damnification, for example, apoptosis could be caused by certain dose of CdCl2 in anterior pituitary cells with dose dependent manner. Caspase-9 might play a role in the occurrence of apoptosis. It was suggested that cadmium could induce apoptosis of anterior pituitary both in vivo and in vitro in the manner of dose-dependent, and caspase-9 might play a role during above processes.

Genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride and azadirachtin treated singly and in combination in fish

Genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride and azadirachtin treated singly and in combination in fish

Investigation of acute toxicity and the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 · H 2O) metal salt on behavior of the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata)

In this study 96-h LC 50 value of cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 · H 2O), a metal salt widely used in industry, was determined for the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata, Pallas, 1859). The experiments were planned in four series of a total of 440 guppies employing the static test method of acute toxicity. 10 fish were placed in each replicate of each dose. The experiments were performed as four replicates, and behavioral changes in the guppy were determined for each cadmium chloride metal salt concentration. The data obtained were statistically evaluated by the use of EPA computer program based on Finney's Probit Analysis Method and a 96-h LC 50 value for P. reticulata was found to be 30.4 mg/l in a static bioassay test system. This value was estimated to be 30.6 mg/l with Behrens–Karber's method. The two methods were in good agreement. 95% lower and upper confidence limits for the LC 50 were 29.3 and 31.7 mg/l, respectively. The water temperature was kept between 21 and 23 °C. The behavioral changes observed in fish were, swimming in imbalanced manner, capsizing, attaching to the surface, difficulty in breathing and gathering around the ventilation filter.

509 Genotoxic effects of cadmium chloride in V79 cell culture

Cadmium chloride was tested for the ability to induce genotoxic effects in V79 cell culture. DNA damage induced by different doses of cadmium chloride was observed through the frequency of micronuclei in cytochalasin B-blocked micronucleus assay and through DNA migration in the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Cells were treated with different doses of cadmium chloride (10-4 to 10-6 M) 24 hours after seeding. The effects of ascorbic acid (conc. 100 microM) on cadmium-induced DNA damage was also evaluated. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The cytochalasin B-blocked micronucleus assay showed that 10-4 to 10-6 M and vitamin C supplemented 10-6 M frequencies of MN significantly differed from the control sample, and that 10-4, 10-5 M and vitamin C supplemented 10-5 M samples were significantly differed from the vitamin C sample. The Comet assay showed that the tail lengths from un-supplemented and vitamin C supplemented 10-4 M sample significantly differed from the control sample ; and that 10-5 M and vitamin C supplemented 10-4 M sample significantly differed from vitamin C sample. Tail moments from un-supplemented 10-4 M and vitamin C supplemented 10-6 M samples significantly differed from the vitamin C sample. Results indicate that cadmium chloride increases DNA damages as well as frequency of micronuclei. On the other hand, protective role of vitamin C was not confirmed at all tested concentrations of cadmium chloride.

Cadmium inhibits stimulated amylase secretion from isolated pancreatic lobules of the guinea-pig

The effect of cadmium chloride on pancreatic exocrine secretion ‘in vitro’ was examined using guinea-pig isolated lobules. Cadmium (10−3M) stimulated amylase release when added alone to the incubation medium and the increase of amylase was unaffected by atropine. Cadmium (10−4M) did not significantly modify the basal amylase release. Depolarization of pancreatic nerves with potassium stimulated amylase secretion; the stimulant effect of KCl was completely inhibited by atropine. Cadmium (10−4M) inhibited, but did not abolish, the stimulant effect of KCl, indicating a direct effect of the metal on the acinar cell. Cadmium (10−4M) also inhibited the amylase release evoked by the secretagogues carbachol and caerulein, which are known to act directly on the acinar cell. Taken together with previous data reporting a large increase of pancreatic cadmium concentration following cadmium ingestion, the strong inhibition of pancreatic secretion observed in our experiments suggests that the exocrine pancreas may be regarded as a possible target organ of cadmium toxicity.