Effect Of Age Research Articles

The association between maximal muscle strength, disease severity and psychopharmacotherapy among young to middle-aged inpatients with affective disorders – a prospective pilot study

BackgroundMotor alterations and lowered physical activity are common in affective disorders. Previous research has indicated a link between depressive symptoms and declining muscle strength primarily focusing on the elderly but not younger individuals. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between mood and muscle strength in a sample of N = 73 young to middle-aged hospitalized patients (18–49 years, mean age 30.7 years) diagnosed with major depressive, bipolar and schizoaffective disorder, with a focus on moderating effects of psychopharmacotherapy. The study was carried out as a prospective observational study at a German psychiatric university hospital between September 2021 and March 2022.MethodsEmploying a standardized strength circuit consisting of computerized strength training devices, we measured the maximal muscle strength (Fmax) using three repetitions maximum across four muscle regions (abdomen, arm, back, leg) at three time points (t1-t3) over four weeks accompanied by psychometric testing (MADRS, BPRS, YRMS) and blood lipid profiling in a clinical setting. For analysis of psychopharmacotherapy, medication was split into activating (AM) and inhibiting (IM) medication and dosages were normalized by the respective WHO defined daily dose.ResultsWhile we observed a significant decrease of the MADRS score and increase of the relative total Fmax (rTFmax) in the first two weeks (t1-t2) but not later (both p < .001), we did not reveal a significant bivariate correlation between disease severity (MADRS) and muscle strength (rTFmax) at any of the timepoints. Individuals with longer disease history displayed reduced rTFmax (p = .048). IM was significantly associated with decreased rTFmax (p = .032). Regression models provide a more substantial effect of gender, age, and IM on muscle strength than the depressive episode itself (p < .001).ConclusionsThe results of the study indicate that disease severity and muscle strength are not associated in young to middle-aged inpatients with affective disorders using a strength circuit as observational measurement. Future research will be needed to differentiate the effect of medication, gender, and age on muscle strength and to develop interventions for prevention of muscle weakness, especially in younger patients with chronic affective illnesses.

Effects of age on the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive performance: Findings from the Human Connectome Project-Aging cohort - CORRIGENDUM.

Effects of age on the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive performance: Findings from the Human Connectome Project-Aging cohort - CORRIGENDUM.

Aging effects on asphalt adhesive properties: molecular dynamics simulation of chemical composition and structural changes

ABSTRACT Asphalt aging is a natural process that causes changes in the properties of asphalt, particularly in asphalt adhesion. Previous studies show that the effect of aging on asphalt adhesion performance is not uniform and depends on the asphalt source and aging conditions. To investigate the effects of different SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) ratios and structural changes on the adhesive properties of asphalt after aging, this study employs molecular dynamics simulation to calculate asphalt properties such as density, viscosity, and work of adhesion. The above properties were computed for 12 categories of asphalt molecules, individual SARA components, and asphalt models characterised by diverse SARA ratios, followed by a correlation analysis. The study reveals that asphalt aging increases density, viscosity, and adhesion to silica. The increase in polar functional groups, namely ketone and sulfoxide, is responsible for the enhanced adhesion of asphalt to silica due to the resulting increase in electrostatic potential energy. Different SARA ratios lead to different asphalt properties, with the RA/SA index ((asphaltene%+resin%)/(saturate% + aromatic%)) showing a better correlation with the properties. Positive correlations were observed among density, viscosity, and work of adhesion. This study advances our understanding of chemical and structural effects on aged asphalt properties.

The trend of lymphoma incidence in China from 2005 to 2017 and lymphoma incidence trend prediction from 2018 to 2035: a log-linear regression and Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis.

The aims of this study were to explore the incidence characteristics and trend prediction of lymphoma from 2005 to 2035, and to provide data basis for the prevention and control of lymphoma in China. The data on lymphoma incidence in China from 2005 to 2017 were obtained from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report. The Joinpoint regression model was used to calculate annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) to reflect time trends. Age-period-cohort models were conducted to estimate age, period, and cohort effects on the lymphoma incidence. A Bayesian age-period-cohort model was used to predict lymphoma incidence trends from 2018 to 2035. From 2005 to 2017, the incidence of lymphoma was 6.26/100,000, and the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 4.11/100,000, with an AAPC of 1.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3%, 2.5%]. The ASIR was higher in men and urban areas than in women and rural areas, respectively. The age effect showed that the incidence risk of lymphoma increased with age. In the period effect, the incidence risk of lymphoma in rural areas decreased first and then increased with 2010 as the cutoff point. The overall risk of lymphoma incidence was higher in the cohort before the 1970-1974 birth cohort than in the cohort after. From 2018 to 2035, the lymphoma incidence in men, women, and urban areas will show an upward trend. From 2005 to 2017, the incidence of lymphoma showed an increasing trend, and was different in regions, genders, and age groups in China. It will show an upward trend from 2018 to 2035. These results are helpful for the formulation and adjustment of lymphoma prevention, control, and management strategies, and have important reference significance for the treatment of lymphoma in China.

Biological maturity and relative age effects in German age-group swimming

AbstractRelative age effects (RAE) refer to a skewed distribution with an overrepresentation of athletes born close to the selection date. The prevalence of RAE has been repeatedly demonstrated in youth swimming. Additionally, being more mature within an age group is associated with consistent selection advantages. The present study aims to determine (1) the prevalence and magnitude of RAE in youth swimming and (2) the relation to anthropometry and biological maturity status. The study included 650 swimmers (male n = 273, age 11.00 ± 1.27 years; female n = 377, age 11.00 ± 1.25 years). The dates of birth were split into four birth quartiles (Q). The maturity status was assessed using equations to estimate the age of peak height velocity (APHV). χ2 tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for statistical analyses. The χ2 tests have shown significant RAE with medium effect sizes (ES; p &lt; 0.001, 0.18 &lt; V &lt; 0.20) for male and female athletes. Also, the results have shown significant RAE with medium effect sizes (ES; p &lt; 0.001, 0.18 &lt; V &lt; 0.20). ANOVA has not revealed significant differences regarding body height, body mass, and APHV between the four birth quartiles for both sexes, except for body mass in female athletes (p = 0.037). The findings indicate that maturity status and anthropometry influence RAE in youth swimming. It can be assumed that relatively younger swimmers can counteract their disadvantage only by similar anthropometric and maturity-related characteristics to the relatively older swimmers, which significantly impacts talent identification and development of swimmers.

Trends in cancer mortality among the elderly in China, 2005-2035.

With the appearance and aggravation of the aging society, cancer has become one of the major problems that threaten the life and health of Chinese residents seriously. To explore the cancer epidemiological characteristics among the elderly in China from 2005 to 2016, and to provide strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. Stratified analysis was conducted on the cancer mortality data of the elderly aged ≥60 years in China, which were selected from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report. Joinpoint regression model was used to calculted average annual percentage change (AAPC) to estimate the time trends. Age-period-cohort (APC) model was used to explore the age, period and birth cohort effect on the risk of cancer death. Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was used to predict trends in cancer mortality among elderly by gender and region to 2035. 2005-2016, cancer mortality in the elderly in China showed a decreasing trend (AAPC = -1.2%, P<0.001). Cancer mortality in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas, but the urban-rural difference gradually narrowed (t = 6.1, P<0.01). The APC model showed that cancer mortality increased with age. The relative risk (RR) for the period effect decreased. RR was lower for the later- born cohort than that for the earlier-born cohort in rural areas. Lung cancer mortality ranked first in both male and female, and showed an increasing trend among female in the 60-64, 80-84 and ≥85 age groups (AAPC60-64 = 1.0%, AAPC80-84 = 0.8%, AAPC≥85 = 2.0%, all P<0.05). By 2035, cancer mortality for the elderly was predicted to decline nationally, by sex and in rural areas, while rising in urban areas. Cancer mortality in the elderly in China showed a decreasing trend from 2005 to 2016, but it was still higher than the world average. Early cancer screening is important, especially in the elderly male and in rural areas.

Evaluating the incidence of complications among people with diabetes according to age of onset: Findings from the UK Biobank.

To examine the impact of current age, age at diagnosis, and duration of diabetes on the incidence rate of complications among people with type 2 diabetes. Baseline data from 19,327 individuals with type 2 diabetes in the UK Biobank were analysed. Poisson regression was used to model incidence rates by current age, age at diagnosis, and duration of diabetes for the following outcomes: myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), stroke, end-stage kidney diseases (ESKD), chronic kidney diseases (CKD), liver diseases, depression, and anxiety. The mean age at baseline was 60.2 years, and median follow-up was 13.9 years. Diabetes duration was significantly longer among those with younger-onset type 2 diabetes (diagnosed at <40 years) compared to later-onset type 2 diabetes (diagnosed at ≥40 years), 16.2 and 5.3 years, respectively. Incidence rates of MI, HF, stroke, and CKD had strong positive associations with age and duration of diabetes, whereas incidence rates of ESKD liver diseases, and anxiety mainly depended on duration of diabetes. The incidence rates of depression showed minor variation by age and duration of diabetes and were highest among those diagnosed at earlier ages. No clear evidence of an effect of age of onset of diabetes on risk of complications was apparent after accounting for current age and duration of diabetes. Our study indicates age at diagnosis of diabetes does not significantly impact the incidence of complications, independently of the duration of diabetes. Instead, complications are primarily influenced by current age and diabetes duration.

Aging promotes mast cell activation and antigen presenting capacity in atherosclerosis

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Dutch Heart Foundation Aging is an independent and dominant risk factor for atherosclerosis and is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammation termed inflammaging. This age-induced pro-inflammatory environment may have great impact on plaque-residing immune cells, including mast cells. Mast cells have been found to accumulate in the human atherosclerotic plaque upon disease progression and have been associated with plaque instability. However, it is currently unknown whether aging drives the pro-atherogenic effects of mast cells in atherosclerosis. To assess the effects of aging on mast cell phenotype, we examined mast cell populations in young and old male Ldlr-/- mice fed either a chow (CD) or Western-type (WD) diet. We observed a 6-fold increase in the number of mast cells in the aged atherosclerotic aorta compared to young (Y-CD: 4.5±0.7 vs. O-CD: 279.4±9 cells, p&amp;lt;0.01; Y-WD: 45.3±15.2 vs. O-CD: 279.4±9 cells, p&amp;lt;0.01). Furthermore, we detected a marked increase in activation status with age as shown by the significantly augmented number of CD63+ mast cells in the atherosclerotic aorta (Y-CD: 1.8±0.6 vs. O-CD: 259.7±85.4 cells, p&amp;lt;0.01; Y-WD: 41.3±13.6 vs. O-CD: 259.7±85.4 cells, p&amp;lt;0.01). In line, we identified that aged bone-marrow derived mast cells displayed elevated basal CD63 expression compared to young cells, indicative of intrinsic low-grade activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that aging increases the amount of MHCII+ mast cells in atherosclerosis, allowing them to act as antigen-presenting cells, which correspondingly led to increased CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro (young: 35.2±1.2% vs. old: 45.8±1.2%, p&amp;lt;0.001). Finally, single-cell RNA sequencing of human atherosclerotic plaques confirmed mast cell-specific expression of MHC-II orthologs. To conclude, we established that aging induces phenotypic changes of mast cells in atherosclerosis, regarding both activation status and antigen presenting capacity, which can contribute to disease progression.

An experimental study on aging effects of fuel-cut events including sound optimized torque reduction on modern three-way catalysts

Continuously increasing country-specific emission standards for passenger vehicles demand additional development steps in complex exhaust gas aftertreatment systems for a more effective reduction of harmful gases. The efficiency of the aftertreatment system declines over its lifecycle due to specific load profiles and other boundary conditions, resulting in increasing emissions over vehicle mileage. As a result, the durability of the exhaust system becomes more important. Fuel cut is an intended, temporary interruption of the fuel supply of modern combustion engines of passenger cars to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. During this fuel reduction event, unconsumed oxygen of rich and cool fresh air is introduced to the combustion chamber and to the exhaust system. Besides a catalyst cool down, oxidation effects are provoked by enhanced oxygen reactions processes within the catalyst’s washcoat and surface layers. In this publication, specific aging cycles with a variation of fuel-cut programs were examined on their effects on a modified modern eight-cylinder turbo-charged engine, especially on their oxidation effects correlating to catalyst aging. Light-off curves and conversion heat maps were used to evaluate possible damaging impacts of fuel-cut events on the aging behavior of the catalyst systems. Results indicate that higher frequency of fuel-cut events results in a reduced catalyst conversion efficiency, whereas thermal sintering might be reduced due to overall lower temperature load. Temporary oxidation processes on catalyst’s surfaces occur only in a short timespan after changing the air fuel ratio to lean, resulting in a weaker thermal sintering during longer fuel-cut events. Sound optimized torque reduction functions, used in sports cars for a better drivability and powertrain response, exhibit a stronger aging influence due to additional thermal shock effects on the catalysts front face, as demonstrated via optical infrared sensor technology during catalyst aging cycles on the modified engine bench setup. A theoretical calculation of aging processes as a combination of thermal sintering by Arrhenius equation as well as oxidation process is discussed to describe an aging classification induced via oxidation processes. Additional physisorption measurements of different catalyst probes support the results which indicate the direction of future experimental approaches.

Zebrafish dspb -/- tert +/- mutant as model for arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Impact of aging in the development of the disease

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Instituto de Salud Carlos III Background/Objectives Zebrafish has been reported as model to study the Arrythmogenic Cardiomyopathy, which is generally associated with desmosomal gene mutations. We have identified a founder non-sense human variant in patients from our region (DSP p.Q447*) associated with left ventricle Arrythmogenic Cardiomyopathy and we have selected it for modelling in zebra fish by CRISPR/Cas9 method, choosing exon 10 as the region of homology to be mutated and obtaining the p.T449fs* variant that determines a premature stop codon. On the other hand, tert gene enables telomerase activity and telomere maintenance and mutations in this gene have been used for studying aging effects. After multiple crossings of our dspb model with tert mutants we have obtained dspb-/-tert+/- model line. Purpose Our aim was the characterization of dspb-/-tert+/- mutants, studying the impact of aging in the development of the disease. Methods The model was obtained by crossing dspb-/- and tert-/- mutants, crossing the heterozygous mutants and genotyping for the selection of the dspb-/-tert+/- mutants. The characterization of the phenotype was performed through viability assays, cardiac function measurements and gene expression assays in larvae (3 days post fertilization) young adult (8 months old) and old adult (3 years old) individuals. Results Viability assays showed that dspb-/-tert+/- mutants suffer a premature death, with much lower survival rates than the dspb-/- group (survival dspb-/- 61.3% vs dspb-/-tert+/- 35.6%, p&amp;lt;0.01). Larvae heart rate analysis showed no significant differences. Echocardiography in young adults showed no significant differences between dspb-/-tert+/- and dspb-/- mutants. In old adults, echocardiography showed differences in heart rate (dspb-/- 142.5 ± 15.5 vs dspb-/-tert+/ -97.5 ± 3.5, p&amp;lt;0.01), respiratory frequency (dspb-/- 288.7 ± 36.1 vs dspb-/-tert+/- 95 ± 49.4, p&amp;lt;0.01) and atrial contraction velocity (dspb-/-155.7 ± 26.09 vs dspb-/-tert+/ -227.2 ± 17.6, p&amp;lt;0.05). Gene expression analysis in larvae showed that dspb expression drastically decreased (dspb-/- 0.3 ± 0.1 vs dspb-/-tert+/ -0.01 ± 0.008, p&amp;lt;0.01). In adults, dspb expression drastically decreased in heart tissue (dspb-/- 0.4 ± 0.01 vs dspb-/-tert+/- 0.06 ± 0.004, p&amp;lt;0.01) and skin (dspb-/ -0.34 ± 0.02 vs dspb-/-tert+/- 0.25 ± 0.01, p&amp;lt;0.01). Conclusion The dspb-/-tert+/- zebrafish presented worse survival rates, lower dspb gene expression levels and worse pathological cardiac phenotype at adult stages than dspb-/- mutants, proving that age is an important factor in the development of the disease and proving that dspb-/-tert+/- zebrafish is an appropriate model to study the impact of aging.

Exploring the existence, strength, and independence of relative age and maturation selection biases: a case study in Gaelic football talent development programmes

Background Biological maturity and relative age player selection biases are well documented in youth sports. However, there has been limited examination of the relationship between these biases. Aim This study investigated the presence, strength, and independence of relative age and biological maturity selection biases in Gaelic football. Subjects and methods A total of 247 male players from U14 to U16, from two talent academies were assessed for relative age (decimal age (DA)) and biological maturity (discrepancy between biological and chronological age (BA-CA)). Results Relative age effects (RAE) were observed in the U14 (DA = 0.62, d = 0.40) and U15 squads (DA = 0.57. d = 0.26) only. A bias towards advanced maturity status was present at U14 (BA-CA = 0.60, d = 0.83), U15 (BA-CA = 0.78, d = 0.89), and U16 (BA-CA, d = 1.01). There was a trivial (U14, r(83) = −0.210; U15, r(88) = 0.060) and low (U16, r(76) = 0.352) correlation between relative age and maturity status. Conclusion Substantial maturity selection biases and, to a lesser degree, relative age biases are evident in youth Gaelic football. Critically, these biases are independent constructs. Coaches and policy makers should be educated on the distinct influences of relative age and maturation, and on strategies to address these biases.

Influence of precursor aging and condensation progression on silica thin films grown by electrochemically induced sol-gel deposition

Electrochemically induced sol-gel enables the fast synthesis of functional oxide coatings. In the case of silica, the condensation reaction can be catalysed by electrogenerated hydroxides. Using this technique, highly organized nanostructured thin films can be deposited onto conductive substrates by combining structure-directing templates with the electrochemically induced silica sol-gel process that occurs locally at the electrode surface. This specific template-directed process, called electrochemically assisted self-assembly (EASA), utilizes a sol-gel precursor solution optimized for a minimal spontaneous condensation (and gelation) rate in the absence of an electrochemical trigger. Despite the slow kinetics of the condensation reaction, the solution remains unstable and some incipient condensation reactions will still occur over time, continuously modifying the Si(IV) precursor solution. In this work, we discuss how precursor's aging affects the deposition rate and the properties of the deposited coatings. Two distinct aging effects are observed: an aging effect which occurs over time and an aging effect which occurs through electrochemical activation during preceding depositions. Both these aging effects result in accelerated film growth rates, up to 200 × faster than the deposition rate from a fresh precursor solution. Additionally, it was observed that time aging yields less resistive, weaker films, while electrochemical aging leads to films which retain similar properties as films grown using fresh precursor solutions. The time aging effect could be inhibited by storing the precursor solution at -35 °C. These observations are explained based on the different condensation pathways during acidic and alkaline condensation, which is known to yield inherently different silica oligomer products. The results and insights described here contribute to upscaling the electrochemical sol-gel process for mesoporous silica films and provides further fundamental insights into the underlying silica condensation reactions.

Young adult’s views on using a poster to learn about fertility: redesigning the fertility education poster

Fertility awareness should be taught to everyone. The International Reproductive Health Education Collaboration (IRHEC) designed a fertility poster in 2019 but did not have a specific target group in mind. Studies have been conducted in Denmark and Sweden to determine how the poster can be redesigned. In this study, we carried out focus groups with young adults in the UK to ask their views of the poster, with the aim of redesigning it. Six focus groups were undertaken with twenty seven, 18–25 year olds. Five questions were asked: 1. What are your thoughts, feelings, and reactions to the poster? 2. Did you learn anything from the poster? 3. How has reading the poster impacted your opinions or thoughts about having children? 4. What are your opinions about using a poster format to inform and start reflections regarding family building? 5. Reading through each point are there any changes to be made? Content analysis was performed. Themes identified revealed the information on the poster gave the participants some anxiety and apprehension, especially regarding the effect of age on fertility, perceptions of IVF, and gaps in knowledge. The fertility education poster is a good resource for education, but other resources should be developed.

A systematic review and meta-analysis combing adolescent and adult data to evaluate weight loss and the effect of age following the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Obesity is a grave concern within the United States, resulting in lost productivity, increased medical costs, and comorbidities with lifelong repercussions. The laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a treatment option for obesity. The following meta-analysis sought to combine adolescent and adult literature to determine the overall effect of the sleeve gastrectomy on weight loss, to evaluate the effect of age at the time of surgery on weight loss, and to describe and explore variation in weight loss by sample characteristics. Overall weight loss was assessed at proximal and distal points, a dichotomous moderator variable analysis was conducted with subjects ≤21 years of age and >21 years of age, and a meta-regression assessing % male, % female, and baseline BMI was conducted to assess moderator variables. The laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy was effective at facilitating weight loss with effect sizes varying from 0.916 to2.816. Age, biological sex, and baseline BMI were not found to have an impact on weight loss. The clinical consequences of prolonged obesity are evident and earlier intervention may be justified to counter the long-term effects caused by obesity related comorbidities. Standardized reporting of comorbidities and the effect of bariatric surgery on comorbid conditions is essential to allow further analysis.

Shape analysis of the nasal complex among South African groups from CBCT scans

Three-dimensional (3D) anatomical extraction techniques could help the forensic anthropologist in a precise and inclusive assessment of biological phenotypes for the development of facial reconstruction methods. In this research, the nose morphology and the underlying hard tissue of two South African populations were studied. To this end, a 3D computer-assisted approach based on an automated landmarking workflow was used to generate relevant 3D anatomical components, and shape discrepancies were investigated using a data set of 200 cone-beam computer tomography (CBCT) scans. The anatomical landmarks were placed on the external nose and the mid-facial skeleton (the nasal bones, the anterior nasal aperture, the zygoma, and the maxilla). Shape differences related to population affinity, sex, age, and size were statistically evaluated and visualised using geometric morphometric methods. Population affinity, sexual dimorphism, age, and size affect the nasal complex morphology. Shape variation in the mid-facial region was significantly influenced by population affinity, emphasising that shape variability was specific to the two population groups, along with the expression of sexual dimorphism and the effect of ageing. In addition, nasal complex shape and correlations vary greatly between white and black South Africans, highlighting a need for reliable population-specific 3D statistical nose prediction algorithms.

Effect of parental age on developmental rate polymorphism of the ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta

Effect of parental age on developmental rate polymorphism of the ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta

Children and Reading Culture in The Digital Age

As a social being, human beings affect the environment they are in and are affected by the environment they are in from the moment they are born. These interactions change depending on the human’s ability to make meaning, that is, the ability to read. In the digital age, technologies have become a part of daily life. It has dominated people’s lives and changed their perspective on life and the way they live their lives. The task of protecting children from the negative effects of the digital age, which especially affects the psychological, physical, social and cognitive development of children, and the task of developing reading culture is on the family, school and society. Therefore, the aim of this study is to define the concept of children and reading culture in the digital age by presenting a different perspective and to inspire new research to be conducted. Document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in this study. Researches on the subject were analysed. In the findings section of the study, the importance of the child and the family raising him/her in the current age, the digital age and the effect of the digital age on reading culture are discussed. As a result, reading culture in the current age enables children to gain in-depth knowledge on various subjects, to evaluate events from different perspectives and to acquire critical thinking skills. Parents and teachers can work together to help children acquire a reading culture.

Exploring Phenolic Compounds in Crop By-Products for Cosmetic Efficacy.

Phenolic compounds represent a group of secondary metabolites that serve essential functions in plants. Beyond their positive impact on plants, these phenolic metabolites, often referred to as polyphenols, possess a range of biological properties that can promote skin health. Scientific research indicates that topically using phenolics derived from plants can be advantageous, but their activity and stability highly depend on storage of the source material and the extraction method. These compounds have the ability to relieve symptoms and hinder the progression of different skin diseases. Because they come from natural sources and have minimal toxicity, phenolic compounds show potential in addressing the causes and effects of skin aging, skin diseases, and various types of skin damage, such as wounds and burns. Hence, this review provides extensive information on the particular crops from which by-product phenolic compounds can be sourced, also emphasizing the need to conduct research according to proper plant material storage practices and the choice of the best extracting method, along with an examination of their specific functions and the mechanisms by which they act to protect skin.

Association of parental level of education and child factors on length-for-age indicator among socially vulnerable children aged 6-24 months from a Brazilian state using Structural Equation Modelling.

This cross-sectional study employs Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to explore both direct and indirect effects of parental level of education and child individual factors on the length-for-age outcomes in children aged 6-24 months assisted by the Bolsa Família Program in the State of Alagoas. A total of 1,448 children were analyzed by the SEM technique. A negative standardize direct effect (SED) of the children's younger age (SED: -0.06; p=0.017), the use of bottle feeding (SED: -0.11; p<0.001), and lack a minimum acceptable diet (SED: -0.09; p<0.001) on the length-for-age indicator was found. Being female (SDE: 0.08; p=0.001), the higher birth weight (SDE: 0.33; p<0.001), being ever breastfed (SED: 0.07; p=0.004) and a higher level of parental education (SDE: 0.09; p<0.001) showed a positive SDE effect on the child's length-for-age. The model also demonstrated a negative standardize indirect effect (SIE) of the sweet beverage consumption (SIE: -0.08; p=0.003) and a positive effect of being ever breastfed (SIE: 0.06; p=0.017) on the child's length-for-age through parental level of education as a mediator. This research underscores the crucial role of proper feeding practices and provide valuable insights for the development of targeted interventions, policies, and programs to improve the nutritional well-being and promote adequate linear growth and development among young children facing similar challenges.

Effect of age of first exposure on L2 contextual lexical semantic learning: an ERP investigation

Abstract Age of first exposure (AoFE) is an important factor that influences the quality of L2 acquisition. This study aims to investigate the AoFE effect on the contextual learning of L2 novel words at the neural level, as measured by the N400 component from event-related potentials (ERPs). Eighty-eight participants were recruited for the experiment of L2 pseudoword learning, which includes a learning session and a testing session. The participants’ EEG data were recorded from the testing session, and the N400 effect was derived from target words that were either congruous or incongruous with the context. The linear mixed model and multiple regression model revealed a positive AoFE effect on the N400 effect in discourses that were designed for testing retrieval of episodic and semantic memory even after accounting for the variance contributed by several confounding factors. In addition to AoFE, the effects of total L2 exposure, L2 proficiency and personality on the L2 novel word learning performance indicated by the N400 effect were also confirmed in the statistical results.