Effect Of Age Research Articles

Effects of red blood cell transfusion on patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Queensland – a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundPacked red blood cell (pRBC) transfusion is a relatively safe and mainstay treatment commonly used in cardiac surgical patients. However, there is limited evidence on clinical effects of transfusing blood nearing end-of shelf life that has undergone biochemical changes during storage.ObjectiveTo investigate evidence of associations between morbidity/mortality and transfusion of blood near end of shelf-life (> 35 days) in cardiac surgical patients.MethodsData from the Queensland Health Admitted Patient Data Collection database 2007–2013 was retrospectively analysed. Coronary artery bypass graft and valvular repair patients were included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the effect of pRBC age (< 35 days vs. ≥ 35 days) on in-hospital mortality and morbidity. As secondary analysis, outcomes associated with the number of pRBC units transfused (≤ 4 units vs. ≥ 5 units) were also assessed.ResultsA total of 4514 cardiac surgery patients received pRBC transfusion. Of these, 292 (6.5%) received pRBCs ≥ 35 days. No difference in in-hospital mortality or frequency of complications was observed. Transfusion of ≥ 5 units of pRBCs compared to the ≤ 4 units was associated with higher rates of in-hospital mortality (5.6% vs. 1.3%), acute renal failure (17.6% vs. 8%), infection (10% vs. 3.4%), and acute myocardial infarction (9.2% vs. 4.3%). Infection carried an odds ratio of 1.37 between groups (CI = 0.9–2.09; p = 0.14) and stroke/neurological complications, 1.59 (CI = 0.96–2.63; p = 0.07).ConclusionIn cardiac surgery patients, transfusion of pRBCs closer to end of shelf-life was not shown to be associated with significantly increased mortality or morbidity. Dose-dependent differences in adverse outcomes (particularly where units transfused were > 4) were supported.

Flexural properties of additive manufactured resin designated for interim fixed dental prosthesis: Effect of nanoparticles, build direction, and artificial aging

ObjectiveThis study investigates the flexural strength and elastic modulus of three-dimension (3D) printed interim resin (ASIGA) incorporating zirconium dioxide (nano-ZrO2) and silicon dioxide (nano-SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) with different build direction and after artificial aging. MethodsThree hundred 3D-printed specimens were used for testing. Groups were modified with nano-ZrO2 or nano-SiO2 at concentrations of 0.5 wt% or 1 wt% and an unmodified control group remained unmodified (n = 10). The bar-shaped specimens (25 x 2 x 2 mm) were printed at 0, 45, and 90 degree orientations. Flexural properties were assessed using a universal testing machine. The study employed various analyses to assess material properties and bonding. ResultsThe flexural strength was significantly improved (P<0.001) by the inclusion of nano-ZrO2 or nano-SiO2, with a maximum value of 61.8 ± 4.3 MPa with 1 wt% nano-ZrO2 at 45° build direction. The highest elastic modulus value observed was 998.2 ± 91.2 MPa with 0.5 wt% nano-SiO2 at 90° build direction. Build direction, NP type, and NP concentration all had a statistically significant combined effect on flexural strength and elastic modulus (P=0.003*, P=0.045), respectively. ConclusionIncorporation of nano-SiO2 and nano-ZrO2 increased the flexural properties of the interim resin used in 3D printing. Following artificial aging, all the flexural property values in the modified groups showedminimal reduction regardless of the nanoparticle concentration, while the unmodified control group showed a significant reduction. Before and after artificial aging, samples at a 0 degree build direction had a considerably higher flexural strength, although the highest elastic modulus values were found in the 90 degree group. The findings underscore the potential of nanocomposites in strengthening interim dental restorations, offering promising advancements for clinical practice.

CEO Ability and Strategic Change – The Moderating Effects of Firm Age and Slack

CEO Ability and Strategic Change – The Moderating Effects of Firm Age and Slack

Sex-specific social aging in wild African lions.

There is a growing interest in social behavior change with age,1,2,3,4,5 and the impacts of sociality on longevity,6,7,8 but current knowledge is broadly limited to primates, societies structured by dominance hierarchies, or single-sex studies. It is less clear how social aging patterns emerge in carnivores. The African lion (Panthera leo), a species that lives in egalitarian fission-fusion societies, presents an exceptional opportunity to examine social aging. Across felids, lions are unique in their dependence on conspecifics for many essential processes,9,10,11 and there is vast knowledge of lion behavioral ecology,10,11,12,13,14 including documented reproductive senescence in both sexes.14,15 Applying spatial-social network analyses across 30 years of data on the wild Serengeti lion population, we show that sex strongly modulates patterns of social aging and longevity. Group size increased with age for both sexes, but only males experienced significant changes in associate numbers (degree), specifically to females, which peaked in mid-life before declining. While aging females experienced declines in intra-sex connectivity (strength) and bond strength (mean strength), they peaked in both to males during mid-life. Male inter-sex strength also peaked in mid-life, while conversely their intra-sex strength and mean strength significantly dipped in mid-life. Although social associations were important for survival in both sexes, the investment diverged significantly: females' overall network connectivity was key for longevity, while the number of associates was important for males. These findings illustrate important potential effects of social aging in a wild carnivore and demonstrate how these diverge strongly between the sexes.

Effects of pre-treatment, historical age, and sample characteristics on the stable isotope analyses of killer whale (Orcinus orca) bone.

Stable isotope analysis of bone provides insight into animal foraging and allows for ecological reconstructions over time, however pre-treatment is required to isolate collagen. Pre-treatments typically consist of demineralization to remove inorganic components and/or lipid extraction to remove fats, but these protocols can differentially affect stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope values depending on the chemicals, tissues, and/or species involved. Species-specific methodologies create a standard for comparability across studies and enhance understanding of collagen isolation from modern cetacean bone. Elemental analyzers coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometers were used to measure the δ13C and δ15N values of powdered killer whale (Orcinus orca) bone that was intact (control) or subjected to one of three experimental conditions: demineralized, lipid-extracted, and both demineralized and lipid-extracted. Additionally, C:N ratios were evaluated as a proxy for collagen purity. Lastly, correlations were examined between control C:N ratios vs. historical age and control C:N ratios vs. sample characteristics. No significant differences in the δ15N values were observed for any of the experimental protocols. However, the δ13C values were significantly increased by all three experimental protocols: demineralization, lipid extraction, and both treatments combined. The most influential protocol was both demineralization and lipid extraction. Measures of the C:N ratios were also significantly lowered by demineralization and both treatments combined, indicating the material was closer to pure collagen after the treatments. Collagen purity as indicated via C:N ratio was not correlated with historical age nor sample characteristics. If only the δ15N values from killer whale bone are of interest for analysis, no pre-treatment seems necessary. If the δ13C values are of interest, samples should be both demineralized and lipid-extracted. As historical age and specimen characteristics are not correlated with sample contamination, all samples can be treated equally.

Differences in cancer rates among adults born between 1920 and 1990 in the USA: an analysis of population-based cancer registry data

Trends in cancer incidence in recent birth cohorts largely reflect changes in exposures during early life and foreshadow the future disease burden. Herein, we examined cancer incidence and mortality trends, by birth cohort, for 34 types of cancer in the USA. In this analysis, we obtained incidence data for 34 types of cancer and mortality data for 25 types of cancer for individuals aged 25-84 years for the period Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2019 from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and the US National Center for Health Statistics, respectively. We calculated birth cohort-specific incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and mortality rate ratios (MRRs), adjusted for age and period effects, by nominal birth cohort, separated by 5 year intervals, from 1920 to 1990. We extracted data for 23 654 000 patients diagnosed with 34 types of cancer and 7 348 137 deaths from 25 cancers for the period Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2019. We found that IRRs increased with each successive birth cohort born since approximately 1920 for eight of 34 cancers (pcohort<0·050). Notably, the incidence rate was approximately two-to-three times higher in the 1990 birth cohort than in the 1955 birth cohort for small intestine (IRR 3·56 [95% CI 2·96-4·27]), kidney and renal pelvis (2·92 [2·50-3·42]), and pancreatic (2·61 [2·22-3·07]) cancers in both male and female individuals; and for liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in female individuals (2·05 [1·23-3·44]). Additionally, the IRRs increased in younger cohorts, after a decline in older birth cohorts, for nine of the remaining cancers (pcohort<0·050): oestrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer, uterine corpus cancer, colorectal cancer, non-cardia gastric cancer, gallbladder and other biliary cancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, anal cancer in male individuals, and Kaposi sarcoma in male individuals. Across cancer types, the incidence rate in the 1990 birth cohort ranged from 12% (IRR1990 vs 1975 1·12 [95% CI 1·03-1·21] for ovarian cancer) to 169% (IRR1990 vs 1930 2·69 [2·34-3·08] for uterine corpus cancer) higher than the rate in the birth cohort with the lowest incidence rate. The MRRs increased in successively younger birth cohorts alongside IRRs for liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer in female individuals, uterine corpus, gallbladder and other biliary, testicular, and colorectal cancers, while MRRs declined or stabilised in younger birth cohorts for most cancers types. 17 of 34 cancers had an increasing incidence in younger birth cohorts, including nine that previously had declining incidence in older birth cohorts. These findings add to growing evidence of increased cancer risk in younger generations, highlighting the need to identify and tackle underlying risk factors. American Cancer Society.

Do Leaders Age Like a Fine Wine? A Meta-Analysis of Leader Age and Leadership Effectiveness

Do Leaders Age Like a Fine Wine? A Meta-Analysis of Leader Age and Leadership Effectiveness

The effect of occlusal loading on secondary tooth eruption: An experimental study using a rat model.

This study aimed to assess the impact of occlusal loading on secondary tooth eruption and to determine the extent to which altering the occlusal loading influences the magnitude of secondary eruption through an experimental rat model. The present sample consisted of 48 male Wistar rats. At the onset of the experiment, 24 rats were 4 weeks old (young rats) and 24 rats were 26 weeks old (adult). Within each age group, the rats were further divided into two equal subgroups (12 rats each), receiving either a soft- or hard-food diet for the 3-month duration of the experiment. The primary outcome was the tooth position changes relative to stable references in the coronal plane by evaluating the distance between the mandibular first molars and the inferior alveolar canal. Microcomputed tomography scans were taken from all rats at three standardized intervals over the 3-month study period. Descriptive statistics were calculated by age and diet over time, and the evolution of the outcomes were plotted by age and diet over time. Longitudinal data analysis via generalized estimating equations was performed to examine the effect of age, diet and time on the primary outcomes. Secondary tooth eruption was observed in all age groups (young and adult) regardless of diet consistency (soft or hard food). In young rats, the secondary eruption was greater in the animals fed a soft diet than those fed a hard diet. In adult rats, minimal difference in secondary tooth eruption were found between different diet consistencies. Occlusal loading influences secondary tooth eruption in teeth with an established occlusal contact. The quantity of eruption in growing rats is higher when occlusal loading is less, providing a certain amount of secondary tooth eruption occurs. This difference, however, is not evident in adult rats, at least during the given 3-month time frame.

How Do Young Soccer Players Train? A 5-Year Analysis of Weekly Training Load and its Variability Between Age Groups in an Elite Youth Academy.

Connolly, DR, Stolp, S, Gualtieri, A, Ferrari Bravo, D, Sassi, R, Rampinini, E, and Coutts, AJ. How do young soccer players train? A 5-year analysis of weekly training load and its variability between age groups in an elite youth academy. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e423-e429, 2024-The aim of this study was to quantify the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), duration, and training load accrued across typical training weeks undertaken by youth soccer players. Differences between starters, nonstarters, and variations in training load variables were also investigated. Data were collected from 230 elite youth players in 4 age groups (U15, U16, U17, and U19) during 5 competitive seasons. Mixed models were used to describe variation between age groups and compare starters with nonstarters, with season as a fixed covariate effect. Week-to-week variation in training load was expressed as the percentage coefficient of variation. The main findings may be used to highlight a significant effect of age and playing status on training intensity, duration, and internal training load. Weekly training load increased progressively from the U15 to U17, with significant differences between each age group (p < 0.03). Lower mean weekly perceived intensity (sRPE) was noted in U15 when compared with the older age groups (4.2 vs. 4.6-4.9 arbitrary unit for U16 to U19, p < 0.001). Low weekly training load variation was observed across the different phases of the season in each age group, with the preseason exhibiting the greatest variance (3.6-6.2%). Differences in the training load are likely more attributable to changes in training duration rather than sRPE. Control of session duration seems to play an important role when aiming to control load in the academy environment, and practitioners should closely monitor the differences in duration and load being recorded between starters and nonstarters.

Adult Normative Data for the Moberg Pick-Up Test in an Israeli Cohort

Abstract Date Presented 03/22/24 This study examining the effect of age, gender and handedness of 218 healthy adults, adds to the limited worldwide normative data on the Moberg Pick-Up Test, and challenges findings from previous studies regarding gender differences. Primary Author and Speaker: Tal Mazor-Karsenty Additional Authors and Speakers: Danit Langer

Comparative pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in healthy young-adult and geriatric horses.

To evaluate the effects of aging on phenylbutazone (PBZ) disposition in older horses (≥ 25 years old) compared to young adults (4 to 10 years old) by characterizing the pharmacokinetic profile of PBZ and its active metabolite, oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ), following a 2.2-mg/kg dose, IV. We hypothesized that the disposition of PBZ will be affected by age. 16 healthy horses (8 young adults aged 4 to 10 years and 8 geriatric horses ≥ 25 years old). Horses were administered a single 2.2-mg/kg PBZ dose, IV. Plasma samples were collected at designated time points and frozen at -80 °C until assayed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed using Phoenix WinNonlin, version 8.0 (Certara). Both clinical and pharmacokinetic data were compared between age groups using independent samples t tests, with P < .05 considered significant. Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups, with the exception of age, weight, and plasma total solids. Plasma concentrations of PBZ were best described by a two-compartment model. The maximum plasma concentration of OPBZ was reached at 5 hours for both age groups, and the metabolite-to-parent-drug area-under-the-curve ratios were approximately 20% for both groups. None of the pharmacokinetic parameters of PBZ or its metabolite, OPBZ, differed significantly between age groups. The hypothesis was rejected as there was no significant difference in PBZ disposition in young-adult horses compared to geriatric horses. Our data do not support the need for dose adjustments of PBZ in clinically healthy geriatric horses.

Somatic Factors Predict On-Road Driving Skills in Older Drivers and Drivers with Mild Cognitive Impairment.

On-road driving skills can be impaired in older drivers and drivers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to different driving-relevant deficits. Among these deficits, somatic factors have received little attention so far. In a prospective observational on-road driving study, we examined whether somatic factors can predict on-road driving skills in a mixed sample of healthy older drivers and drivers with MCI (n = 99) and whether the inclusion of age explains additional variance. Somatic factors included the number of prescribed drugs, visual acuity, peripheral visual field integrity, mobility of the cervical spine, and hearing impairment. A hierarchical regression analysis was used to predict on-road driving skills by adding the somatic factors in the first step and age in the second step. Results revealed that the combination of somatic factors significantly predicted on-road driving skills (R2adjusted = 0.439). The inclusion of age led to a significant increase of explained variance (R2adjusted = 0.466). Our results suggest that somatic factors can accurately predict on-road driving skills in healthy older drivers and drivers with MCI. In addition, our results suggest that there is a significant but rather small effect of age beyond somatic changes.

The Bispectral Electroencephalography Method Quantifies Postoperative Delirium-Like States in Young and Aged Male Mice After Head-Mount Implantation Surgery.

Delirium, a syndrome characterized by an acute change in attention, awareness, and cognition, is commonly observed in older adults, although there are few quantitative monitoring methods in the clinical setting. We developed a bispectral electroencephalography (BSEEG) method capable of detecting delirium and can quantify the severity of delirium using a novel algorithm. Preclinical application of this novel BSEEG method can capture a delirium-like state in mice following lipopolysaccharide administration. However, its application to postoperative delirium (POD) has not yet been validated in animal experiments. This study aimed to create a POD model in mice with the BSEEG method by monitoring BSEEG scores following EEG head-mount implantation surgery and throughout the recovery. We compared the BSEEG scores of C57BL/6J young (2-3 months old) with aged (18-19 months old) male mice for quantitative evaluation of POD-like states. Postoperatively, both groups displayed increased BSEEG scores and a loss of regular diurnal changes in BSEEG scores. In young mice, BSEEG scores and regular diurnal changes recovered relatively quickly to baseline by postoperative day (PO-Day) 3. Conversely, aged mice exhibited prolonged increases in postoperative BSEEG scores and it reached steady states only after PO-Day 8. This study suggests that the BSEEG method can be utilized as a quantitative measure of POD and assess the effect of aging on recovery from POD in the preclinical model.

Use of antioxidants to retard aging of bitumen: A review.

Oxidative aging of bitumen is an inevitable and irreversible phenomenon. Exposure to detrimental factors such as sunlight, oxygen, and UV radiations accelerates the aging of bitumen and bituminous pavement. The aging process induces hardening and embrittlement in bitumen, leading to premature pavement failure. Therefore, for constructing sustainable long-lasting pavements anti-aging additives are used. Among the available additives, the use of antioxidants has emerged as a promising solution to mitigate the aging of bitumen. The current review aims to summarise the existing literature for a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of these additives as aging inhibitors. It provides an overview of the chemical pathway involved during bitumen oxidation and various quantification techniques to measure the effect of aging. This review also highlights the potential use of antioxidants in bitumen and elaborates on the working mechanism of different types of antioxidants to prevent bitumen aging. Further, the effect of modification in bitumen at micro, macro, and mixture levels are discussed. Additionally, cost analysis and future prospects on the use of antioxidants for bitumen are presented.

Base rates of failure on various performance validity tests as a function of age in adults referred for neuropsychological assessment.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between age and base rates of failure (BRFail) on various performance validity tests (PVTs) administered in medical-legal settings. Archival data were analyzed from 3,297 adults (Mage = 42.3 years; Meducation = 11.2) referred for psychological or neuropsychological assessments in a medical-legal or forensic civil disability context who passed the Word Memory Test. BRFail on 10 PVTs (three freestanding and seven embedded) were reported at multiple cutoffs across five age groups ranging from 16 years to 69 years. BRFail increased with age on most embedded PVTs, with a couple of notable exceptions. Reliable Digit Span was unrelated to age at ≤6 but produced elevated BRFail among older examinees at ≤7. Within freestanding PVTs, a positive relationship emerged between age and BRFail on most instruments/cutoffs. Older age is associated with an increased risk of false positive errors on many embedded PVTs that rely on raw scores. Although freestanding PVTs tend to be more resistant to the effects of age, several commonly used cutoffs may still produce increased false positive rates in older examinees. Taken together, results suggest that PVT scores should be interpreted in the context of patient characteristics, in an evidence-based manner, rather than by rigidly applying omnibus cutoffs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Unravelling the complex interplay of age, comorbidities, and multimorbidities in COVID-19 disease progression: Clinical implications and future perspectives

IntroductionThe COVID-19 infection as an inflammatory disease has posed significant challenges to global public health due to multi-factor risks associated with it leading to disease severity and mortality. Understanding the effect of age and comorbidities on overall disease progression is crucial to identify highly susceptible individuals and to develop effective disease management strategies in a resource limited country like Pakistan. MethodologyA retrospective study was conducted on hospitalized COVID-19 patients to assess the prevalence of various comorbidities among different age groups and their effect on disease severity and mortality rate. ResultsIn this retrospective study, a cohort of 618 hospitalized COVID-19 patients was analyzed, consisting of 387 males (62.6 %) and 231 females (37.4 %). Notably, the young age group (15–24 years), had the lowest frequency of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, while no case was observed in children (≤14 years) showing a significant association (p < 0.001) of age and disease prevalence. Comorbidities were observed in 63.9 % of COVID-19 patients including hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), ischemic heart diseases (IHD), asthma, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and tuberculosis (TB). The most common comorbidities were HTN (42.1 %) followed by DM (33.8 %), IHD (16.5 %), asthma (11.2 %), CKD (7.9 %) and TB (1.9 %).Furthermore, the study revealed a significant association between comorbidities, age groups, and the need for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) (p < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (MV) (p < 0.001), and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (p < 0.001). Patients with specific comorbidities and those in the older age group (≥65 years) demonstrated a higher need for these interventions. However, patients without any comorbidity consistently exhibited the highest cumulative proportion of survival at each time point, indicating better overall survival outcomes. In contrast, patients with multimorbidities of DM/HTN/IHD, HTN/IHD, and DM/HTN/CKD had comparatively lower survival rates and higher mortality rates (p < 0.001). ConclusionThis research highlights the significant impact of age, comorbidities and multimorbidities on the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients. It highlights the importance of considering these factors in tailoring effective management strategies for patients with COVID-19 or other infectious respiratory diseases.

Ageing of Australian lamb beyond 14 days does not further improve eating quality

Limited studies are available assessing the impact of extended ageing on lamb eating quality of a wide range of cuts. From lamb (n = 153) and young mutton (n = 40) carcasses, seven cuts (eye of rack, eye of shoulder, knuckle, loin, outside, rump and topside) were collected and aged based on three ageing times (5, 14 or 21 days). Additionally, residual glycogen was determined from the loin at the corresponding ageing time. Untrained consumers assessed samples for tenderness, juiciness, flavour liking and overall liking. Increasing ageing time from 5 to 14 or 21 days significantly improved cut eating quality; however, ageing beyond 14 days showed no additional benefit. The ageing effect reduced when corrected for pH and temperature measurements, confirming ageing can improve eating quality when pH and temperature variation exists. Loin residual glycogen had no impact on eating quality at each ageing time. Our results confirm the importance of establishing optimum ageing times for cuts to ensure the highest consumer acceptability.

Risk of lymph node metastasis in T1 tonsil squamous cell carcinomas patients according to age stratification at diagnosis

BackgroundThe objective of this study is to assess the association between age and lymph nodes metastasis (LNM) in T1 tonsil squamous cell carcinomas (TSCC) patients. MethodsPatients with T1 TSCC were extracted from the SEER database between 2005 and 2014. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were produced to recognize the association between age and risk factors of LNM. ResultsA total of 2430 patients were analyzed. Younger patients more frequently presented with LNM compared to their older peers (P < 0.01, respectively.). In multivariate analyses, older age was associated with a significantly lower risk of LNM. Compared to patients aged 29–39-years-old, the hazard ratios for patients aged 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, and 70–88 years old were 0.911 (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.370–2.245), 0.641 (95 % CI 0.268–1.535), 0.511 (95 % CI 0.212–1.231), and 0.236 (95 % CI 0.095–0.584), respectively. Subgroups analysis shows that the effect of older age was significantly associated with a lower risk of LNM in all groups except for Asian patients (P < 0.05, respectively). ConclusionOur study demonstrates that younger patients with T1 TSCC had a higher risk of LNM than their old peers and the effect of older age was significantly associated with a lower risk of LNM in all groups except for Asian patients. More accurate assessments of LNM and prophylactic neck dissection or prophylactic adjuvant radiation therapy to neck will be imperative for reducing recurrence in younger T1 TSCC.

Age, period, cohort effects in trends of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese adults

ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of age, period, and cohort on the trends of depression; and to examine the influence of these three temporal effects on residential disparities in depression.MethodsUsing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) during 2011 to 2020, involving 77,703 respondents aged 45 years old and above. The measurement of depressive symptoms was the score of 10-question version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 10). The hierarchical age-period-cohort cross-classified random effects models were conducted to examine trends in depressive symptoms related to age, period and cohort.ResultsCES-D scores increased with age and slightly decreased at older age. The cohort trends mostly increased except for a downward trend among those born in 1950s. As for the period effect, CES-D scores decreased gradually from 2011 to 2013 followed by a upward trend. Rural residents were associated with higher level of depression than those live in urban area. These residence gaps in depression enlarged before the age of 80, and then narrowed. The urban–rural disparities in CES-D scores gradually diminished across cohorts, while the corresponding period-based change in urban–rural gaps was not significant.ConclusionWhen age, period, cohort factors are considered, the age effects on depression dominated, and the period and cohort variations were relatively small. The residence disparities in depression reduced with successive cohorts, more attention should be paid to the worsening depression condition of younger cohorts in urban areas.

Optimizing avian translocation success: A systematic review of the effect of release age on survival, dispersal, and productivity

AbstractThe success of avian translocations depends on many factors. Release age is often cited as an influential factor that warrants further study, yet no general guidelines exist to improve the outcome of translocations. We conducted a systematic review of literature on captive‐reared or wild‐caught birds that incorporated &gt;1 age class in their analyses of post‐release survival, dispersal, or reproduction. Fifty‐two studies met our search criteria, and 39 were retained for an evaluation of post‐release survival. For studies reporting at least one trend, more reported higher post‐release survival when birds were translocated at younger ages (68%) than at older ages (32%). This pattern was most pronounced for wild‐caught birds and for captive‐reared birds released within their first year of life. Captive‐reared birds of prey were an exception, with birds released at older ages often having higher survival than birds released at younger ages. We review the authors' hypotheses for why birds released at younger ages are more likely to settle, survive, and breed. More research is needed on the potential effects of release age on dispersal and reproduction. We recommend that future studies incorporate age of release as a covariate and control for the effect of season of release in experiments.