Education Level Of Farmers Research Articles

CROP DIVERSIFICATION AND ITS RELEVANCE IN RISK MANAGEMENT IN THIRUVARUR DISTRICT OF TAMILNADU, INDIA

Crop diversification at farm level is accepted to be an effective tool in risk mitigation in agriculture. But this concept of crop diversification is not been adopted much by farmers of Thiruvarur for reason unknown. Hence a study was undertaken to analyse the factors influencing the farmers awareness on the relevance of crop diversification in risk management and to rank the reason for non – adoption of crop diversification in Thiruvarur district of Tamilnadu. With regard to selection of study area, Thiruvarur district was considered as the universe of the study. The Mannargudi block of this district was purposively selected since it possesses cultivation area falling under both upstream irrigation as well as tail end irrigation. The Logit analysis revealed that the awareness on crop diversification had been positively and significantly influenced by education level of farmers, size of farm, no of agri – related meetings attended by respondents and labour scarcity. Further, Garrett ranking analysis revealed that the farmer’s attitude of “more reliance on traditional methodologies” was the prime reason for non - adoption of crop diversification in Thiruvarur district. Efforts may be enhanced by the institutional authorities to popularise the concept of crop diversification and its relevance in risk mitigation in agriculture. Village specific crop diversification models have to be identified considering the local features and advocated.

Konya bölgesindeki hindi yetiştiriciliğinin mevcut durumu ve bazı sorunlarının değerlendirilmesi

Bu çalışma, Konya bölgesinde hindi yetiştiriciliğinin genel yapısını belirlemek, yetiştiricilerin bazı sorunlarını tespit etmek ve bu sorunlara çözüm önerileri getirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın verileri Konya bölgesindeki ankete katılmayı gönüllü olarak kabul eden yetiştiricilerden elde edilmiştir. Bu çalışma genel olarak sürü büyüklüğü ve yapısı, besleme ve yönetim uygulaması, pazarlama ve yetiştiricilerin sosyo-ekonomik yapısını belirlemiştir. Tanımlayıcı istatistik ve verilerin karşılaştırılması için de ki-kare testi SPSS(Verison 23) paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Yetiştiricilerin yaş ortalaması 41.21±13.57 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yetiştiricilerin %50 den fazlası semi-entansif yöntemle, özellikle Amerikan bronz ırkından yararlanmaktadır. Aydınlatma tipi ile yetiştirme sistemi arasındaki ilişki istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Yetiştirme sezonu boyunca hindi yetiştiriciliği yapılan süre ortalama 6-8 ay olarak belirlenmiştir (%51.5). Konya bölgesindeki yetiştiricilerin konu ile ilgili eğitim seviyelerinin yetersizliği, üretim ve pazarlama problemleriyle karşılaştıklarından dolayı, Anadolu bölgesinde hindi üretim ve tüketiminin yaygınlaşmasını artırmak amacıyla devlet tarafından finansal ve eğitim destekleri verilmelidir.

Transformation Of Social And Economic Livelihoods Of Rubber Farmers

Rubber production in Bulukumba Regency continues to increase the amount of production every year, to be precise in Bulukumpa District, Batulohe Village. But in fact, the life of rubber farmers is still very far from prosperous. The novelty of this research is to try to capture the livelihoods of rubber farmers from sociological and economic aspects. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure of land tenure, wage levels, education levels, access to information, and trade value chains in Batulohe Village, Bulukumpa District. This research was conducted in Batulohe Village, Bulukumpa District, Bulukumba Regency. This type of research is qualitative ethnographic in nature, this model seeks to study cultural events, which present the subject's view of life as an object of study. The data source of this research comes from direct interviews with rubber farmers. Data processing and data validation techniques used were source triangulation techniques to test the validity of the information obtained from informants. The results showed that there was no imbalance in land tenure structure because in fact the community already owned land. The level of wages given to farm laborers is not proportional because it does not follow the prevailing rubber price trend. The education level of farmers is still relatively low. Meanwhile, existing access to information is not transparent and unequal because it is monopolized by traders at both the village and city levels. Finally, the trade chain that occurs involves several actors, starting from farmers, village traders, urban traders to the processing industry, which tends not to benefit farmers. A big push intervention policy from the government is needed so that there will be a redistribution of fiscal allocations to the poor and an improvement in livelihoods and income. Keywords: Rubber Farmers, Social Economic; Welfare.

Adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural Practices by Rice Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

The rise in population amidst climate change has exerted undue pressure on food production and security. Rice production has also been adversely affected by rising temperature and varying rainfall resulting in reduced productivity. In order to cope with the negative impact of climate change events on rice production, farmers need strengthen and improve their adaptive capacity. Therefore, a study was conducted to empirically estimate the factors affecting the adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural ( CSA) practices in rice production. Multistage sampling procedure was employed to select the representative rice farmers for the study. With the aid of oral interview and questionnaires, information were elicited from 90 farmers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and univariate probit model. Results revealed that majority ( 62.5 percent) of rice farmers were women, 75 percent were married, 67.5 percent were within economically active age and 85 percent had post primary education. Findings further showed that education level of farmers, family size, farm income and access to information on climate change were positively and directly related to rice farmers willingness to adopt climate smart agricultural practices at 1 percent and 5 percent levels of significance respectively. Result also showed that about 55.85 percent of rice farmers in the study location received information on climate change from village meetings, friends, relatives and other farmers. Agricultural policies that aimed at increasing incomes of rice farmers and creating awareness on climate change will be rational decision.

KARAKTERISTIK PETANI DAN KELAYAKAN USAHATANI JAHE DI SUMATERA UTARA (Farmer Characteristics and Farming Feasibility of Gingers in North Sumatera)

The success of agricultural efforts depends on the competency of farmers as primary organizers. Characteristics related to competencies such as farmer education level, farmer age, financing, and institutional participation. The purposes of this research were to identify the characteristics of ginger farmer and to analyze the feasibility of ginger farming in North Sumatera. This research used secondary data. Descriptive analysis was a method of analysis used in research. The results of identifying show that characteristics of ginger farmers in North Sumatera were as much as 61.76% being at the age of 25 to 54 years, 55.24% of ginger farmers completed education until junior level, 96.79% of ginger farmers financed their own farming activities, 95.06% of farmers sold their products to the collector merchants, and the involvement of farmers in agricultural institutions were very small. Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio) of ginger in North Sumatera is 1.97, meaning that each expenditure of IDR1,00 then the ginger farmer will get a receipt of IDR1.97. This shows that ginger farming is viable and beneficial to be cultivated. Maximizing agricultural extension role as one of the efforts to increase the income and welfare of ginger farmers in North Sumatera.

Factors of Affecting the Income of Farmers in the Village of Perean Tengah, Baturiti District, Tabanan Regency, Bali

Indonesia is an agricultural country which is famous for its abundant natural wealth. The agricultural sector plays an important role for some developing countries. This can be seen from the role of the agricultural sector in meeting food needs in the country, this agricultural sector can also provide employment opportunities for the population. To get maximum agricultural yield, this is influenced by factors of education level and age of farmers. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effect of education level and age to have a positive and significant partially significant effect on income of farmers, 2) to determine the effect of education level and age simultaneously on the income of farmers in Central Perean Village. The data analysis technique used in this study was multiple linear regression analysis techniques to determine the effect of education level and age on income. The research results from the tests that have been conducted show that education has a positive and significant effect on income, age has a negative and significant effect on income of farmers, and the level of education and age simultaneously affects the income of farmers. The level of education should be paid more attention, with the knowledge gained from education so that it can be applied in agriculture. Improve facilities to increase agricultural yield. For researchers who have the desire to examine the same variables, it is hoped that they can develop this research further and better by considering other variables that have not been tested in this study.

Pig farmers' willingness to recover their production under COVID-19 pandemic shock in China – Empirical evidence from a farm survey

Pig farmers' willingness to recover production under the COVID-19 pandemic shock is significant to recover live pigs' supply in China in 2020. Increasing farmers' willingness to recover pig production contributes to enhance pig supply, stabilize the pig and pork market, and to improve pig farmers' income. This research studies the determinants of pig farmers' willingness to recover production under COVID-19 pandemic shock by applying survey data of 201 farmers in Huai'an City and Lin'an City and a logit regression model. The estimation results show that a farmer's risk perception, the duration time of a farmer's feed supply under COVID-19 pandemic shock, whether or not being a cooperative member, and a farmer's knowledge on government's policy designed to encourage pig production, a farmer's education level and production experience are the key determinants to a farmer's willingness to recover pig production. Thus, it's important for policymakers to solve the problems for farmers to get access to feed during the pandemic, to encourage the development of cooperatives, as well as to issue and advocate policies to encourage pig production. The study contributes to the scant literature by providing fresh empirical evidences on determinants of farmers' willingness to recover pig production. It has significance to farmers and governments to enhance farmers' willingness to recover production, which contributes to secure pig supply in China after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Determinants for the adoption of residential rainwater harvesting systems on the slopes of Mt. Elgon, East-Africa. How do they perform?

In recent years, the mountainous regions are becoming more susceptible to devastating climatic shocks causing food insecurity and environmental degradation. In response, farmers with small landholding are gaining interest in deploying Residential Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RRWHS) to improve water supplies in homes, though diminutive consideration has been given to the performance evaluation of these systems in a mountainous landscape in the tropics. Our study intended to explicitly understand the determinants for the household adoption of RRWHS and evaluate their performance to improve domestic water supplies in the study area. The study took a cross-sectional design were 444 respondents were selected using a cluster sampling method, and administered with semi-structured questionnaires. The indicators used to assess system performances were: reliability, cost-effectiveness and efficiency. The results of this study showed that system/component price-subsidies, household income-status, landholding-size, availability of technical support and farmer education-level were the most significant determinants for the uptake of RRWHS (P < = 0.05). Performance-wise, the most reliable systems were corrugated metallic-tanks and concrete-ferro-cement tanks. The most cost-effective system was plastic jerrycans; while the most-efficient were concrete ferro-cement and plastic tanks. This study reveals that tax exemptions on the manufacture and importation of RRWHS components can increase their acquisition. The high-capacity storage RRWHS systems are preferred by the farmers due to improved water supplies to sustain domestic usage and farming requirements but also safeguard the environment from surface run-off and overexploitation. Plastic-storage facilities are preferred, because they did not react with water compared to metallic systems.

ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FOOD CROPS PRODUCTION IN OYO STATE

The study assessed the adaptation strategies to mitigate effects of climate change on food crops production in Oyo State. Multi stage sampling procedure was used in selecting 120 respondents for the study. Primary data was collected through interview schedule and it was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that majority (84.2%) of the respondents were male, married (92.5%) and the crop they mainly cultivated are maize (45.8%) and cassava(37.5%). Further results revealed that majority (70.0%) have knowledge of climate change, majority (84.17%) regularly accessed information on climate change through radio and 88.3% of them claimed to adopt planting crops favorable for the present weather condition as an adaptation strategies to mitigate the effect of climate change more frequently. Correlation and Chi-square analysis revealed that there existed a relationship between household size (r= -0.089; p=0.002); knowledge (r= -0.157; p= 0.002), educational level of farmers (X2= 4.861; p= 0.003) and adaptation strategies to climate change effects among the food crops farmer..It was recommended that food crop farmers should be better educated and sensitized in order for them to be better acquainted with coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies that are currently been proffered by research.

Factors influencing adoption of climate resilient paddy production practices in Andhra Pradesh, India

This paper examined the factors affecting adoption of climate resilient practices in paddy production using data collected from farmers of Andhra Pradesh during the year 2019. Majority of the farmers reported increase in temperature, unpredictability in weather, reduced duration of winter, uneven and irregular rainfall as the climatic change events. The practices being followed by farmers which fit the adaptation criteria were timely sowing and weeding, proper spacing and formation of soil bunds. The climate resilient practices most preferred and prioritized by paddy farmers were direct sown rice, drought tolerant varieties, weather forecast services, integrated nutrient management, growing of green manure crops followed by crop diversification, crop insurance, system of rice intensification (SRI) and use of leaf color chart. Market demand, assured irrigation, land fertility, and availability of finance were the major factors governing the decision to grow crops. The educational level of farmers exhibited significant and positive correlation with practices namely SRI, use of leaf color chart, crop insurance, weather forecast services and drought tolerant varieties. Analysis of factors influencing the adoption of climate resilient paddy production practices would help to promote and disseminate these practices to increase the adoption rate and also aid in the framing of appropriate policies.

EDUCATION AS THE DIFFERENTIATING FACTOR IN APPLYING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES ON FARMS

The study is dedicated to the issue of implementing rules of sustainable development on farms. Research was conducted on 310 farms. The farm classification criterion was the education of the farm manager. Farms in four provinces were analyzed: Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Mazowieckie, Lubelskie, and Wielkopolskie. The aim was to determine the knowledge and scope of applying sustainable development in farming, depending on the farmer's education level. The research consisted of determining the importance attached by farmers, depending on their declared level of formal education, to features of a sustainable farm and advantages of this mode of management for the environment, the society, and agricultural producers themselves. It was assumed that the higher the farmer's education level, the better the familiarity with sustainable development principles and their practical application. It was found that depending on the agricultural producer's education, the importance attached to individual variables characterizing a sustainable farm varied. In terms of environmental advantages, the most important feature was water protection; among benefits for the society, safe food was considered to be of the highest significance, while for producers, the most important was a higher income. The research results did not make it possible to unambiguously state that university education determines farmers' familiarity and compliance with sustainability principles. In some cases, farmers, who had good knowledge of sustainable agricultural practices, failed to apply them in their operations.

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kompetensi petani dalam melakukan usahatani ikan air tawar di kecamatan Polanharjo kabupaten Klaten

Ability is an individual capacity to do various tasks in a profession or activity. This study aimed at scrutinizing the internal factors (age, education level, farming experience, and cosmopolitan level) and external factors (the roles of agricultural extension officers, the roles of the heads of farmer groups, local government support, and access to mass media) of the farmers in practicing freshwater fish farming in Polanharjo Sub-district, Klaten Regency, and the correlation between both the internal and external factors and farmers’ ability in practicing freshwater fish farming in Polanharjo Sub-district, Klaten Regency. This research applied a qualitative method with a survey technique. The research location was determined by considering that Polanharjo Sub-district in Klaten Regency Further, Nganjat Village, and Janti. Samples were taken using proportional random sampling, involving 60 respondents. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation test with IBM SPSS 20.0. The results of this study include three major points. The farmers’ age and education levels were considered high, while their farming practice experience and cosmopolitan levels were low. The role of agricultural extension officers and the support of the local government was low, while the role of heads of farmer groups and access to mass media was very low. The roles of agricultural extension officers and the heads of farmer groups had a highly significant relationship with the farmers' ability to practice freshwater fish farming. Nevertheless, Farmers' age, education level, farming experience, and cosmopolitan level, local government support, and access to mass media did not show any noteworthy relationship with farmers’ ability to practice freshwater fish farming.

Multiple linear regressions on determinants of ginger production in yeki district, Sheka Zone, South West Ethiopia

Ginger is an important crop that is produced worldwide for both spice and medicine. Ethiopia is one of the sub-Saharan countries which cultivate and export ginger to other countries. Even though ginger is an essential spice in the country, constraint faced during production reduces its output. Thus, this study aimed to identify the determinants of ginger production in the case of Yeki woreda. Primary data were collected using a self-administrative questionnaire administered on 110 ginger producers selected using a simple random sampling technique. Furthermore, data analysis methods descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were applied. The mean value of ginger yield was 51.74 quintals. The empirical result discovered that fertilizer use (p<0.001), bacteria disease (p<0.0340), education levels (p<0.0001, <0.0001, <0.0009, <0.0034), farm size (p<0.0025), farmer experience (p<0.0003), and weeds (p<0.0018) were significant predictor variables in determining ginger production. Moreover, the result revealed that 85.00% of the discrepancy of ginger production explained by the independent variables included in the multiple linear regression model. Generally, fertilizer use, farm size in a hectare, the experience of farmers, weeds effect, diseases like bacteria wilt, and education level of farmers were the significant factors of ginger output. Therefore, the study recommends the implementation and improvement of ginger production at the producer level by considering the use of fertilizer, farm size, herbicides, education level of farmers, and control bacterial wilt disease. Thus, developmental institutions, agricultural extensions, and governments are advisable to improve the yield of ginger production via controlling the significant determinants.

PENERAPAN DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES (GAP) USAHATANI KOPI RAKYAT DI LERENG ARGOPURO KABUPATEN JEMBER

Aplication is expected to be effort to improve coffee farming in Panti District, Jember Regency is by implementing the people's coffee farming according to Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) guidelines. This study aims to determine the level of application of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) of people's coffee farming, and determine the factors that influence. The analysis uses scoring analysis and multiple linear regression. The results showed 1) the level of application of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) of coffee farming was 80.58 or suitable category 2) Adj R-Square value of 63.5%, variability in the level application of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) of people's coffee farming explain by age, education level, family dependent, land area, intensity of smallholder, access farm information, and price perception. F test results obtained that all independent variables simultan have a significant effect on the level of implementation of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) of people's coffee farming. T test results show that the dependents of the family, land area, access to farming information, and perception of coffee prices partially have a significant effect while the age, education level, and intensity of farmers' presence partially do not significantly influence the level of implementation of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) of coffee farming people.

ANALISIS PENGARUH FAKTOR PRODUKSI TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS USAHATANI KELAPA SAWIT POLA SWADAYA DI DESA SUNGAI BULUH KECAMATAN KUANTAN SINGINGI HILIR, KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Palm oil is one of the potential commodities that is widely cultivated by farmers in Singingi Hilir Regency. This study aims to analyze the farmers’ characteristics and profile of oil palm farming, the use of factors of production, costs, production, income and efficiency of oil palm farming, and the effect of production factors on oil palm farming productivity. The research was conducted during 6 months, starting from September 2018 to February 2019. Survey location was selected in Sungai Buluh Village Kuantan Singingi Hilir District Kuantan Singingi Regency and samples were purposively selected as 38 farmers. The samples were farmers who have oil palm farming with age between 10-15 years. Data were collected by survey method, consisting of primary data and secondary data. The results showed that the average age of farmers was 46.32 years, the education level of farmers averaged 9.61 years, the average number of family members was 4 person with having experience on oil palm cultivation was 13.84 years. The average of farmers’ land area was 3.63 ha. The average of oil palm production cost was IDR 40,227,034/year, consisting of variable costs of IDR 39,818,783 and fixed costs of IDR 408,251. The average of oil palm production in fresh fruit bunch was 64,740 kg/year with a selling price of IDR 1,449/kg and revenue was IDR 93,813,371/year. Moreover, the profit obtained was IDR 53,586,337/year and efficiency value (RCR) was 2.33. The land area and urea fertilizer had a significant effect on palm oil productivity in Sungai Buluh Village, Singingi Hilir District, Kuantan Singingi Regency.&#x0D; Keywords:Production factors, Oil palm farming, Productivitas, Swadya pattern.

Adoption of improved production methods by underutilized indigenous vegetable farmers

ABSTRACT Adoption of improved technology is necessary in developing countries to ensure adequate vegetable production and increased farm income. The study examined factors influencing adoption of improved production methods by growers of underutilized indigenous vegetables. Data obtained from the Synergizing Fertilizer Micro-dosing and Indigenous Vegetable Production project to Enhance Food and Economic Security in West Africa data bank (MICROVEG), collected from 552 respondents, were used. The Poisson Regression Model was employed to estimate the probability of adoption of improved technology practices. Awareness and knowledge of innovation, membership in farmer organizations, education level, income, and land ownership were factors positively influencing farmer decisions to adopt the improved methods. For adoption to occur, appropriate dissemination of information needs to be employed.

Characterization and typologies of dairy goat farms in the Mediterranean region: A case of Italy and Turkey

Abstract Our objective was to classify and characterize dairy goat farms on the basis of some socio-economic aspects in two Mediterranean countries, Italy and Turkey. Random samples of 11 farms from the north-eastern part of Italy and of 18 farms from Canakkale province in the west region of Turkey have been used. Farmers were interviewed using 44 indicators related to general farm characteristics based on socio-economic structure. For the classification of farms, Principal Component Analysis and cluster analysis have been performed. Farms have been classified into 4 clusters. Cluster 1 (6 farms, 20.7 %) included “Intensive/Semi-intensive, medium-sized with high owned land area, using technology Italian farms”. Cluster 2 (5 farms, 17.2 %) included “Intensive/Semi-intensive, large-sized with high amount of concentrate feed supply, using technology and with highly cheese production Italian farms”. Cluster 3 (14 farms, 48.3 %) included “Semi-intensive, medium-sized, mostly member of cooperatives, directly raw milk seller Turkish farms”. Cluster 4 (4 farms, 13.8 %) included “Intensive/semi-intensive, large-sized with high land area, member of cooperatives, work with highly hired labour, directly raw milk seller Turkish farms”. Results of this study point out the main differences between Italian and Turkish farms, mostly related to the farmer education level, the use of technology, the marketing and organization structure, and the milk yield. However, the older age of the farmers, their membership of union breeders and their commitment to a second economic activity to provide extra income were the more common features. In conclusion, taking into account this socio-economic variety between countries, outcomes of this study might help to identify some possible requirements for developing new strategies and policies on the dairy goat sector during the EU-harmonization process in Turkey.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES (KAP) REGARDING ZOONOTIC DISEASES AMONG SMALLHOLDER LIVESTOCK OWNERS OF TULSIPUR SUB-METROPOLITAN CITY, NEPAL

A questionnaire based study was conducted in Tulsipur sub-metropolitan city to assess the community’s knowledge, attitude, and practice on zoonosis. A total of 177 participants from 19 different wards were purposively selected and requested to answer the questionnaire. The educational level of farmers was positively associated with their knowledge towards zoonosis (P&lt;0.05) in which farmers with lower educational background had less knowledge about zoonosis. The respondents’ attitude towards zoonotic disease prevention &amp; control was found to be statistically significant with the educational background. Among those who have a positive perception of zoonotic prevention, about 25.3% of respondents were having college and university education while 52.6% of those who didn’t have a positive perception of the zoonotic disease prevention were illiterate. The educational level of the respondents was statistically significant with their practices towards zoonotic diseases (P&lt;0.05). Respondents who had lower educational levels consumed raw milk, dead animals and assisted during parturition and other animal diseases without safety measures. Community education and awareness programmes are to be defined and further investigations on prevalence and risk factors for zoonosis in such settings will be necessary to define intervention targets.

Technical Efficiency of Rice Farmers under the Large Agricultural Plot Scheme in Khlong Khuean District, Chachoengsao Province, Thailand

This research aimed to discover the technical efficiency (TE) and factors influencing the TE of the Large Agricultural Plot Scheme Project (LAPS) in the Khlong Khuean District, in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand. The samples were 150 registered rice farmers separated into three groups by land size: 1) six farmers from small-sized farms (0-1 ha); 2) 33 farmers from medium-sized farms (1-2 ha); 3) 111 farmers from large-sized farms (more than 2 ha). Estimated TE was obtained by using a stochastic production frontier model, and the factors influencing the TE were obtained from multiple regression. The result revealed that small-sized farms gained highest TE score at 0.829. The education level of farmers was significant at 0.01% and showed a negative coefficient with the TE, because farmers continue to use traditional production methods. Knowledge sharing is a crucial tool to improve efficiency. To improve TE of rice farms, reducing farm inputs, such as seeds, fertiliser, and labour-intensive was recommended. In addition, this research revealed that farm size affects outputs, indicating that large farms were more technically efficient than smaller farms. Additionally, education level influenced TE. The LAPS was one of the policies supported by the government that aimed to increase farmers' outputs.

Traditional Financial Basis，Knowledge Threshold and Digital Finance for Farmers

This study examines the current relationship between digital finance and traditional finance by using micro survey data. Because of various reasons, there are many blank areas and groups in traditional financial services, especially in remote rural areas. Therefore, the emergent digital finance is expected to fill the blank, and serve the areas and groups that traditional finance has yet served. Meanwhile, expanding business in rural areas has indeed become an important strategy for some Internet finance companies. However, we must clearly realize that the application of new digital financial technology, which is a combination of Internet technology and financial business, needs basic financial knowledge and Internet skills. Without basic financial knowledge and Internet skills, people may not be able to use digital financial services skillfully and effectively. Therefore, although Internet finance could overcome geographical obstacles and cut the cost in remote rural areas with low population density and economic activity density, for the perspective of the demand side, it is not so easy to enjoy these modern digital financial services. Therefore, examining the relationship between traditional financial basis and farmers’ use of digital finance through scientific empirical analysis will contribute to deepen our understanding of the digital financial pattern. In this study, we use the firsthand micro survey data from the Thousand Village Survey of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics to investigate the influence of traditional financial foundation and family members’ education level on the use of digital finance. Using the special survey data of Rural Inclusive Finance will help us to inspect the value of traditional financial basis in influencing rural households to use new digital financial services. We find that the higher the frequency of using traditional finance, the greater the possibility of using digital financial services; and the higher the education level of farmers’ household, the higher the probability of using digital finance. In order to overcome the endogenous problems, we take the time required for family to reach the bank outlet” and how many ATMs in the village” as instrumental variables for the family to use traditional financial services, and carry out two-stage least square regression. In addition, in order to more intuitively examine the relationship among traditional finance, family education level and digital finance, we also make a brief analysis of the reasons why farmers do not use digital finance and the willingness of households who do not use Internet finance at present, which also confirm that the lack of financial basis and education is the strongest marginal obstacle affecting the spread of Internet finance. Digital finance also relies on the mass basis laid down by traditional finance. This study is a supplement to the existing literature, because when discussing the relationship between Internet finance and traditional finance, the existing literature can only start from the macro and policy perspective, lacking the micro basis. From the perspective of policy reference value, it is also of great practical significance for us to understand the practical value of the new digital finance and formulate the rural financial policy of digital finance going into the countryside.