Educational Intervention Study Research Articles

Wellbeing and mental health interventions for Indigenous children and youth: A systematic scoping review

IntroductionKey policy directives from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Norway and the United States (CANNZUS countries) highlight the importance of addressing the unique and complex wellbeing and mental health needs of Indigenous school-aged children and youth. This systematic scoping review of the peer reviewed and grey literature identifies the extant evidence about the conditions, strategies and impacts of wellbeing and mental health screening, management and referral pathways for Indigenous children and youth in CANNZUS countries. MethodsA search for peer reviewed and grey literature was conducted of 17 electronic databases and 13 clearinghouses and websites in each of the included countries. Search results were imported into Endnote X9 with titles and abstracts screened against inclusion criteria. The full texts of selected publications were screened by at least two blinded reviewers. Data extracted from the full texts included: authorship, year and publication type; country, target group, sample size and intervention setting, intervention type and study design, outcome measures and reported outcomes. ResultsThe searches produced 3223 peer reviewed and 278 grey literature publications (after duplicates were removed) giving a total of 3501 references. Screening resulted in 15 papers arising from 14 intervention studies in primary health care services, education, juvenile justice and community settings. Only 9 of the 15 publications evaluated an intervention; 6 were program descriptions. The review identified four key approaches to improve wellbeing and mental health care for Indigenous children and youth – cross-service collaboration, professional education, intervention quality and appropriateness, and enhancing direct service provision pathways. Intervention outcomes included acceptability, appropriateness and effectiveness. Discussion/conclusionThe small number of studies found suggests that this research niche area is still in development, with few evaluations of interventions. Identification of interventions within the four broad strategy areas is useful, and the review has some value in guiding the tailored development of interventions in other sites. Further Indigenous-led investigations of wellbeing are needed to identify what works to improve wellbeing and mental healthcare for Indigenous children and youth.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTHCARE STEREOTYPE THREAT AND ADVANCE CARE PLANNING AMONG HISPANIC PATIENTS

Abstract Experiencing ethnic/racial stereotype threat, the psychological experience of confronting stereotypes in the healthcare system, has been found to negatively impact healthcare outcomes (e.g. dissatisfaction with healthcare, poorer mental and physical health, higher physician distrust). Few studies have examined healthcare stereotype threat among Hispanics, and no study has tested how it might impact advance care planning outcomes among Hispanic hospitalized patients. This study aims to examine the relationship between healthcare stereotype threat and advance care planning activities among Hispanic hospitalized patients. We analyzed secondary data collected from a feasibility study of a palliative care educational intervention among 50 Spanish-speaking, Hispanic patients, over the age of 40, who were hospitalized in a large public hospital. Fifty percent had discussed future care if they were to become seriously ill, 18% had written instructions about their care (living will or advance directive), and 32% had a durable power of attorney (proxy) for healthcare. Results of logistic regressions revealed that greater healthcare stereotype threat scores were associated with lower odds of having discussed future care or medical treatment with others (OR=0.49, p=.03). However, healthcare stereotype threat scores were not associated with having provided written instructions about future medical care (OR=0.44; p=0.07), or with having a durable power of attorney for healthcare (OR=0.89; p=0.76). Future research should investigate ways to improve the cultural sensitivity in broaching discussions of future medical treatment among seriously ill patients. Additionally, more research and attention to policy implication are needed to reduce racial stereotype threat experienced in the healthcare system.

USING NATURALLY OCCURRING QUALITATIVE DATA IN GERONTOLOGICAL CANCER RESEARCH

Abstract Cancer therapies for older adults have accelerated at breakneck speed in the last few decades, necessitating evaluation of their delivery and uptake to ensure patients receive their maximum benefit. Among the vast array of evaluation tools available, those utilizing naturally occurring data—data produced without intervention from a researcher—are a powerful but underused tool. In this presentation, we will review two methods for examining naturally occurring data, participant observation and conversation analysis (CA), in an educational intervention study of multiple myeloma patients receiving autologous stem cell transplant. First, we will review how participant observation of nurse-led education visits (n=70) was incorporated to iteratively improve video-based education. Next, we will review use of CA in reviewing audio recordings containing reference to the education videos of 12 nurse-led education visits (1011 minutes of audio). Ultimately, understanding the purposes of and ways of using naturally occurring data have potential for improving the evaluation of patient education.

Effect of exercise and/or educational interventions on physical activity and pain in patients with hip/knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

To investigate the effectiveness of exercise and/or educational intervention on physical activity and pain in patients with hip/knee osteoarthritis (OA) using systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched randomized controlled trials that investigated physical activity and pain and compared exercise and/or educational intervention with usual care in patients with hip/knee OA in MEDLINE (PubMed), ProQuest, Scopus, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), including all those published by April 30, 2022 and written in English. Studies that newly applied analgesics after onset of the intervention were excluded. The revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials was used to assess the methodological qualities. The random-effects model was used for meta-analysis with standard mean differences using RevMan version 5.4. The body of evidence for each study was synthesized using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Twenty studies including 2,350 patients were included (7 exercise studies, 8 educational intervention studies and 5 combination studies). The meta-analysis demonstrated that there is very low evidence that combination therapy of exercise and educational intervention improve the physical activity level at the endpoint (4 articles; SMD 0.33, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.51, P = 0.03). Low evidence was observed for combination therapy reducing pain (4 articles; SMD -0.15, 95% CI -0.29 to -0.02, P = 0.03). The current evidence indicated that combination therapy of exercise and educational intervention leads to improved physical activity and pain reduction in hip/knee OA patients, but the risk of bias in each study, especially in allocation concealment, downgraded the evidence level. These findings support the use of a combination therapy of exercise and educational intervention to promote physical activity levels in patients with hip/knee OA. There was no financial support for this research. The protocol was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (registration code: CRD42020205804).

Overlap Violations in Clustered Observational Studies of Educational Interventions

In education settings, treatments are often non-randomly assigned to clusters, such as schools or classrooms, while outcomes are measured for students. This research design is called the clustered observational study (COS). We examine the consequences of common support violations in the COS context. Common support violations occur when the covariate distributions of treated and control units have substantial areas of non-overlap. Such violations are likely to occur in a COS, especially with a small number of treated clusters. We provide a comprehensive review of methods for overlap violations in the context of COS designs. We provide an overview of diagnostic tests and trimming methods to ensure overlap holds for the distributions of treated and control covariates. We then outline how trimming changes the estimand and how profiling can be used to understand the causal quantity for which overlap holds. Finally, we demonstrate how steps to achieve adequate overlap can result in very narrowly defined causal effects that may have little policy relevance. We use data on Catholic schools to illustrate concepts throughout.

The Novel Method of Teaching Physiology and Pathophysiology of Congenital Hypothyroidism to Medical Students: An Educational Intervention Study

Background: Teaching congenital hypothyroidism is a challenging aspect of medical education. Objectives: In this study, the authors implemented storytelling plus simulation (Double-S method) to make a new way of understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the thyroid gland. Methods: An educational intervention study was conducted on 120 medical students in the third and fourth grades of medicine with little or no clinical experience. Participants were randomly divided into the Double-S and lecture-only groups and underwent the same pre-test and post-test. They attended a 120-minute class by the same pediatric endocrinologist. Results: The intragroup analysis showed no significant difference between the pre-test scores of the two groups (P-value = 0.843), but higher post-test scores were obtained in the Double-S method (7.6 vs. 5.3, respectively, P-value = 0.002). Conclusions: This study showed that teaching heavy physiological and pathophysiological content by unique incorporation of simulation and storytelling can improve learning basic and clinical courses in medical students. As our method had a novelty toward common simulation and storytelling methods, it helped medical students from the base to the bedside.

Strategies to Develop Intercultural Competence of Students in a Multicultural Set Up

In a society that is becoming more and more globalized, and internationalization has become the new norm, intercultural competence (IC) has been proven to be a valuable skill since people are expected to behave responsibly and productively in cross-cultural interactions. The paper reviews educational intervention studies to demonstrate methods for increasing intercultural competency as well as their efficiency in a multicultural university setup. The idea of intercultural competence will be emphasized, along with the values, attitudes, skills, knowledge, and understanding that collectively make up this ability. Following this, a variety of strategies that universities can employ, such as initiatives to foster students' intercultural competence, will be examined.

Medical student medium-term skill retention following cardiac point-of-care ultrasound training based on the American Society of Echocardiography curriculum framework

BackgroundNo studies have demonstrated medium- or long-term skill retention of cardiac point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) curriculum for medical student. Based on the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) curriculum framework, we developed a blended-learning cardiac POCUS curriculum with competency evaluation. The objective of this study was to investigate the curriculum impact on image acquisition skill retention 8 weeks after initial training.MethodsThis study was a prospective, pre-post education intervention study for first- and second-year medical students, with blinded outcome assessment. The curriculum included a pre-training ASE online module and healthy volunteer hands-on training to obtain 5 views: parasternal long-axis (PLAX), parasternal short-axis (PSAX), apical 4-chamber (A4C), subcostal 4-chamber (S4C), and subcostal inferior vena cava (SIVC) views. Students took 5-view image acquisition skill tests at pre-, immediate post-, and 8-week post-training, using a healthy volunteer. Three blinded assessors rated the image quality using a validated 10-point maximum scoring system. Students used a hand-held ultrasound probe (Butterfly iQ).ResultsFifty-four students completed hands-on training, and pre- and immediate post-training skill tests. Twenty-seven students completed 8-week post-training skill tests. Skill test score improvement between pre- and 8-week post-training was 2.11 points (95% CI, 1.22–3.00; effect size, 1.13).ConclusionThe cardiac POCUS curriculum demonstrated medium-term skill retention. The curriculum was sufficient for S4C and SIVC skill retention, but inadequate for PLAX, PSAX, and A4C. Therefore, instructional design modifications or re-training for PLAX, PSAX, and A4C are needed to make the curriculum more effective for clinically relevant skill retention.

Selecting Districts and Schools for Impact Studies in Education: A Simulation Study of Different Strategies

Experimental studies of educational interventions are rarely based on representative samples of the target population. This simulation study tests two formal sampling strategies for selecting districts and schools from within strata when they may not agree to participate if selected: (1) balanced selection of the most typical district or school within each stratum; and (2) random selection. We compared the generalizability of the resulting impact estimates, both to each other and to a stylized approach to purposive selection (the typical approach for experimental studies in education). We found that balanced and random selection of schools within randomly selected districts were the most consistent strategies in terms of generalizability, with minimal difference between the two. Separately, for random selection, we tested two strategies for replacing districts that refused to participate—random and nearest neighbor replacement. Random replacement outperformed nearest neighbor replacement in many, but not all, scenarios. Overall, the findings suggest that formal sampling strategies for selecting districts and schools for experimental studies of educational interventions can substantially improve the generalizability of their impact findings.

EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTION ON INCONTINENCE-ASSOCIATED DERMATITIS: TEACHING STRATEGY ON INSTAGRAM

Objectives: To describe and evaluate, in a formative way, an educational intervention carried out through social media on incontinence-associated dermatitis with nursing professionals from a public hospital. Method: Educational intervention study with a qualitative approach conducted in a virtual way through the social media Instagram as a platform for the dissemination of course content on the subject. Data collection was carried out with 30 nursing professionals from the medical clinic and adult intensive care unit of a public teaching hospital in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, between February and March 2022. Data were collected during the course and analysed through content analysis and according to Ausubel’s meaningful learning theoretical framework perspective. Results: From the analysis of the participants’ comments, four thematic categories emerged: anchoring; subordinated meaningful learning; discovery learning; and evaluation of the teaching- learning process. Conclusion: Through the results found, it was identified that the educational intervention conducted was successful in terms of sharing evidence on the subject to the participants. It was found that the Instagram can be adopted as a tool to carry out educational actions, including in a hospital environment.

Inclusion of Disability Content in Simulation: An Evaluation of the Learners' Perspective on the Effectiveness of a Pediatric Tabletop Simulation.

Despite recommendations to include disability content in nursing education, nursing students have little exposure to disability education, which would help to develop necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes in learning to care for patients with disabilities. This study evaluated learners' perceptions of the effectiveness of a tabletop simulation in meeting their learning needs related to nursing care for children with disabilities and their families. The research design was a descriptive educational intervention study. Nursing students (n = 234) enrolled in the pediatric nursing course attended the simulation as a required part of their coursework. The majority of the students found the tabletop simulation with disability content to be an effective educational intervention. The results obtained from this study indicated that the tabletop simulation was an effective educational strategy for nursing students' learning to provide care for children with disabilities and their families.

Bio-medical waste management rule 2016, an educational intervention study among postgraduate students in a tertiary care center

Introduction: Healthcare is one of the fastest growing sectors in India. The healthcare facilities are a basic requirement of human kind but these are also sources of life threatening wastes and toxins. Objectives: To assess the existing level of knowledge regarding ‘bio-medical waste management rule 2016 and evaluate the effectiveness of educational intervention and also find out association between assessment of knowledge before and after reslts. Material and methods: An interventional trail was conducted using video lecture and slide show as a tool. Assessment with use of questionnaire for evaluation was used with scoring. A study was conduct in a tertiary care hospital attached to the medical college, in Bhopal. All 1st year PG students were included in study from different departments. Total 28 PG students were included from various departments. Study was conducted in phase manner with objective of imparting knowledge regarding waste management practices. Results: There was significantly increase in knowledge about bio-medical waste management after educational intervention which was statistically highly significant (p<0.0001) except symbol of biohazard Conclusion: The knowledge of the 1st year PG medical student regarding BMW management varied and was not found to be satisfactory.

Editorial: Rigorous and high-quality efficacy studies of educational technology interventions

Information and Communications technology has been integrated into education for decades, 12 offering accessible ways to reach resources and revolutionizing the teaching and learning 13 paradigm (Huang et al., 2021;Teo, 2009;Wang, 2020). Educational technology (EdTech) 14 provides opportunities to sustain teaching and learning, even in emergency remote learning 15 settings necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the effectiveness of EdTech Collectively, these articles underscore that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to EdTech.

Effect of short-term educational intervention on complementary feeding index among infants in rural Bangladesh: a randomized control trial

BackgroundTimely, adequate and appropriate Complementary Feeding (CF) is essential for the growth and cognitive development of infants, but until today, evidence-based information is scarce in terms of impact evaluation of CF index (CFI). The study aimed to examine the effect of the short-term intervention of promoting CF practices on the nutritional status of infants in rural Bangladesh.MethodsAn educational-intervention study followed a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design (NCT03024710). Mothers and family members in the intervention arm received intensive counselling on CF through community health workers (CHWs), whereas existing healthcare services were received in the comparison arm. The study was carried out in the rural Matlab sub-district of Bangladesh between April 2011 and March 2013. In the specified study areas among 360 mother-infant pairs systematically assigned into intervention group and comparison group. Short-term educational intervention on CF was provided for the intervention group and existing services were un-intervened for the comparison group. The outcome of interventions was evaluated after the implementation period using Generalized equation estimation model.ResultsAt baseline, the study participants were not different except mean height (p = 0.04), weight-for-age Z score (WAZ) (p = 0.03) and religion (p = 0.04) in between two groups. The mean CFI was significantly higher at intervention area than the comparison and higher category of CFI (score 10 or more) was significantly higher at intervention area than comparison. After adjustment, one-unit CFI increased height-for-age z score by 0.07 units and decreased WAZ by 0.13 units in the intervention group but not significantly changed observed at comparison group.ConclusionGuided short-term nutritional intervention and developed CFI indicated a significantly better score in intervention area than comparison groups and would be a well adaptable tool for future studies.Trial registrationThe trial was registered (NCT03024710) at clinical trial registration website. Date of registration: 1/19/2017.Name of the registry: Clinical Trial.gov.Date of registration: 19/1/2017 (retrospective registered).URL of trial:https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03024710

Microbiological and behavioral determinants of genital HPV infections among adolescent girls and young women warrant the need for targeted policy interventions to reduce HPV risk.

BackgroundGenital human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted virus in most populations globally. Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remain a key population group at risk for HPV infection. However, the risk factors of HPV infection among AGYW, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, are a subject of little investigation in published literature. Here, we investigated the factors associated with HPV infection among unvaccinated South African AGYW with a high HPV burden (prevalence: 76.1%).MethodsWe retrospectively recruited 213 AGYW learners (aged 15–25 years) from a previous cross-sectional study, the HPV Education Intervention Study, conducted in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), bacterial pathobionts, genital ulcers (due to infectious causes), candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis (BV) in the self-collected vaginal specimens were determined using the Allplex™ Panel Assays. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA v16.1. Continuous and categorical variables were computed by t-test /Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Chi-square/Fisher's exact tests, respectively. Logistic regression was used to determine the univariable predictors of HPV infection.ResultsThe overall detection rate of any viral STI, bacterial STI, pathobiont, genital ulcer, candidiasis, and BV among the AGYW was 75.0, 34.4, 90.7, 14.4, 26.9, and 43.6%, respectively. The main factors associated with HPV infection were alcohol consumption (p = 0.005), infection with any and multiple Candida species (p = 0.011 and 0.006, respectively), Candida albicans infection (p = 0.010), Ureaplasma urealyticum pathobiont infection (p = 0.044), BV-associated bacteria (specifically Atopobium vaginae: p = 0.039, BV-associated bacteria 2: p = 0.021, Gardnerella vaginalis: p = 0.021, Megasphaera type 1: p = 0.037), and BV (p = 0.011).ConclusionsOur study, albeit not necessarily generalizable, found social behavior as well as specific vaginal microbes as correlates of HPV infection among AGYW in South Africa. There is a need to investigate HPV epidemiology in other AGYW populations. The factors associated with genital HPV infection among AGYW burdened with HPV infection necessitate the need to formulate and implement population-specific public health strategies for creating HPV awareness and reducing its risk.

Teaching and learning about respiratory infectious diseases: A scoping review of interventions in K-12 education.

The pandemic outbreak of COVID‐19 has highlighted an urgent need for infectious disease education for K‐12 students. To gather a better understanding of what educational interventions have been conducted and to what effect, we performed a scoping review. We identified and examined 23 empirical researcher‐ and teacher‐designed studies conducted in the last 20 years that have reported on efforts to help K‐12 students learn about infectious diseases, with a focus on respiratory transmission. Our review shows studies of educational interventions on this topic are rare, especially with regard to the more population‐scale (vs. cellular level) concepts of epidemiology. Furthermore, efforts to educate youth about infectious disease primarily focused on secondary school students, with an emphasis on interactive learning environments to model or simulate both cellular‐level and population‐level attributes of infectious disease. Studies were only mildly successful in raising science interest, with somewhat stronger findings on helping students engage in scientific inquiry on the biology of infectious diseases and/or community spread. Most importantly, efforts left out critical dimensions of transmission dynamics key to understanding implications for public health. Based on our review, we articulate implications for further research and development in this important domain.

Evaluation of the Impact of Dentoalveolar Trauma Management Training Course on Physicians and Dentists' Education in Multiple Hospitals in Mashhad, Iran.

Background: Dental trauma injuries are the second most common traumatic injuries among children and adolescents. An incorrect diagnosis or a delayed treatment of traumatic injuries may lead to irreparable damages. Thus, proper management provided by physicians and dentists is crucial for patients affected by these injuries.This study aimed to evaluate the impact of dentoalveolar trauma management training on improving physicians' and dentists' knowledge in different emergency wards in Mashhad, Iran. Methods: In this educational interventional study, a total number of 60 residents and interns selected from the following categories: maxillofacial surgery residents, emergency medicine residents, ear-nose-throat (ENT) residents, and medical interns were included, who were randomly selected. We gathered information using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Afterward, we provided the participants with booklets about dental traumas. By passing one month, the above-mentioned questionnaire was used to re-evaluate the target groups' knowledge. The results were statistically analyzed using Chi-square, One-way ANOVA and paired sample T-test with statistically significant differences defined for p < 0.05. Results: Prior to the training, the interns had the lowest knowledge, while the maxillofacial surgery residents had the highest level of knowledge in comparison to interns, ENT residents, and emergency medicine residents, respectively (p < 0.001). After completing the course, the maxillofacial surgery residents once again represented the highest knowledge, followed by emergency medicine residents, ENT residents, and medical interns, respectively. A statistically significant difference was noticed in pre- and post-course knowledge evaluation. Conclusion: A comparison of the results before and after the training course demonstrates a significant lack of knowledge on dentoalveolar traumas among physicians and also reveals that providing this education is necessary because it significantly increases their knowledge in this regard.

Knowledge and Self-Care Management Practice Among Asthmatic Children (6-12 Years): An Educational Intervention Study

Knowledge and Self-Care Management Practice Among Asthmatic Children (6-12 Years): An Educational Intervention Study

Educational intervention on cervical and breast cancer screening: Impact on nursing students involved in primary care

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Nurses are the foundation of the Indian health system. They play a crucial role in primary care and implementation of community-centered government health initiatives such as cancer screening. The purpose of this manuscript is to share the experience of this educational intervention study and emphasize the need for drastic medical education reforms to include curricula to strengthen knowledge about cancer screening among nursing students.Methods:A one-day workshop on “Cervical and breast cancer screening” was conducted for nursing students pursuing BSc Nursing (Group 1) and General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) (Group 2) in India. A structured, self-administered questionnaire was administered among consented participants before and after the workshop to assess their knowledge and awareness on the subject at the baseline and the improvement they gained after the workshop.Results:Ninety-one students attempted both pre and post-surveys, of which 56 were from Group 1 and 35 from Group 2. Students demonstrated statistically significant improvements in knowledge on cervical and breast cancer screening after participating in the workshop.Conclusion:Undergraduate nursing education curricula must undergo medical education reform to include education and training for nurses in cancer screening and further motivate their increased participation in preventive cancer screening programs.

Food Security Status and Its Related Factors in the Elderly in Yazd

Background: Increasing population aging is a global challenge and has occurred very rapidly in all parts of the world. The elderly population is more at risk of diseases, and their improper condition may impair their ability to live and cook at home. Food insecurity endangers public health as well as nutritional status, especially in the elderly. The present study aims to investigate the food security status and its associated factors in adults aged over 60‏ years. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly (88 men and 112 women) referring to health centers in Yazd. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to record demographic information. The standardized FaCPS-FSSM (Farsi Current Population Survey-Food Security Survey Module) questionnaire was used to assess the food security of the elderly. The participants’ food security and their relationship with the studied variables were evaluated by chi-square and ANOVA statistical tests using SPSS software version 20. Results: The findings indicate 44% complete food security, 12.5% mild insecurity, 8.5% moderate insecurity, and 35% severe food insecurity in the elderly participated in the study. Moreover, a significant relationship was observed between education level (P = 0.01), marital status (P = 0.01), income (P = 0.001), and some chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular (P = 0.02), gastrointestinal disorders (P = 0.03), and hyperlipidemia (P = 0.01) with food insecurity (P ˂ 0.05). Conclusion: The present study shows a significant prevalence of food insecurity (56%) in the elderly. A significant relationship was also observed between some chronic diseases and food insecurity. Therefore, it is recommended to perform educational programs, intervention studies, and cohort studies to improve food insecurity, especially in the elderly with the mentioned chronic diseases.