Educational Process Research Articles

Problematika Pendidik dan Tenaga Kependidikan Islam di Bojonegoro

: Islamic education has an important role in shaping the character and morality of individual Muslims, as well as ensuring the continuity and dissemination of Islamic religious values. In Islamic educational institutions, the role of educators and education personnel is crucial in carrying out this mission. However, in practice, Islamic educators and education personnel often face various challenges and problems that affect the effectiveness of Islamic education as a whole. One of the problems that often arise is the lack of qualifications and competence of Islamic educators and education personnel. Many Islamic educational institutions face difficulties in obtaining educators and education personnel who have a deep understanding of Islamic teachings, as well as skills in applying them in the context of modern education. This can hamper the process of Islamic education and reduce the quality of graduates produced. In addition, the problem of inadequate infrastructure and educational facilities is also one of the main problems in Islamic education. Many Islamic educational institutions still face limitations in terms of educational facilities and infrastructure, such as inadequate school buildings, lack of books and learning materials, and lack of other supporting facilities. This condition can hamper the learning process and create a learning environment that is not conducive. Another challenge is the low motivation and commitment of Islamic educators and education personnel. Lack of motivation and commitment can result in low teaching quality, as well as a lack of innovation in the delivery of learning materials. In addition, differences in understanding and interpretation of Islamic teachings can also cause conflict and disharmony among educators and education personnel.Seeing the complexity of the problems faced by Islamic educators and education personnel, serious and comprehensive efforts are needed to overcome these problems. The role of the government, educational institutions, society and other stakeholders is very important in efforts to improve the quality of Islamic education and ensure the realisation of the vision of quality, inclusive and progressive Islamic education.

Demystifying Classroom Assessment: Unleashing the Power of Technology Tools

Background: Technology is a tool for instruction, not a replacement for teachers. Teachers are crucial for our nation's future and are essential implementers and integrators of technology in classrooms. They are responsible for innovative use of technology, as it enhances efficiency and effectiveness in everyday life. ICT comprehensively combines computer and telecommunication technology. Aim: They are also commonly used for the certification of competence, to monitor educational standards, and to provide learners with feedback. The qualitative aspect of assessment and evaluation in the field of education has a cutting-edge relationship with students’ academics. Method: Teachers no doubt are saddled with many responsibilities which range from writing lesson plans and notes to instructional delivery and assessment. Hence there is a need for teachers to span to the innovation technology is offering by embracing technological-based assessment. This paper explored the roles of technology in bridging the gap between the paper-pencil assessment to technology-enhanced assessment and proffered strategies on how these assessment apps can be used in the classroom. The study revealed that there are free assessment applications teachers can use to grade students, thereby reducing their workloads. It was therefore recommended among others that training and seminars should be organised for teachers to enlighten them on technology-based assessment. Result and Discussions: Teachers need to take cognizance of the relevancy of the technological tools. It was further pointed out that while observing the relevance of the technology resources, there should be congruence between the tech tools and instructional curriculum. Other factors to be considered are the; appropriateness of the content and alignment with the learning goals. Teachers need to have clear-cut goals before selecting any technology for assessment. Among the common goals to be considered are; efficiency, cost, end-user proficiency, collaboration, and capacity. Conclusıon: Assessment is vital to the education process. Online assessment can help learners engage more effectively and flexibly in knowledge and can help teachers manage assessment more proficiently and efficiently.

Demystifying Classroom Assessment: Unleashing the Power of Technology Tools

Background: Technology is a tool for instruction, not a replacement for teachers. Teachers are crucial for our nation's future and are essential implementers and integrators of technology in classrooms. They are responsible for innovative use of technology, as it enhances efficiency and effectiveness in everyday life. ICT comprehensively combines computer and telecommunication technology. Aim: They are also commonly used for the certification of competence, to monitor educational standards, and to provide learners with feedback. The qualitative aspect of assessment and evaluation in the field of education has a cutting-edge relationship with students’ academics. Method: Teachers no doubt are saddled with many responsibilities which range from writing lesson plans and notes to instructional delivery and assessment. Hence there is a need for teachers to span to the innovation technology is offering by embracing technological-based assessment. This paper explored the roles of technology in bridging the gap between the paper-pencil assessment to technology-enhanced assessment and proffered strategies on how these assessment apps can be used in the classroom. The study revealed that there are free assessment applications teachers can use to grade students, thereby reducing their workloads. It was therefore recommended among others that training and seminars should be organised for teachers to enlighten them on technology-based assessment. Result and Discussions: Teachers need to take cognizance of the relevancy of the technological tools. It was further pointed out that while observing the relevance of the technology resources, there should be congruence between the tech tools and instructional curriculum. Other factors to be considered are the; appropriateness of the content and alignment with the learning goals. Teachers need to have clear-cut goals before selecting any technology for assessment. Among the common goals to be considered are; efficiency, cost, end-user proficiency, collaboration, and capacity. Conclusıon: Assessment is vital to the education process. Online assessment can help learners engage more effectively and flexibly in knowledge and can help teachers manage assessment more proficiently and efficiently.

Urgent Call for International Support and Research Focus on Neurosurgery in Conflict-Affected Sudan

Neurosurgical services and educational processes in Sudan have been severely disrupted by the ongoing armed conflict. The destruction of neurosurgical infrastructure and the continuous exodus of trained neurosurgeons from an already strained system have intensified the humanitarian crisis. The situation is further compounded by several factors, including attacks on medical professionals, partial suspension of neurosurgical training program, loss of communication tools, shortages of essential instruments, and disruptions in partnerships with regional and international neurosurgical associations. The re-establishment of international partnerships and the reconstruction of damaged neurosurgical infrastructure are advocated, coupled with the utilization of advanced research to address these critical issues. A staged recovery strategy is called for, and support from the global neurosurgical community is urged, highlighting the crucial role of academic platforms like "World Neurosurgery" in fostering global collaboration and disseminating research from conflict-affected regions.

Pengaruh Kurikulum Merdeka terhadap Pendidikan Karakter di Sekolah Dasar

Strengthening the character of the students is the outcame of the educational process that is implemented and plays a role in the advancement of the civilization in the country. The Merdeka curriculum ensures that students are not only educated intellectually, but also have a good character. The aim of this research is to know the impact of the application of independent curricula in primary school on character education.This research method involves library research using a library survey as a data collection technique. For researchers' reference, data is taken from various journals or previous research. The results of this study explained that character education played an important role in drawing students who were not only cognitive intelligentsia but also noble morality. On the other hand, his research suggests that enhanced character education is combined with several other subjects, including good moral knowledge, good emotions or good love, good behavior. (moral behavior). Therefore, the application of the independent learning curriculum is very important in preparing Indonesia for the era of globalization and in educating the children of the nation who have high character values, values of nationalism, where in the Merdeka Curriculum one of the objectives is to develop character through the concept of student profile Pancasila that exists in the curricula.

Teaching and Learning About the Transgender Population: Student Reflections.

Decreasing the disparities in health care for transgender people requires nursing to expand its knowledge base about the population. There is limited research and information about curricula integration inclusive of this population, yet much is written about the gap in nursing knowledge and education. There may be insufficient opportunities to expose students to the population as patients; therefore, creative education strategies are necessary. An innovative multimodal education process was implemented in an urban university setting to expose undergraduate nursing students to the population. Lecture, video, live testimonial, and panel discussion were used. Class reflections and survey data revealed three qualitative narrative reflections. Students reported awareness of how to improve their interactions with this population, appreciation for the experience, and meaningfulness of the experience. The experience brought students closer to understanding the need in providing equitable and appropriate care. Multiple modes of teaching were successful in the affective learning domain. More research in ways to enhance nursing education is necessary. [J Nurs Educ. 2024;63(X):XXX-XXX.].

Technology park possibilities in implementing the system of digital civil and patriotic education at the university

Introduction. Trends in digitalization and convergence in education, the introduction of distance learning technologies affect both the education system and the educational process as its significant component. Traditional forms and methods of educational work, which were effective with previous generations of students, show low results with generation “Z”. In this regard, digital means of education, implemented within the framework of a digital educational system, become relevant, which would allow students to move from the position of an observer to the state of an active participant in the educational process. The development of a system of civic-patriotic education is becoming the most relevant and in demand in the university environment.Materials and Methods. The research was carried out by analyzing scientific literature on the research problem, analyzing regulatory sources, summarizing our own practical experience on the problems of digital technologies for civic and patriotic education of youth.Results. The article presents a description of the system of digital civic-patriotic education being developed at the South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University. The developed system of digital civic-patriotic education will be implemented on the basis of the university website, taking into account the capabilities of the technology park of universal pedagogical competencies. The offices created in the technology park provide an opportunity for the implementation of various civil-patriotic activities.Discussion and Conclusions. Currently, there is an urgent need in universities to conceptually substantiate and develop a digital education system that would contribute to the activation and interest of students in the process of education and self-education. The system of civic-patriotic education will be implemented taking into account the capabilities of the technology park equipment: VR technologies, robotics, 3D modeling, etc. The developed system of digital civicpatriotic education includes such digital educational technologies as: virtual excursions, video resources, social and civic-oriented projects, web quests, cultural and historical Internet portals, etc.

Development of “sacredness-morality” concept in Russian pedagogical education of the last century

Introduction. The article is the result of analyzing complex dual-core concept of “Sacredness and Morality” in the discourse of educational text on pedagogy. Aim and objectives. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of the concept for pedagogical discourse, including its basic conceptual features.Materials and Methods. Conceptological analysis made it possible to develop a system of conceptual features for each of the nuclear concepts.Results. The structure of the concept has five conceptual features characteristic of both nuclear concepts: ideality, complexity, achievability, social and individual conditionality. The resulting model was applied to the textbooks on pedagogy of pre-Revolution, Soviet and post-Soviet periods. In all cases, it established incomplete relationship with the original linguistic form. In preRevolution period, concept structure did not expose two cores, sacredness concept had a complex structure and is individually conditioned, possibility of its full implementation was rather denied, verbal signs of its dependence on social attitudes were not found in the text, and sign of ideality was not fully realized. The implementation of concept in the textbook of mid-twentieth century looked too idealized. The construction of an absolutely new communist morality made it possible to present current understanding of the concept in “broad strokes”, to express the neophytes’ conviction in reality of embodying standard of a true communist through the means of Soviet education. The model proposed by modern authors did not implement core of morality in general. The textbook returns to one of original ideas about sacredness, but with significant differences. Firstly, it equalized all religious ideas and excluded dominance of one confession in education process. Secondly, it perceived weak social conditioning as a shortcoming that must have been eliminated.Discussion and Conclusions. Analysis of the factors limiting full concept representation lead to recommendations for their elimination. We propose to consider modern request for sacred and moral education in light of normal evolution of the concept underlying it. Despite the words order in nominating phrase, morality core is interpretive and fundamental for a correct understanding of sacredness. For effective work on needs of moral education, we recommend organizing practical work consistently, with progressive and gradual formation of first moral values, and then sacred ones. The basic principles of such work should be those conceptual features that are regularly and fully implemented in each of concept cores.

Error analysis of machine learning methods as the educational background for its use skills formation

Introduction. Machine learning methods and elements of artificial intelligence are used to analyze random data, processes and signals. The study of relevant tools is already included in the various levels curricula. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate, using examples available to students of various specialties, that the error analysis of machine learning methods in solving specific tasks can be the basis in the educational process for the skills formation of using artificial intelligence elements.Materials and Methods. For processing random signals and data, widely available software is used: Microsoft Excel for preparing training and test samples, the Deductor analytical platform for implementing machine learning algorithms. As an example, quasi-harmonic signals with random parameters are processed for technical specialties, and the results of psycho diagnostics are used to process multidimensional random data.Results. As a typical solution of approximation technical problems, direct propagation neural network errors in using to determine random signal parameters are analyzed. As a solution of classification problems, multidimensional random data with different dimensions were processed using neural networks and the "decision tree" method. The advantages of the combined use of these two machine learning methods are analyzed. These examples and their analysis were tested in classes with university students in the disciplines of "Digital Signal Processing" and "Fundamentals of Statistics".Discussion and Conclusions. The statistical features of the obtained results, the possibilities of reducing the training sample and selective analysis of multidimensional random data are discussed. It is shown that an adequate assessment of the machine learning methods errors can significantly expand the possibilities of their application, and can be the basis for the formation of skills for their use.

Manajemen Peserta Didik Man 1 Pulang Pisau Plus Keterampilan

The aim of this research is to determine the student management process and to improve student management at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Pulang Pisau. This research uses a descriptive analysis method to describe each process carried out, including understanding, learning, and in-depth study, which is applied at MAN 1 Pulang Pisau. Management and related arrangements or management. In education, Management is a measure of success in the educational process to achieve goals. Students are very important for an educational institution, especially Islamic boarding schools, because they have a big role as educational subjects. Management is a measure of success in the educational process to achieve goals. Students are very important for an educational institution, especially Islamic boarding schools, because they have a big role as educational subjects.

Methods of organizing group work in higher

This article deals with the issue of methods of organizing group work in higher educational institutions. During the active training, the role of group work in improving the quality of students knowledge was determined. The educational institution specifies the procedure for organizing group work. Working in a group, students have a search competition in the media. Information about group training. It describes how group work affects students. In the educational process, the emphasis is on creating a group in the process of organizing group work. The efficiency of the new work contributed to the correct and successful creation of the group. The size of the group is different, depending on the content and nature of the work, it changed from 3 to 6, in the older groups, the active work of all members of the group was not provided. Working in a group allows students not only to learn, but also to see themselves together, to rationally organize the teacher's guiding role in the group. In the process of group work, self-respect is brought up. Other mutual respect for each other, friendly relations, personal relationships; psychological solidarity reigns in the team. It becomes possible to avoid the necessary losses. In higher education institutions, you can learn how to divide students into groups for group work. Organization of group work in accordance with the requirements, improving the methodological skills of future teachers.

Methods of organizing group work in higher

This article deals with the issue of methods of organizing group work in higher educational institutions. During the active training, the role of group work in improving the quality of students knowledge was determined. The educational institution specifies the procedure for organizing group work. Working in a group, students have a search competition in the media. Information about group training. It describes how group work affects students. In the educational process, the emphasis is on creating a group in the process of organizing group work. The efficiency of the new work contributed to the correct and successful creation of the group. The size of the group is different, depending on the content and nature of the work, it changed from 3 to 6, in the older groups, the active work of all members of the group was not provided. Working in a group allows students not only to learn, but also to see themselves together, to rationally organize the teacher's guiding role in the group. In the process of group work, self-respect is brought up. Other mutual respect for each other, friendly relations, personal relationships; psychological solidarity reigns in the team. It becomes possible to avoid the necessary losses. In higher education institutions, you can learn how to divide students into groups for group work. Organization of group work in accordance with the requirements, improving the methodological skills of future teachers.

Joyful Learning Model for Javanese Speech Levels Course

As one of Indonesia’s cultural heritages, regional languages, including Javanese, need to be preserved. The cultural richness of Javanese includes the politeness and manners values, as reflected in the so-called unggah-ungguh (speech levels). While it is taught as a course in the country’s 12-year mandatory education, the teaching and learning process still follows the traditional, less appealing model. This research aims to create a Javanese speech levels learning model based on joyful learning. The model was both innovative and entertaining. The research used R&D ADDIE design with the following steps: analysis, designing, development, implementation, and evaluation. The model was developed based on two philosophies: progressivism and analytic philosophy. Syntagmatic, social system, support system, reaction principle, instructional impact, and accompaniment impact served as the model's components. Orientation, presentation of material, explanation of how to play, playing vocabulary, playing sentences, dialogue, assessment, and reflection comprised the syntagmatic model. The principles of joyful learning and the norms of honing, loving, and nurturing are included in the model social system. The model reaction principle included the teacher serving as a facilitator, planner, and assessor. Tools, media, and learning resources are all part of the model support system. Some of the instructional effects were increased Javanese vocabulary, fun learning activities, and some impacts of model accompaniment, including increased emotional sharpness, imagination, and cooperation.

Unraveling the building blocks of success: exploring the nexus between school structure and effectiveness in Israeli primary schools

PurposeFirst, to analyze the relationships between school effectiveness, as expressed in the improvement gained in academic achievements, and school structure; and second, to analyze the relationships between school effectiveness and school features (e.g. ethnicity, SES, rural vs. central location, class size, prior achievements, and per-student allocation) and to measure their contribution to the explained variation in school effectiveness.Design/methodology/approachResearch on school effectiveness emphasizes the examination of school characteristics that have been found to contribute more to promoting school outcomes. Therefore, by using regression models the purpose of the research is twofold.FindingsThe research findings reveal positive significant relationships between school effectiveness, and students' prior achievements, and SES. However, school effectiveness is less related to school structure.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research in the field of school effectiveness should extend beyond solely focusing on academic achievements and include the evaluation of broader aspects of students' development, such as values and self-esteem. Recognizing the multifaceted nature of schools, it is crucial to incorporate additional variables into ongoing research efforts to provide a more comprehensive understanding of overall school effectiveness. Moreover, considering the diverse stakeholders involved in the educational process, including parents, teachers, principals, and the community, future studies should strive to examine the collective impact of these factors on school effectiveness. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of our study. Our research is constrained by a specific sample size, which may limit the generalizability of our findings. We assert that future studies with larger and more diverse sample sizes would strengthen the validity and significance of our results, allowing for broader implications and insights into enhancing school effectiveness.Originality/valueThis research holds significant importance in understanding the relationships between school effectiveness, school structure, and various school features in the context of Israeli primary schools. By examining the impact of school structure on academic achievements and exploring the contributions of other school-related factors, this study provides insights into the dynamics of educational effectiveness for educational stakeholders.

Web-Quest as a Means of Developing Flexible Skills of Future Lecturers in a Higher Educational Institution

The purpose of the study is a scientific justification and experimental verification of the effectiveness of using web-quest technology in the process of forming flexible skills of future lecturers in a higher educational institution.Rapid socio-economic development, informatization of all spheres of human activity determine the need for appropriate changes in the education system. Today, a modern lecturer requires not only basic psychological and pedagogical knowledge and skills, but also communication skills, responsibility, the ability to work in a team, resolve conflicts, and think critically and other flexible skills responsible for efficiency and high productivity, contributing to professional development and self-realization. In this regard, education in higher educational institutions should focus not only on the development of professional special skills (hard skills), but also on the formation of flexible skills (soft skills), since they are universal, updated over time and become increasingly important in the professional activity of a lecturer. There are quite a lot of technologies that contribute to the formation of flexible skills of students, one of which is the innovative technology of the web-quest, which, thanks to its unique form, content, teaching and control methods, structured information content, seems to be as effective as possible. Thus, the problem of purposeful formation of flexible skills among future lecturers, the search for the necessary mechanisms and resources for this, and the study of the potential of the web-quest determine the relevance of the research.Materials and methods: in the course of the study, methods of studying and analyzing psychological, pedagogical and methodological literature were used, summarizing the experience of using web-quests in the educational process of the university. The methodological basis of the study was a set of approaches: personality-oriented, systemic, activity-based, competence-based, interdisciplinary and reflective. Results: the author’s definitions of the concepts “flexible skills of future lecturer” and “web-quest” are presented, the flexible skills of a modern lecturer are characterized, the specifics, structure and methodology of conducting a web-quest, its impact on the purposeful formation of flexible skills are described in detail, an example of a web-quest “The essence of professional competence of a lecturer”, developed and tested in the work with students, is given of the training area 44.03.01 Pedagogical education.The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that its results, as well as the content and information resources of the proposed web-quest, can be used in the practice of higher pedagogical education.

Mobile Technologies in Teaching Mathematics

Purpose. The article discusses the use of mobile technologies in teaching mathematics to engineering students. The relevance of the paper is due to the need to introduce new methods and means of teaching in connection with the increasing integration of mobile technologies into all areas of life, the interests and characteristics of the new, networked generation of students, the limited possibilities of using innovative methods and means of teaching mathematics due to the conduct of classes outside the computer lab.Materials and methods. The peculiarity of this study is that the integration of mobile technologies into the process of teaching mathematics is considered as a system of three components: technological, informational and social. The analysis of these components made it possible to obtain answers to research questions: where and how mobile devices should be used when studying mathematics; what mobile applications will provide the most effective learning of the discipline; how to organize the educational process using mobile technologies to increase interest and motivation in learning mathematics.Results. The main reasons for the lack of interest in studying mathematics and low motivation include the high level of abstraction of the discipline and the characteristics of the modern, networked generation of students. Analysis of scientific sources and our own observations made it possible to identify such characteristics as problems with understanding complex and long text, the ability to easily read from a small screen and process information in parallel, the choice of sound and images instead of text, the desire for short-term learning and instant results, and attitude towards mobile devices as vital items. Taking into account the interests and wishes of students, and relying on the didactic capabilities of mobile technologies, the paper proposes mobile applications for studying various topics of a mathematical course, assignment options that help increase motivation, develop group work skills and digital literacy. The importance and effectiveness of using social services for visualizing mathematical concepts and calculation schemes, as well as the WhatsApp messenger for instant messaging between students and receiving timely individual and group consultation from a lecturer, is shown. An important characteristic of the messenger is the presence of video communication.Conclusion. The analysis of scientific literature, the study of the requirements of employers and the interests of the modern, networked generation of students, indicated the need to integrate mobile technologies into the process of teaching mathematics. Working with different groups in terms of both the level of mathematical knowledge and the level of proficiency in mobile technologies made it possible to identify and outline ways to solve the main issues of using mobile technologies in teaching mathematics. With limited time to study mathematics, it is difficult for a lecturer to allocate additional time to present the capabilities and effectiveness of mobile applications. A solution to this issue may be to include a section “Mobile Technologies” in a course related to the study of information and communication technologies. It is noted that group work also contributes to a more effective study of the capabilities and techniques of working with mobile applications.

Peran Model Pembelajaran Futuristik dalam Kemajuan PAI di Pondok Pesantren

The concept of futuristic learning in the education sector is very important to produce Indonesian human resource products that can face the changing times. This requires educational institutions and educators to be able to create futuristic learning concepts which are expected to meet the needs of the educational process, especially Islamic religious education in this era. Among the most common Islamic religious educational institutions in Indonesia are Islamic boarding schools, some of which still use traditional methods. Combining futuristic learning models with traditional methods can create a dynamic and effective learning environment to advance Islamic religious education in Islamic boarding schools.

Quantum Programming Methods: Approaches to the Formation of Ontology and Formalization of the Modern Computing Paradigm in the Educational Process

The article confirms the increasing level of involvement of the international community in the development of quantum technologies. In the scientific space in the domestic segment, the authors have identified a significant lag between the level and quality of existing educational programs of higher educational institutions in relation to international practical achievements in the field of development and programming of quantum computing devices. In order to eliminate the existing scientific and methodological gap, it is recommended to introduce relevant subjects into the educational programs of enlarged groups of training areas 09.00.00 and 10.00.00 as separate disciplines, or into already existing [disciplines], and expand them to study the possibilities of quantum programming methods. Based on their own teaching experience, the authors propose a possible strategy for making appropriate changes, as well as options for adjusting the work programs of disciplines that include tasks for programming quantum computing devices.

Game-pedagogical technologies in learning a foreign language in secondary vocational education

The article is devoted to the topical issues of teaching English in the vocational school. The author analyzes the use of gaming technologies in the educational process, which help to improve the quality of foreign language classes, contribute to the creation of a favorable, comfortable environment in the classroom. The use of gaming technologies provides good feedback, the level of activity of students significantly increases in the lesson, develops the abilities of strong students, takes into account the different level of training of students. Game pedagogics is a method of development, education and upbringing of children, adolescents and adults in a playful way, an opportunity to safely practice new emotions, roles and actions. She creates a developing environment, hones personal qualities. Students acquire new skills, get the opportunity to overcome their own obstacles and fears. Pedagogical game technologies unite the team with the help of classes presented in the form of games, heated discussions, improvisations. The main technologies described in the article are: technology of gratitude, greetings and farewells, goal setting, technology of emotions and reflection, investment. With the help of such technologies, a teacher can successfully complete one of the tasks set — to increase the very motivation to learn a foreign language. The work is intended for teachers interested in improving the quality of teaching English.

Adaptive Education as a Key Element for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Learning Processes

This article explores issues related to the adaptive learning of students in higher education institutions, presenting the main characteristics of both traditional and contemporary educational paradigms. It describes the latter’s advantages in the context of the dynamic changes of the modern world and, specifically, the demands on the process and outcomes of higher education. In discussing modern learning concepts, those foundational to adaptive learning are examined separately. The authors provide a description, objectives, methods, and results of the study conducted as an experiment with first-year undergraduate students. The results are assessed in the conclusion, and recommendations for their practical application are presented.