Edible Tissues Research Articles

Health risk of consuming Sphoeroides spp. from the Navachiste Lagoon complex due to its trace metals and organochlorine pesticides content

The Navachiste complex (NAV) is impacted by neighbored human activities and is located in the southwestern coastal zone of the Gulf of California. The study determines the trace metal (TM) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) health risk content in the edible tissue of Sphoeroides spp. from NAV. The daily intakes (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were calculated. Twenty OCP and seven TM were detected. Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn were above MRLs. The γ‒Chlordane was the most frequent OCP. The highest average concentration was for α‒HCH, followed by γ‒chlordane. With the high ratios of γ‒HCH, p, p′‒ DDD and p, p′‒DDD, and the absence of p, p′‒ DDT, the higher ratios for dieldrin and endrin than for aldrin, α‒ chlordane, γ‒chlordane, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide indicates historical contamination. In contrast, the residual products of methoxychlor, endosulfan, and its isomers indicate endosulfan's recent use. The TM EDI, THQ > 1 (at 120 g day−1), and the ILCR (> 1 × 10–6) were above minimum levels, showing a high-risk potential for cancer development in the long term.

Prevalence of Xenoestrogen in muscle tissues of edible fin and shell fish collected from local fish market in Mumbai, India

The uptake of noxious waste transpires directly from surrounding marine water across the absorptivebody surface and from food in conjunction with the seawater to finally into the alimentary canal of theaquatic organisms. Xenoestrogen are often associated with sewage outfalls and industrial sites. Recentstudies also suggest that the public may be exposed to BPA (Bisphenol A) by handling cash register receiptsapart from plethora of sources. Phthalate esters are widely used plasticizers that are present in many dailyused products. Fishes and various other invertebrates have been widely documented as bio-indicators ofpollution and have been investigated to estimate the health of the environment. The bioavailability of variousxenoestrogen compounds is a key factor in of concern in tissues of aquatic biota. Researchers have raisedconcern as some laboratory animal studies report subtle developmental effects in fetuses and newbornsexposed to low doses of BPA. The widespread use of phthalates makes them almost ubiquitous and thus,the issues about their long-term effects on human health are of great concern. The aim of this study was tosurvey the actual presence of xenoestrogens in muscle tissue of few of the edible variety of fishes ofcommercial significance. In the present study the actual presence of the suspected endocrine disrupterMonomthylpthalate in 12-51 ng/g & Bisphenol A (BPA) in 5 to 68 ng/g in the muscle tissue of finfish andmonomthylothalate in 18-26 ng/g & BPA in 8 to 36 ng/g in the muscle tissue of shell fish. Based on thepresent measured concentrations in the edible muscle tissues and on literature derived toxicity data it wasconcluded that neither eco-toxicological effects nor estrogenic effects are likely to occur in the presentsituation. The bottom dwelling organisms predominantly devour upon the benthic fauna which mighthave accumulated variety of xenoestrogens that was absorbed by the sediment since BPA, justify itsoccurrence. Safe disposal of industrial effluents, domestic sewage and navigational activities should bepracticed in harmony with nature and enforcement of laws be enacted to protect our marine environmentand/or, recycled to circumvent these contaminants from entering into the marine environment.

Çanakkale (Dardanelles) Boğazı Kıyılarındaki Bivalv Türlerinin Ağır Metal İçerikleri Üzerine 2000-2022 Yılları Arasında Yapılan Araştırmaların İncelenmesi

Su kalitesinin korunması ve kirliliğin önlenmesi amacıyla deniz ekosistemlerinde, fizikokimyasal ve biyolojik parametrelerin belli aralıklarla izlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma, Çanakkale Boğazı bölgesindeki yumuşakça türlerinin ağır metal içerikleri hakkında 2000-2022 yılları arasında yayınlanmış bilimsel araştırma makalelerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bölgede gelecekteki çalışmalar için referans oluşturmak amacıyla yenilebilir dokularla ilgili mevcut veriler çeşitli gıda kodları ile karşılaştırılarak insan tüketimi için ağır metal seviyeleri tartışılmıştır.

Dynamics impacts of oxytetracycline on growth performance, intestinal health and antibiotic residue of grouper in exposure and withdrawal treatment

Little is known about the effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on marine fish. Using juvenile pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂), we investigated the effects of 56 days dietary oxytetracycline (OTC; OTCD) exposure (80 mg/kg body weight/day) on fish growth performance, intestinal health and antibiotic residue. Meanwhile, the alteration of intestinal health status and antibiotic residue after 7 (O7) or 14 days (O14) OTC withdrawal treatment were explored. We also assessed the potential human health risks based on target hazard quotient (THQ). The results showed that OTC exposure had no effects on growth rate parameters but caused liver and intestine atrophy. OTC exposure impaired the intestinal health by distorting intestinal morphological features, inducing oxidative stress, repressing immune function, triggering NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response and apoptosis, while 7 days OTC withdrawal treatment improved intestinal health status and 14 days OTC withdrawal treatment further improved it. In addition, the order of OTC residue in tested tissues after OTC exposure was: liver > kidney > spleen > muscle > intestine. OTC residue was significantly decreased in all tissues along with the increasing of withdrawal treatment period. Adults and children consuming the edible tissues (muscle) of OTC-treated or withdrawal-treated pearl gentian grouper would not experience any previous health risk as the THQ < 1 in all group.

Trace elements in edible tissues of the veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) in the southern Black Sea, Türkiye: sex, monthly, and age variations and human consumer health risk.

Coastal areas face significant pressures from a variety of human activities, owing primarily to population growth in these areas. Human activities produce a variety of contaminants, including trace metals, which are common forms of contamination that enter marine ecosystems. This study was carried out to provide information on trace element concentrations (Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in the muscles of Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) available on Sinop coasts of the southern Black Sea and to evaluate the possible risk associated with their consumption. The minimum and maximum values (mg/kg wet weight) of trace elements in the edible tissue of R. venosa decreased in the following order: Zn (1.75-8.53) > Cu (0.41-4.6) > Cd (0.021-0.255) > Pb (0.013-0.037) > Hg (0.010-0.035). The measured levels of all the trace elements in the present study were lower than the limits permitted by the European Community Regulation (EU), Turkish guideline, and the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF). The hazard index value of Hg, Cd, Cu, and Zn for the veined rapa whelk is lower than standard 1, demonstrating that ingestion of this mollusk from the southern Black Sea does not result in overexposure to these contaminants. The risk index value for human cancer risk of Pb for all seasons was found to be insignificant. When comparing the levels of elements in males and females, significant differences were found in some months for all the metals. In general, the trace elements were detected in higher concentrations in females than in males. Both females and males have accumulated less trace elements with increasing age. This study was the first to show the distribution of trace elements as a function of age in R. venosa.

Quantification chemometrically assisted of veterinary quinolones in edible animal tissues by excitation-emission fluorescence-kinetic data obtained through Fenton degradation

Four quinolones (marbofloxacin, sarafloxacin, danofloxacin and enrofloxacin) were simultaneously quantified in edible animal tissues. A strategy based on third–order data, excitation–emission matrices as function of the time reaction during their Fenton degradation were employed to build a four–way calibration model. Unfolding partial least–squares (U–PLS) coupled to trilinearization residual (RTL) was the algorithm of choice to overcome both the high spectral overlapping among the analytes, and also the background signal present in the complex matrices. Bovine liver and porcine meat tissues were fortified with the analytes under study at different concentration levels, considering the maxima residual levels (MRLs) established by European Community. A recovery test was performed attaining recovery values ranging from 86 % to 123 % for all the analytes. In accordance with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry, the proposed methodology enables the determination of the quinolones in complex matrices involving a simple extraction/clean–up procedure, a short time of analysis, and a no sophisticated instrumental. • A novel methodology to quantify quinolones in edible animal tissues is presented. • The method, environmentally friendly, involves a simple extraction/clean-up procedure. • Excitation–emission fluorescence matrices modulated by the kinetic of Fenton reaction are obtained. • Third-order data are obtained in a fast and simple way. • U–PLS coupled to RTL is employed to analyze the obtained four–way arrays.

Elements in Mediterranean mussels from Istanbul and exposure assessment

ABSTRACT In this study, concentrations of elements were determined in edible tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean levels (mg kg−1) of 0.67 for Cd, 6.9 for As, 0.79 for Pb, 2 for Ni, and 42.6 for Zn exceeded the maximum limits in the digestive glands. Also, the mean concentrations of Cd and As in muscle and of Cd and Ni in gills were above the maximum limits. The highest value was found for As in a digestive gland, with 65.4% of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake. In addition, the lowest percentage belonged to Zn with 0.2% of PTWI in muscles and 0.3% of PTWI in gills of the mussels. Mercury concentrations were well below legal limits.

Antibacterial Drug Residues in Small Ruminant Edible Tissues and Milk: A Literature Review of Commonly Used Medications in Small Ruminants.

Simple SummaryThis review is a summary of published studies that contain drug residue depletion data for edible tissues and milk following treatment of sheep and goats. The information is separated by antibiotic class for ease of comparison between studies. This summary is useful for understanding medication residue depletion following extra-label drug use and can be used to help estimate withdrawal intervals in order to help protect the human food chain.This review provides a summary of extracted data from the published literature that contains drug residue depletion data for edible tissues and milk following treatment of sheep and goats. Out of 20,234 records obtained during the initial search, data from 177 records were included in this review. The data is separated by antibiotic class for ease of comparison between studies. Extracted data includes the active ingredient, dosing information, animal health status, analytical method and limits of detection, tolerance and maximum residue limit information, and time frames relative to residue absence or detection. This information is useful for understanding drug residue depletion profiles following extra-label use and for estimating withdrawal intervals, in order to protect the human food chain.

Investigating Long-Distance Transport of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Wheat &lt;em&gt;via&lt;/em&gt; a Split-Root Exposure Technique

Large amounts of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been introduced into the soil and accumulated by plants, posing potential risks to human health. It is imperative to investigate the accumulation and translocation of PFAAs within plants. Long-distance transport is an important pathway for PFAAs transferred from the plant leaves to the edible tissues through the phloem. However, it was previously difficult to assess the translocation potential of organic contamination in a short-term exposure period. The split-root experiment provides a solution to effectively uncover the long-distance translocation of PFAAs using a hydroponic experiment, which, in this study, was carried out in two 50 mL centrifuge tubes (A and B), of which centrifuge tube A had 50 mL of one-quarter strength Hoagland sterile nutrient solution, while centrifuge tube B had the same amount of nutrient concentration, and the target PFAAs (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS, and perfluorooctane acid, PFOA) added at a given concentration. A whole wheat root was manually separated into two parts and inserted carefully into tubes A and B. The concentration of PFAAs in the roots, shoots of wheat, and solutions in tubes A and B were evaluated using LC-MS/MS, respectively, after being cultured in an incubator for 7 days and harvested. The results suggested that PFOA and PFOS experience a similar long-distance transport process through the phloem from the shoot to the root and could be released into the ambient environment. Thus, the split-root technique can be used to evaluate the long-distance transport of different chemicals.

Investigating Long-Distance Transport of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Wheat via a Split-Root Exposure Technique.

Large amounts of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been introduced into the soil and accumulated by plants, posing potential risks to human health. It is imperative to investigate the accumulation and translocation of PFAAs within plants. Long-distance transport is an important pathway for PFAAs transferred from the plant leaves to the edible tissues through the phloem. However, it was previously difficult to assess the translocation potential of organic contamination in a short-term exposure period. The split-root experiment provides a solution to effectively uncover the long-distance translocation of PFAAs using a hydroponic experiment, which, in this study, was carried out in two 50 mL centrifuge tubes (A and B), of which centrifuge tube A had 50 mL of one-quarter strength Hoagland sterile nutrient solution, while centrifuge tube B had the same amount of nutrient concentration, and the target PFAAs (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS, and perfluorooctane acid, PFOA) added at a given concentration. A whole wheat root was manually separated into two parts and inserted carefully into tubes A and B. The concentration of PFAAs in the roots, shoots of wheat, and solutions in tubes A and B were evaluated using LC-MS/MS, respectively, after being cultured in an incubator for 7 days and harvested. The results suggested that PFOA and PFOS experience a similar long-distance transport process through the phloem from the shoot to the root and could be released into the ambient environment. Thus, the split-root technique can be used to evaluate the long-distance transport of different chemicals.

Does Ocean Sunfish Mola spp. (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) Represent a Risk for Tetrodotoxin Poisoning in the Portuguese Coast?

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin naturally occurring in terrestrial and marine organisms such as pufferfish. Due to the risk of TTX poisoning, fish of Tetraodontidae family and other puffer-related species must not be placed in the EU markets. This restriction applies to fish of the family Molidae even though no data on toxins’ occurrence is available. In this study, the presence of TTX and its analogues was investigated in the main edible tissue (the white muscle) and the main xenobiotics storage organ (the liver) of ocean sunfish Mola spp. (n = 13) from the South Portuguese coast. HILIC-MS/MS analyses did not reveal TTX in the analyzed samples, suggesting an inexistent or very limited risk of TTX poisoning.

Mercury in basil (Ocimum basilicum) grown simultaneously with shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) by aquaponics

The accumulation, mass balances, and potential health risks associated with the presence of Hg were evaluated in basil cultivated simultaneously with shrimp by aquaponics (∼1.7 g L−1). Two aquaponic (well water (WW) and diluted seawater (DSW)) treatments and one hydroponic control (hydroponic solution (HS)) were examined. The trend of Hg accumulated in basil tissues was roots > leaves > stems. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found between aquaponic treatments. Mercury concentrations in the edible basil tissues were below the maximum allowable levels (0.2 mg kg−1) for vegetables established by international guidelines (WHO, 2007; CREU, 2018). The mass balances evidenced that most Hg (> 99%) entered the aquaponic system through the input water, while the main output route (> 90%) was through the zeolite used in plants. Mercury inorganic speciation in water was similar between WW and DSW treatments. The dominating speciation was HgCl2 (50%), which is a bioavailable form that biota can use. In the HS treatment, the chemical speciation was different as it formed complexes mainly with ammonia. The health risk index for Hg was < 1.0, which indicates that the population exposed to the consumption of basil grown with shrimp would not be at risk.

Ova kurbağası, Pelophylax ridibundus'un (Pallas, 1771) bacak tüketiminden elde edilen eser element biyobirikimi ve sağlık riski değerlendirmesi

Amphibians, which can live in aquatic and terrestrial environments, are a good indicator of pollution in these areas. Although frog leg is not consumed frequently in some cuisines, including Turkey, it is important in terms of evaluating metal accumulation since it is preferred as human food in many European countries. In this study, the quantities of trace elements (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Co, Cr, Ni, Mn, V) were measured in the edible tissues (muscles) of an amphibian species by sampling from two frog farms in Turkey. It was aimed to assess possible health hazards for humans by frog legs consumption comparing with the toxicological limit values, including provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and Hazard Index (HI). In general, the average values (µg kg−1) of trace elements were Zn (3.437.62)&gt; Pb (69.22)&gt; Cu (66.72)&gt; Mn (35.07)&gt; As (24.24)&gt; Cr (11.47)&gt; Ni (6.94)&gt; Cd (6.51)&gt; Co (2.97)&gt; V (&lt;0.001). The results indicated that concentrations of the analyzed trace elements were determined below the European Commission’s permitted levels and edible tissues of the marsh frog posed no carcinogenic health risk to humans.

Effects of Zinc Fertilization on Grain Cadmium Accumulation, Gene Expression, and Essential Mineral Partitioning in Rice

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that can cause severe health issues if ingested. Certain varieties of rice can accumulate high levels of the metal in edible tissues thereby transferring the toxin into the food chain. As chemical analogs, interactions between the essential mineral zinc and the toxic heavy metal cadmium play an important role in regulating the transport of both minerals to rice grains. Understanding these interactions is crucial for limiting cadmium and increasing zinc transfer to the food chain. Previous studies have reported conflicting results suggesting synergistic and antagonistic relationships between the minerals. The goal of this work was to identify the effect of external cadmium and zinc on the uptake and translocation of both minerals from roots to grains of rice that differ in grain cadmium concentrations. The results showed that a higher input of external zinc increased cadmium translocation and accumulation to the grain in two of three varieties, while external cadmium does not influence zinc accumulation. Cadmium synergy and antagonism with other essential minerals were also examined and the effects differed between rice lines. Our results showed that the differential expression of the transport proteins OsNramp5, OsHMA2, and OsHMA3 as well as genes involved in the synthesis of glutathione and phytochelatin could have contributed to differences in grain Cd accumulation. These results add to the knowledge of cadmium and zinc partitioning in one of the most consumed plant foods in the world and can assist fortification efforts to establish rice lines that are both safe and nutritious.

Seed-Based System for Cost-Effective Production of Vaccine Against Chronic Respiratory Disease in Chickens.

The production of vaccines in plant cells, termed plant-made pharmaceuticals or molecular farming, is a promising technology for scalable production. Compared to mammalian cell lines, like Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) or bacterial cells, plants can be grown with less cost on a large scale to make vaccines antigens and therapeutics affordable and accessible worldwide. An innovative application of this alternative system is the production of vaccines in edible tissues that can be consumed orally to deliver protein antigen without any further processing. In this project, we report stable expression of amino acid sequences corresponding to the TM-1 gene of Mycoplasma gallisepticum as a candidate vaccine antigen against Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in chickens using wheat seed′s tissues as a production host. Molecular and immunoblotting analysis confirmed the ubiquitous expression of a recombinant 41.8-kDa protein with an expression level of 1.03 mg/g dry weight in the endosperm tissues. When orally delivered, the plant-made vaccine was effective in terms of developing antibody response in animal model i.e., chicken without any detectable weight loss. Two doses of orally delivered plant-made TM-1 vaccine candidate elicited the immune response and protective effect against MG virus challenge at the level comparable to commercially available inactivated vaccine against CRD. Our study demonstrates that plant-made vaccines are not only safe but also scalable and cost-effective with prolonged stability at room temperature.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12033-022-00554-5.

Pollution Evaluation and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Eleven Tissues of Mylopharyngodon piceus Collected from an Aquaculture Pond in Huzhou, near Southern Taihu Lake

Pollution evaluation and health risk assessment are critical procedures for residents consuming black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) contaminated with non-essential hazardous trace elements in an artificial wetland also known as an aquaculture pond. Samples were collected, dissected and digested to analyze the pollution status and health risk associated with four heavy metals present in eleven tissues of black carp fish based on the metal pollution index (MPI) and target hazard quotient (THQ). The results indicated that the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were 1.36 ± 0.04 mg/kg, 13.70 ± 0.50 mg/kg, 2.85 ± 0.10 mg/kg, and 4.98 ± 0.18 mg/kg in large black carp, while the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb were 4.27 ± 0.08 mg/kg, 50.84 ± 0.82 mg/kg, 9.33 ± 0.18 mg/kg, and 22.49 ± 0.42 mg/kg in small specimens. The MPI values showed that the heavy metal pollution detected in small fish was much more significant than in large fish. Notably, the polluted metals were more likely to accumulate in the viscera (e.g., brain and heart) rather than in the external tissues (e.g., muscle and epidermis). In addition, the estimated THQ and HI values for three edible tissues demonstrated that the health risk associated with muscle tissue intake of both small and large black carp was within the acceptable range, while the contaminants were likely to pose health risks associated with the consumption of fish head tissue. Small black carp are generally not fit for human consumption, thus both the epidermis and muscle of the fish are often cooked in China. However, the ingestion of large black carp is relatively safe. The contributions to THQ values of these four heavy metals decreased in the following sequence: Cr &gt; Pb &gt; Cd &gt; Cu. Cr is the critical pollutant with its contribution to HI values measuring over 50%. We suggest that in artificial wetlands (e.g., aquaculture ponds) more attention should be paid to heavy metal pollution, the conservation of the aquaculture ecosystem, and effects on human health.

Promising prospective effects of Withania somnifera on broiler performance and carcass characteristics: A comprehensive review.

Poultry production contributes markedly to bridging the global food gap. Many nations have limited the use of antibiotics as growth promoters due to increasing bacterial antibiotic tolerance/resistance, as well as the presence of antibiotic residues in edible tissues of the birds. Consequently, the world is turning to use natural alternatives to improve birds' productivity and immunity. Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha or winter cherry, is abundant in many countries of the world and is considered a potent medicinal herb because of its distinct chemical, medicinal, biological, and physiological properties. This plant exhibits antioxidant, cardioprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-aging, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antistress, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and growth-promoting activities. In poultry, dietary inclusion of W. somnifera revealed promising results in improving feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency, and feed conversion ratio, as well as reducing mortality, increasing livability, increasing disease resistance, reducing stress impacts, and maintaining health of the birds. This review sheds light on the distribution, chemical structure, and biological effects of W. somnifera and its impacts on poultry productivity, livability, carcass characteristics, meat quality, blood parameters, immune response, and economic efficiency.

A novel fluorescent aptasensor based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the selective detection of sulfadiazine in edible tissue

Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in animals, and SDZ residues in food can be harmful to human health. As a result, an aptasensor based on silica nanoparticles was developed for the rapid detection of SDZ. An aptamer that specifically binds to SDZ was obtained using graphene oxide-SELEX and further truncated to a 13 nt sequence (SDZ30-1:5′-AACCCAATGGGAT-3′), which has a high affinity (K d = 65.72 nM). In addition, it was found by molecular simulation that a steric hindrance could prevent the target molecule from entering the binding pocket formed by the key base “TGG”, which affects the total binding free energy of SDZ30-1 and the target molecule, thereby affecting the affinity of SDZ30-1 to the target. The SDZ30-1 was selected as the fluorescent probe to establish an aptasensor for the detection of SDZ residues in milk and honey. The aptasensor exhibited a wide dynamic linear range (3.125 – 100 ng/mL) and a limit of detection (LOD = 1.68 ng/mL). The aptasensor in spiked samples recovered at a rate of 95.12 – 105.47%, with a coefficient of variation of less than 13.18 %. The results of aptasensor were positively correlated with those of HPLC (R 2 > 0.8687). Based on the above results, it could be inferred that the aptasensor can be used sensitively and rapidly for the detection of SDZ residues in edible tissue.

Occurrence of Aflatoxin B1 in Fresh and Boiled Liver Broiler Chickens in Zaria, Nigeria

There is an increasing concern for the contamination of poultry products with Aspergillus strains, responsible for the aflatoxin production. Therefore, the persistence of aflatoxin B1 was analyzed in 60 fresh liver divided into two-part one remains fresh and the other part boiled from live bird markets in Zaria, Nigeria, using indirect competitive enzyme link immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). A total of 66.7% of fresh liver and 16.7% of boiled liver were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin B1 above maximum detection limits. The levels of aflatoxin B1 contamination varied in decreasing order as follows: Sabon Gari, Zaria city, Dan Magaji and Tudun wada had aflatoxin level of 66.40 µg/kg, 41.45 µg/kg, 35.25 µg/kg and 29.80 µg/kg, respectively in fresh liver samples. The highest level of aflatoxin B1 in boiled liver was 29.02 µg/kg in Sabon Gari. The persistence of boiling aflatoxin B1 was significant (P &lt; 0.05) in the liver of broilers. The occurrence of aflatoxin B1 in the liver of slaughtered broilers is dangerous and may adversely affect human health. It was concluded that the high level of AFB1 in birds sold in live-bird markets, meant for slaughter for human consumption may have adverse effects on human health. Strict measures should be adopted to monitor and regulate aflatoxin level in feeds and, subsequently, in edible tissues. Keywords: AFB1, ELISA, Chickens and Liver.

Depletion of Amoxicillin Residue in Edible Tissue of Broiler Chicken by Different Cooking Methods

A new simple isocratic, RP-HPLC method, was developed and validated to estimate amoxicillin (Amox) residue depletion caused by different cooking methods in broiler chicken tissue. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 1.32 and 4.00 µg mL−1, respectively. The calibration plot was linear over the concentration range of 0.05–250 µg mL−1, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) values were less than 8%. The effects of various cooking methods (boiling, pan-frying, and microwaving) on residues of Amox were conducted under different combinations of temperature and time. Moreover, the heat stability of Amox standard solutions under boiling water and cooking oil at 100°C was investigated. Amox remained stable for 5–15 min in boiling water, the concentration was significantly reduced in the range of 70–87%, and additional new peaks of the degraded compounds appeared at 30–45 min. In pan-frying, the residue remained stable for 15 min at 100°C and then depleted to 81–92% after 30–45 min. Due to dehydration, the residue concentration showed an increment from 101 to 112% at 150°C. The total decomposition of Amox was observed at 200°C, 30–45 min due to high temperature and long-time effects. In microwave cooking using 500 W, 0.5–2 min, the depletion was insignificant. This study shows that sufficient cooking temperature and time can have a significant effect on the depletion of Amox residues.