Edible Oil Production Research Articles

Harvesting of Oil Palm Bunches: A Cost Economics Study on Harvesting Methods

Oil palm is one of the most promising oil-bearing crops for obtaining self-sufficiency in edible oil production as it yields higher oil than any other oil-bearing crop. Considering the uniqueness of oil palm in terms of higher oil yield, government is now promoting oil palm cultivation in the country to ensure self-sufficiency in edible oil production. Harvesting of oil palm bunches is one of the most challenging, laborious and expensive operations in oil palm cultivation. Harvesting by climbing is a regular practice for harvesting oil palm bunches. However, considering problems faced by harvesters in the climbing harvesting method, pole harvesting method is introduced to harvest oil palm bunches. Harvesting data using these two harvesting methods was obtained from harvesters. A cost economics study was conducted for both harvesting methods using data obtained from harvesters along with standard assumptions. Different costs such as fixed cost (depreciation and interest) and operational cost (wages and repair and maintenance cost) were considered, and cost of operation per tonne and per hectare per year were calculated for both harvesting methods. Cost economics study revealed that climbing harvesting method requires Rs. 501 per tonne and Rs.10,011 per ha per year with an average yield of 20 tonne per ha per year whereas pole harvesting requires Rs. 304 per tonne and Rs. 6082 per ha per year. A farmer having 1 ha oil palm plantation can earn an additional income of Rs. 3929/- per year using pole harvesting method over climbing method. Similarly, a harvester can earn an additional income of Rs. 1,00,000/- per year (66.67% higher) using pole harvesting method over climbing method in addition to other added advantages like low drudgery and high safety in pole harvesting over climbing harvesting method. The study concluded that pole harvesting method was found to be most economical as compared to climbing harvesting method for harvesting oil palm bunches.

Effect of Linoleic and Linolenic Acid Contents on the Oxidation Stability of Interesterified Fats under Rancimat Test Conditions.

This study aimed to better understand the association between the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely, linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA), and the increases in the peroxide value that results from storing interesterified fats, which are used as sources of solid fats in edible oil and fat products, at high temperatures. Six interesterified fats with different LA and LNA contents were prepared and oxidized at 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C under Rancimat test conditions. The oxidation rate increased with LA and LNA contents and increasing temperature. The oxidation kinetic analysis during the early oxidation stages demonstrated that when LA and LNA exceeded 8% and 2% respectively, the oxidative stability decreased as expected. However, the total LA and LNA contents had a higher correlation with the reaction rate constant [k (meq kg-1 h-1 )] than each amount of LA and LNA contained therein. In other words, the oxidation stability of the interesterified fats used in this study depended on the total LA and LNA contents.

Comprehensive characterization of physicochemical, thermal, compositional, and sensory properties of cold-pressed rosehip seed oil

In this study, cold-pressed rosehip seed oil was fully characterized. Acidity and oxidation levels were near the limit values or slightly exceeded them and improvement in the storage conditions was suggested. The oil started to crystallize at -45.25 °C, and melt at -25.56 °C. Linoleic acid (51.1%), β-sitosterol (84.6%), γ-tocopherol (773.76 µg/g) and rosmarinic acid (31.38 µg/g) were determined as major fatty acid, sterol, tocopherol and phenolic compound, respectively. For the first time, aromatic volatile compounds and sensory descriptive terms were determined for cold-pressed rosehip seed oil. Sixty-seven volatile compounds were detected and L-limonene was found to be a major volatile compound. According to the sensory analysis, timber/kindling and raw vegetable tastes/aromas were found to be relatively dominant. Consequently, it is thought that rosehip seeds can be used as a raw material for edible and nutritionally-rich cold-pressed oil production and/or as source oil for functional food preparations.

Moisture dependent physical, mechanical, and aerodynamic properties of Simarouba glauca seed: A potential tree born oilseed

AbstractThe present study investigates the moisture dependence of the physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties of Simarouba seeds within the moisture range of 9.24‐22.46% d.b. The length, width and thickness significantly increased from 19.43 to 22.71 mm, 11.52 to 13.88 mm and 9.79 to 11.34 mm respectively. Our findings showed significant effect of moisture content on the one thousand unit mass, bulk density, true density, and porosity which varied in the range of 1050.41g and 1204.7g, 638.88 to 503.88 kg∙m−3, 999.57 to 970.26 kg∙m−3 and 36.08% to 48.06%. Moisture content was found to have positive effect on the angle of repose terminal velocity and static coefficient of friction for all surfaces studied. A decreasing trend in rupture force and increasing trend in deformation with moisture content was also observed. The understanding of these properties as per the present study would be useful for designing post‐harvest processing equipment and storage of Simarouba seeds.Practical applicationsSimarouba glauca, D.C. is an evergreen potential tree born oilseed tree with high scope for biodiesel and edible oil production. The oilseed is presently underutilized due to lack of availability of suitable processing equipment. The findings of the study provide a comprehensive design database related to engineering properties of Simarouba seeds. The predictive models developed in this study can be used to assess the seed properties at any given moisture content range. The enrichment of database would serve as a guide for agricultural engineers, and food processors in the design and development of relevant post‐harvest handling, and processing equipment for Simarouba seeds. This may further lead to promotion of Simarouba processing as a promising enterprise in rural India.

Correlation analysis of seed yield and its component traits in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Oilseed crops are high-value agricultural commodity for use in edible oil products. Sesame is an In the present study, fifty genotypes were evaluated to assessthe association among seed yield and its component traits in Sesame, during kharif 2022, in randomized block design with three replications. Significant differences were observed for all the characters. Seed yield per plant showed a significant and positive correlationwith plant height, number of capsules per plant and 1000-seeds weight at both genotypic and phenotypiclevel indicated that these were main contributors to the seed yield.

Genetic variability and heritability studies in sunflower inbred lines

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the important oilseed crops after Groundnut, RapeseedMustard and Soybean. Sunflower is an important crop for production of healthy edible oil for cardiac problems due to which sunflower oil has great demand in commence. Breeding programme aim at development of cultivars with high yield and yield components. A wide range of variation has been reported for seed yield, seed number and other important components of yield. The experiment was conducted at Oilseeds Research Centre, Dr. PDKV, Akola during Kharif 2020-2021, to study the Genetic Variability studies in Sunflower Inbred Lines. The experiment consisted of 24 sunflower inbred lines were evaluated with three checks (DRSF 108, DRSF 113 and PhuleBhaskar) respectively and was laid out in Randomized Block Design. In this study illustrated that, the existence of wide ranges of variations for most of the characters among the sunflower inbred lines, Diversity among morphological traits can influence on heterosis and be reliable marker for prediction hybrid potential. The genus sunflower has a very high variability, in wild ecotypes as well in breeding genotypes. Sunflower genotypes differ in plant architecture, types of branching, flower colour and morphology, number and size of heads, seed size and color and many other traits. Analysis of variation indicated that the mean squares of the genotypes were highly significant for all the characters taken under study. The range of variation, as well as genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variations were high for seed yield per plant, plant height and test weight indicating the scope of improvement through simple selection procedure for obtaining high yield.Broad-sense heritability estimate was maximum for plant height (98.5), while that for seed yield g per plant (97.4) and head diameter (95.6). Hence, higher heritability estimates for these traits indicated that environmental factors did not greatly affect phenotypic variation of these characters.

Determination of the Nutritive Value of Ceylon Almond (Terminalia catappa) and Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) Seeds from Sabaragamuwa Region of Sri Lanka

Aims: The Global population is increasing at an accelerated rate while food security is moving in towards a negative direction. Therefore, identification and utilization of underutilized food resources are important to attain sustainability. The present study focused on seeds of two underutilized plants namely; Ceylon almond (Terminalia catappa) and Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) as a source of edible oil production and to evaluate nutritional factors of the seed meal for potential application as a food/feed source.
 Methodology: The moisture content of the seeds was determined according to the method of AOAC 925.09. The fat content of the seeds was evaluated through the Soxhlet method followed by FAME determination through GC method. The crude protein content of the defatted seed meal was analyzed according to the method of AOAC 991.20 and AOAC 2011.14 procedures was followed to determine the mineral content of the seed meal using ICP-OES.
 Results: The study revealed that both of the seeds contained high levels of moisture content and Terminalia catappa seed exhibited the highest moisture content (30.0%). The seeds of Terminalia catappa contained 18.08% of fat and major fatty acid was palmitic. The crude protein content of defatted seeds of T. catappa was 35.11% and it had a high level of potassium (K) according to the ICP-OES analysis. Clitoria ternatea seed oil contained the least amount of fat (10.8%) and the major fatty acid was oleic (50.87%); an unsaturated fatty acid. The seed meal of it contained 50.16% of crude protein and major minerals were potassium, magnesium, and calcium.
 Conclusion: The C. ternatea seed meal is an excellent source of protein. However, seeds contain relatively low level of fat compared to T. catappa seeds. Both seed meals are good source of minerals.

Research progress and management strategies of fungal diseases in Camellia oleifera

Camellia oleifera Abel, a woody oil plant, that is endemic to China. Tea oil, also referred to as “oriental olive oil,” is a superior quality plant-based cooking oil. The production of tea oil accounts for 8% of the total edible vegetable oil production in the country. Since 2022, the annual output value of C. oleifera industry has exceeded 100 billion yuan, making it one of the major economic contributors to China’s rural revitalization development strategy. In recent years, demand and production have grown in parallel. However, this has led to an increase in the incidence levels of pest and diseases. Pests and diseases significantly reduce the quality and yield of C. oleifera. C. oleifera diseases are mainly caused by pathogenic fungi. C. oleifera anthracnose, soft rot, leaf spot, coal stain, leaf gall disease, and root rot are the most important fungal diseases affecting the C. oleifera industry. However, the same disease may be caused by different pathogenic fungi. C. oleifera can be found in half of China and is found in several climatic zones. The geographical distribution of woody plant diseases is consistent with the distribution of the tree species and the ecology of the range, which also results in a highly complex distribution of fungal diseases of C. oleifera. The management of fungal diseases in C. oleifera is extremely challenging due to the variety of pathogenic fungal species, multiple routes of transmission, the lack of resistant plants, and the environmental safety of chemical measures. The optimal strategy for addressing fungal diseases in C. oleifera is to develop and apply an integrated disease management plan. This review provides a brief overview of the pathogenic species, pathogenesis, pathogenesis, geographical distribution, current management strategies, and potentially new methods of C. oleifera fungal diseases, to provide direction for the development of comprehensive management measures for C. oleifera fungal diseases in the future.

Diversity Index and Phenotypic Character Analysis for Important Qualitative Traits of Sunflower [Helianthus annuus L] Genotypes in Central Highlands of Ethiopia

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oilseed crop. It is grown for vegetable and industrial oils in the world. Sunflower oil is considered to be of supreme quality. The Production, productivity and area coverage of sunflower in Ethiopia is low and below the world average due to different reasons. Sunflower can contribute a big share in improving local edible oil production due to its short interval for maturity, high oil contents, better fitting in the cropping pattern, tolerance to drought and its high yield potential. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify genetic variability of fourteen qualitative traits using Shannon-waver diversity index. A total of 220 genotypes including checks varieties were evaluated in 2020/21 main cropping season at Holeta, Ethiopia. Alpha lattice design was used with two replications and eleven blocks were nested within a replication. Based on fourteen qualitative traits significant variability or dissimilarity was observed among Sunflower genotypes. Analysis of Shannon-waver diversity index shows that H' values ranges from ~0.075 for leaf arrangement to ~0.99 for bract shape at the back of sunflower head. This shows that there is considerable diversity among the studied genotypes for the qualitative traits which can have good indications and amplification during selections of genotypes in sunflower improvement either ornamental type, confectionery or oil type sunflower.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme subtilisin from the non-genetically modified Bacillus licheniformis strain NZYM-CX.

The food enzyme subtilisin (EC 3.4.21.62) is produced with the non-genetically modified Bacillus licheniformis strain NZYM-CX by Novozymes A/S. The production strain met the requirements for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach. The food enzyme is intended to be used in eight food manufacturing processes: processing of cereals and other grains for the production of brewed products; processing of dairy products for the production of modified milk proteins and flavouring preparations; processing of plant- and fungal-derived products for the production of plant-based analogues of milk and milk products, protein hydrolysates and edible oils from algae; processing of meat and fish products for the production of protein hydrolysates; processing of yeast and yeast products. Since residual amounts of total organic solids (TOS) are removed in the production of edible oils from algae, dietary exposure was calculated only for the remaining seven food manufacturing processes. Exposure was estimated to be up to 2.393 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. As the production strain qualified for the QPS approach and no issues of concern arose from the production process of the food enzyme, the Panel considered that toxicological studies were unnecessary. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was performed, and a total of 20 matches were found, 17 to respiratory allergens, two to food allergens (found in muskmelon and pomegranate) and one to a contact allergen. The Panel considered that the risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure to this food enzyme cannot be excluded, especially in individuals sensitised to muskmelon or pomegranate, but would not exceed the risk of consuming these foods. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Edible oil-producing plants in the Sinja Valley, Jumla, Nepal

The indigenous people of Nepal have accumulated knowledge of plants and their uses spanning millennia of oral history, but the current sociodemographic trend threatens the transition of this knowledge. Recording the uses and knowledge of these plants is therefore imperative for revitalizing the traditions and culture and the sustainable use and availability of plant species. We interviewed a total of 80 Sinja Valley residents. We calculated the relative frequency of citations (RFC) of recorded edible oil plants. Using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Wilcoxon test for gender, the difference in the use of edible oil plants mentioned by age group, education level, and occupation of the respondents was determined. These interviews yielded knowledge on 13 different edible oil-producing plant species (EOPPs) including nine indigenous species and six collected from the wild. EOPPs helped effectively treat 19 disorders with Prunus mira being considered a very good treatment for gastritis. Prinsepia utilis was the most common and frequently used (RFC = 0.99) edible oil-producing plant. Most respondents reported that oil-producing and oil-consuming cultures vary and are decreasing among Sinja Valley residents. The locals were subsistence farmers, and the edible oils for their household purposes were prepared using traditional knowledge. However, the tradition is scourged by commercially-available tawdry oil. In rural areas, the knowledge of edible oil-producing plants has been decimated due to outmigration and sociocultural transformation. Edible oil production from indigenous plants should continue for the culture and conservation of rural livelihood.

Leading Edge Technologies and Perspectives in Industrial Oilseed Extraction.

With the increase in the world's population and per capita wealth, oil producers must not only increase edible oil production but also meet the demand for a higher quality and variety of products. Recently, the focus has shifted from single processing steps to the entire vegetable oil production process, with an emphasis on introducing innovative technologies to improve quality and production efficiency. In this review, conventional methods of oilseed storage, processing and extraction are presented, as well as innovative processing and extraction techniques. Furthermore, the parameters most affecting the products' yields and quality at the industrial level are critically described. The extensive use of hexane for the extraction of most vegetable oils is undoubtedly the main concern of the whole production process in terms of health, safety and environmental issues. Therefore, special attention is paid to environmentally friendly solvents such as ethanol, supercritical CO2, 2-methyloxolane, water enzymatic extraction, etc. The state of the art in the use of green solvents is described and an objective assessment of their potential for more sustainable industrial processes is proposed.

Effects of superheated steam pretreatment on phenolics and its antioxidant activity in camellia oleifera oil

Camellia oleifera oil (COO) is a high-quality woody edible oil, and the oilseed pretreatment is an important part of the oil processing in the edible oil production. This study investigated the effect of superheated steam (SHS) pretreatment on the phenolics and the corresponding antioxidant properties of COO. Results showed that SHS pretreatment time and temperature had significant impact on oil yield and the phenolic content of different forms of camellia seeds (P＜0.05). SHS pretreatment at 150 °C and 180 °C increased the free phenolics (FP) content, and the antioxidant properties of FP and conjugated phenolics (CP) in COO after SHS pretreatment under optimal condition. Then, the effect of SHS on two phenolic substances with high contents of COO, di-O-methylquercetin and 4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid was studied. SHS pretreatment had a positive effect on COO, and it may increase its biological activity and reduce its irritation. In addition, four phenolics that were significantly associated with the antioxidant properties of camellia phenolics were found. This study can provide new ideas and directions for oilseed pretreatment.

Growth and instability in edible oilseeds in India: A temporal analysis

In the field crops section, oilseeds are the second most significant crop after the cereals making them a vital determinant of the agrarian economy. India is one of the leading producer nations of oilseeds globally, but domestic production of edible oil fails to match the rising demands, leading to a considerable rise in the edible oil imports over time. India imports 60 per cent of its annual edible oil requirement. The rich agro-ecological diversity of India is suitable to grow a variety of oilseeds. Once an oil-exporting nation, India has now turned to be an oil-importer country majorly due to widened demand-supply gap, with low productivity being the prime cause for the mismatch. This paper is envisioned to study the growth and instability pattern of edible oilseedsfrom1970-71 to 2017-18. Area observed a declining trend, whereas production showed little growth due to low productivity. Soybean observed the highest growth among seven edible oilseeds. Sunflower showed the highest instability index followed by safflower. Period I exhibited the highest instability, which reduced in further periods as a result of the launch of various oilseed development schemes. Yield effect was the chief contributor to the growth in production of rapeseed-mustard,groundnut, and sesame, whereas area effect boosted the production of soybean, sunflower, safflower, and niger.

Current Sample Preparation Methods and Determination Techniques for the Determination of Phthalic Acid Ester Plasticizers in Edible Oils.

In the process of production, processing, transportation, and storage of edible oils, the oils inevitably come into contact with plastic products. As a result, plasticizers migrate into edible oils, are harmful to human health, and can exhibit reproductive toxicity. Therefore, the determination of plasticizers in edible oils is very important, and a series of sample preparation methods and determination techniques have been developed for the determination of plasticizers in edible oils. Phthalic acid ester (PAE) plasticizers are the most widely used among all plasticizers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the sample preparation methods and detection techniques reported for the determination of PAEs in edible oils since 2010, focusing on sample preparation methods of edible oils combined with various separation-based analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors. Furthermore, the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of these techniques as well as the prospective future developments are also discussed.

A study on knowledge of trainings on mustard protection at KVK towards knowledge gain and adoption of the technology of farmers in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan : India

The study was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra Jaisalmer. A sample of 50 farmers was chosen the trainees provide them two four days on campus trainings on integrated pest management of mustard during 2019-20 and 2020-21. Rapeseedmustard (toria, mustard / raya, Yellow Sarson, brown Sarson, Gobhi Sarson, black mustard and taramira) ranks second edible oilseeds in production and contributes to more than 30% of edible oil production in India. Mustard contributes about 90 per cent of the total rapeseed-mustard production. The important factors, causing low and fluctuating production of mustard in India, are low or non-adoption of package of improved production technology, susceptibility of mustard varieties to pest and diseases and non-adoption of pest and diseases management practices.The improvement of knowledge of the participant’s and adoption of technology was increased after understanding training programs including pre-sowing proper time of sowing and seed treatment (against disease and insect pests) adopting FIR schedule. Proper plant spacing and after sowing proper cares to protection of disease and insect pests. The trainees adopted by 72 per cent (36 farmers), learned recommend protection of mustard crop and knowledge gained by 82 per cent (41 farmers). It is reported that the change in Knowledge improvement was 10.00 to 82.00 percentages. The study indicated that the trainings were more fruitful and highly increased in knowledge and adoption levels of the mustard protection technology.

История, состояние и пути развития саратовской селекции подсолнечника (обзор)

The article presents information on the results of long-term effective work in the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region on sunflower breeding in the Saratov region. The main task facing breeders was to develop productive, precocious sunflower varieties resistant to local races of broomrape and sunflower moth. An invaluable contribution to the development of sunflower breeding was made by outstanding Russian breeders Plachek E.M., Zhdanov L.A., Morozov V.K., Pustovoit V.S., Pimakhin V.F., and others. They bred new highly productive sunflower varieties, being the main source for the production of edible oil that are widely distributed in the Volga region, Central Black Earth regions, Siberia and the Urals. For the first time, Saratov scientists conducted research in the field of heterosis breeding. They formed a large working collection of sunflowers, a genetic collection of marker traits, identified promising forms for subsequent stages of the breeding process, and developed a variety of initial material in the conditions of Saratov. The main focus is on developing almost isogenic lines, studying the genetic control of marker traits, determining the effects of the influence of genes on economically useful traits. Studies on the private genetics of sunflower have been carried out. Based on experimental data, ornamental sunflower varieties with flowers of various colors – Oreol, Raduga, and Solnechny salut were developed. For 2022, the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation includes the following varieties bred in the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region: Saratov 82, Saratov 85, Skoropely, Skoropely 87, Stepnoy 81, Lyubim-chik, Saratov 20, Slastena and hybrids: Agrotex, Continent, Yubileyny 75, Everest, YuVS 2, YuVS 3, YuVS 4, YuVS 5, YuVS 7.

Production and Consumption of Edible Oils in India

Production and Consumption of Edible Oils in India

Simple and Economical Downstream Process Development for Edible Oil Production from Oleaginous Yeast Lipomyces starkeyi

The production of palm oil, which is used in various foods, is associated with environmental destruction and climate change risks; therefore, there is an urgent need for sustainable alternatives. “Yeast oil” produced by Lipomyces starkeyi, an oil-producing yeast, is expected to solve these problems because its fatty acid composition is similar to that of palm oil. To date, we have successfully developed yeast oil as an edible alternative to palm oil. However, conventional processes, including cell collection and lyophilization, are difficult to industrialize in terms of equipment and cost. Therefore, a method for extracting yeast oil from the emulsified liquid generated by crushing the culture was investigated. It is presumed that the emulsified state is stable owing to the components derived from yeast cells and metabolites; thus, solid–liquid filtration separation was attempted before extraction. The extraction recovery ratio of yeast oil was 98.2% when a hexane/ethanol mixture (3:1) was added to the residue after filtration. Furthermore, the energy consumption and processing cost of this new process were estimated to be 26% and 34%, respectively, of that of conventional methods, suggesting that the new process has potential for practical applications.

Investigation of Conversion of Sunflower Oil Production Wastes to High Value Compounds by Supercritical CO2

The evaluation of wastes from edible oil production industry has increasing importance because of resources deficiency and growing population day by day. It was aimed to investigate the recovery potential of oil and valuable components such as total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant activities with conventional and green extraction methods from edible sunflower oil production wastes. Firstly, Soxhlet extraction was applied on the waste samples from filtration of the oil and then supercritical CO2 (SC- CO2) extraction was performed to compare extraction yield. The statistical evaluation of the SC- CO2 extraction experiments was conducted with the Minitab Software program. It was concluded that 37% extraction yield was obtained with the mixture of perlite and waste sample, while the highest recovery was observed as 27% for the perlite-free sample. The interaction of independent variables (temperature and pressure) on the recovery yields were determined as significant (p=0.002). Pressure was detected more effective on the valuable substance contents of the extracts than temperature. The most efficient conditions were 50 oC and 22.1 MPa for oil recovery, while 60 oC and 20 MPa for valuable substance recovery.