Edible Medicinal Plant Research Articles

Green synthesis and characterization of bisphosphonate conjugated gold nanoparticle with Asparagus racemosus root extract.

Bisphosphonates improve orthodontic anchorage. More targeted action of this drug can be achieved through its conjugation with gold nanoparticles. Asparagus racemosus is a green edible medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic preparations to treat aging, vigor, immunity, longevity, and skeletal issues. Therefore, it is of interest to report the green synthesized Bisphosphonate conjugated gold nanoparticles with Asparagus racemosus extract and to characterize them.

Edible Medicinal Plants on Facilitating Childbirth: A Systematic Review.

Despite advances and the availability of newer drugs to facilitate childbirth, the interest in using natural treatments is on the rise. More than 20 percent of pregnancies require induction of labor, which is associated with side effects and increased risk of cesarean surgery. For this reason, the use of medicinal plants is considered healthier. The present study is a systematic review of the role of oral herbs in facilitating childbirth. This review was conducted via searching the Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and SID databases. The review began systematically and with no time constraints. It lasted until December 29, 2020. Twenty clinical trials investigated the impact of edible plants on increasing cervical readiness, stimulating labor onset, reducing pain intensity, and shortening the duration of labor. Five studies have revealed the positive impact of saffron. Two studies reported the same effect by chamomile. Three studies showed the positive impact of boiled dill seeds, and two studies showed the impact of date and date syrup. Another study reported the impact of Descurainia Sophia, and six studies also showed the positive effect of castor oil on uterine stimulation, strengthening and relieving labor pains, which eventually lead to facilitating labor. One study also showed no improvement in bishop score after consumption of primrose capsules. The positive effect of edible medicinal plants on facilitating childbirth has been shown in the mentioned studies. However, more studies with a larger sample size are needed, and there is also a need for a more detailed study of the possible mechanisms of plant effects.

Saponins From Platycodon grandiflorum Reduces Cisplatin-Induced Intestinal Toxicity in Mice through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Activated Apoptosis.

Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, an edible medicinal plant, have shown a wide range of beneficial effects on various biological processes. In this study, an animal model was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (20[Formula: see text]mg/kg) for evaluating the protective effects of saponins from the roots of P. grandiflorum (PGS, 15[Formula: see text]mg/kg and 30[Formula: see text]mg/kg) in mice. The results indicated that PGS treatment for 10 days restored the destroyed intestinal mucosal oxidative system, and the loosened junctions of small intestinal villi was significantly improved. In addition, a significant mitigation of apoptotic effects deteriorated by cisplatin exposure in small intestinal villi was observed by immunohischemical staining. Also, western blot showed that PGS could effectively prevent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis caused by cisplatin in mice by restoring the activity of PERK (an ER kinase)-eIF2[Formula: see text]-ATF4 signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking results of main saponins in PGS suggested a better binding ability with target proteins. In summary, the present work revealed the underlying protective mechanisms of PGS on intestinal injury induced by cisplatin in mice.

Bellidifolin from Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hulten protects H9c2 cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced injury via the PI3K-Akt signal pathway

Cardiovascular disease is the most common disease in the world and the first among the causes of human death. Its morbidity and mortality increase annually, but no effective treatment is available. Therefore, new drugs should be developed to treat cardiovascular disease. Gentianella acuta (Michx.) Hulten (G. acuta) is an important Mongolian medicine in China and elicits protective effects on cardiovascular health. In this study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) combined with network pharmacology was used to screen the main active ingredients and confirm that bellidifolin was one of the main components for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Then, rat myocardial (H9c2) cells injury model induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro was established to verify the effect of bellidifolin on oxidative stress stimulation, including determination of antioxidant enzyme activity and apoptosis. Transcriptome sequencing, qRT-PCR, and western blot were performed to further verify the antioxidant stress mechanism of bellidifolin. Results showed that bellidifolin pretreatment decreased the rate of apoptosis and the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Conversely, it increased the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that bellidifolin caused a protective effect on cardiomyocyte injury. Bellidifolin minimized the H2O2-induced cell injury by activating the PI3K-Akt signal pathway and downregulating glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and p-Akt1/Akt1. Therefore, this work revealed that G. acuta has a good development prospect as an edible medicinal plant in cardiovascular disease. Its bellidifolin component is a potential therapeutic agent for cardiovascular disease induced by oxidative stress damage.

Screening and Characterization of Vitexin from Vitex negundo by LCMS, pHPLC and 13CNMR Analysis

Complementary herbal medicines are currently required to overcome the drastic side effects of chemical based Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Herbal based drugs may include herbal preparations, purified compounds, vitamins and their products. Vitex negundo commonly called ‘Nochi’ in Tamil is an annual edible medicinal plant predominantly used as mosquito repellent. Traditionally leaves and root of V. negundo are used to treat cough, asthma, colitis, dysentery, diarrhoea, flatulence, fever, vomiting, and rheumatism. V. negundo is also found to possess analgesic, anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-hyper pigmentation, immuno-stimulant, hepato-protective, anti-androgenic, pesticidal, anti-cancerous and anti-metastatic activity. V. negundo contains ample bioactive leads that might be pharmacologically beneficial. Therefore, the scientific validation of this folkloric herbal practice is needed. The present study aimed to assess the free radical scavenging role of methanolic extract of leaf and root of Vitex negundo. The study also focused on screening, isolation and characterization of bioactive compound Vitexin. Vitexin is a pharmacologically beneficial flavonoid found to be in the root extract of V. negundo. The roots of V. negundo were subjected to in vitro qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening and the results showed that both the leaf and root extract may possess effective free radical scavenging role. Studies on root extract revealed the presence of abundant flavonoids in comparison with leaf extract of V. negundo. The root extract was further subjected to preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (pTLC), Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (LCMS), and preparative High performance Liquid Chromatography (pHPLC) for the screening and isolation of flavonoids. The structure of Vitexin was confirmed by 13C NMR characterization analysis on comparison with the literaure. The present work may develop simple and reliable method for the purification of bioactive flavonoids from the methanolic root extract of the medicinal plant V. negundo which may possesses abundant biomedical importance against inflammatory diseases.

Gastroprotective Effects of the Aqueous Extract from Taraxacum officinale in Rats Using Ultrasound, Histology, and Biochemical Analysis.

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. belonging to the family Asteraceae is an edible medicinal plant distributed worldwide. This study aimed to determine the gastroprotective effects of aqueous extract of T. officinale (AETo) in rats using ultrasound, histological, and biochemical analyses. In this study, gastric ulceration was induced by ethanol or piroxicam. Rats were then treated with AETo (3, 30, or 300 mg/kg). The area and histological appearance of gastric ulcers were quantified, and histochemical analysis was performed. The activity of AETo on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers was assessed in the ulcerated tissue. In addition, we investigated the thickness of the gastric wall using the ultrasound technique. Moreover, chemical analyses of AETo were performed. In rats with ethanol- or piroxicam-induced ulcers, AETo reduced the ulceration area, elevated mucin level, and the gastroprotective effect was confirmed by histological analysis. The gastroprotective effect was accompanied by increased activities of SOD, CAT, and GST, as well as an increase in GSH level and reduction in MPO activity. Furthermore, AETo reduced the thickness of the gastric wall in rats. Phytochemical analysis of AETo indicated phenolic acids and flavonoids as the main active compounds. In conclusion, the gastroprotective effect of AETo involves reduction in oxidative stress and inflammatory injury and increase in mucin content. This study advances in the elucidation of mechanisms of gastric protection of T. officinale, contributes to the prospection of new molecules gastroprotective, and proposes the ultrasonographic analyses as a new gastroprotective assessment tool in preclinical studies.

Biological activity of flavonoids from Sonchus brachyotus

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify secondary metabolites from Sonchus brachyotus and evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we isolated three flavonoids from a 70% EtOH extract by Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) and prep-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). To evaluate the biological activities (an-tioxidant and anti-inflammatory) of these flavonoids, their in vitro inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion were determined. We successfully identified three flavonoids, namely luteolin (1), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2), and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (3) by spectral analyses. Luteolin (1) at 20 μg/mL inhibited ROS generation, NO production, and PGE2 secretion by 48.6%, 61.28% and 12.10%, respectively, and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) inhibited NO and PGE2 generation by 67.03% and 20.82%, respectively. Luteolin (1) and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) showed similar anti-inflammatory activities; however, luteolin (1) was observed to be a stronger antioxidant. Besides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, S. brachyotus extract containing luteolin (1) and lu-teolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) is considered to possess diverse biological activities. The results indicate that S. brachyotus is an edible medicinal plant, which is believed to be significant resource of functional foods.

In vitro evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of Carpobrotus edulis on human neuroblastoma cells

Neuroblastoma is a solid neuroendocrine tumour located outside the cranial cavity and contributes about 15% of all cancer‑associated deaths in children. Treatment of neuroblastoma is quite challenging and involves the use of chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. Despite treatment strategies, systemic toxicity are setbacks to patient well-being, hence the need for a new and affordable approach. Medicinal plants are of importance in the field of drug discovery for cancer as some notable anti-cancer agents have been isolated from them. In the present study, the anti-cancer activity of aqueous extract of Carpobrotus edulis (C. edulis), a ground-creeping edible medicinal plant was investigated in SK-N-BE(2) and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The effect of C. edulis on cell viability and survival was determined using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]−2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and clonogenic assays respectively. Apoptosis was determined using a Caspase-9 assay kit and flow cytometry was used to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. The results show that C. edulis inhibits cell viability (IC50 of 0.86 mg/ml and 1.45 mg/ml for SK-N-BE(2) and SHSY5Y cells respectively) and colony formation in the neuroblastoma cells as well as induce apoptosis, which is evidenced by an increase in caspase-9 activity in the cells. C. edulis also led to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased production of ROS. Collectively, these results suggest that C. edulis induces cell death via induction of mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis and accumulation of intracellular ROS, thus providing a rationale for further investigations.

Different cultivation media conditions affecting behavior and genetic stability of <i>Lepidium sativum</i> L.

<i>Lepidium sativum</i> is an edible medicinal plant from the family Brassicaceae. It holds many uses in folk medicine, and the bioactivities activities originate from its constituents. So, it is essential to estimate the different physiological compounds in this plant. It is also essential to determine which organ in the plant could contain these active compounds. So, it is necessary to evaluate the growth conditions of this plant. In this study,<i> L. sativum</i> is grown in different conditions (with water only in Petri-dish, in pots with peat-moss soil and on jars with Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with tissue culture technique). From the results obtained, it was clear that cultivation in peat-moss soil supplement the plant with more pigmentation concentration (but not for a long time) and much protein content. In comparison, cultivation on MS media provides much protein content. In all parameters, seeds germinated with water only have the lowest value. Genetically, RAPD-PCR molecular marker illustrates that there is no genetic stability in <i>L. sativum</i> grew on different cultivation conditions. The polymorphism percentage was 54.71%. So, there is genetic variation in response to different cultivation conditions.

Qihuzha granule attenuated LPS-induced acute spleen injury in mice via Src/MAPK/Stat3 signal pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevanceQihuzha granule (QHZG), is one of traditional Chinese patent medicines composed of eleven edible medicinal plant, which has been used in the clinic for the treatment of indigestion and anorexia in children caused by deficiency of the spleen and stomach. Yet it is noteworthy that QHZG has therapeutic effect on recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) in children. However, its potential molecular mechanisms remained unclear. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of QHZG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute spleen injury. Materials and methodsThe acute spleen injury model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg) and safe doses of QHZG was administered by gavage once a day for 23 days before LPS treatment. Serum inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-1β, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were tested by ELISA. Related protein levels were detected by Western blotting. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was employed to observe the histological alterations. The distribution of macrophages and neutrophils in the mouse spleen was examined by immunofluorescence analysis. ResultsQHZG pretreatment significantly abolished the increased secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-1β, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which were attributable to LPS treatment. Immunofluorescence staining and Histological analysis of spleen tissue revealed the protective effect of QHZG against LPS-induced acute spleen injury in mice. Further study indicated that pretreatment with QHZG significantly inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of Src. Accordingly, the increased phosphorylation of Src downstream components (JNK, ERK, P38 and STAT3) induced by LPS was remarkably diminished by QHZG, suggesting the involvement of Src/MAPK/STAT3 pathway in the inhibitory effects of QHZG on spleen injury in mice. ConclusionOur study demonstrated that QHZG protected mice from LPS-induced acute spleen injury via inhibition of Src/MAPK/Stat3 signal pathway. These results suggested that QHZG might serve as a new drug for the treatment of LPS-stimulated spleen injury.

Direct infusion–tandem mass spectrometry combining with data mining strategies enables rapid chemome characterization of medicinal plants: A case study of Polygala tenuifolia

Data-independent MS2 spectrum acquisition after fragmenting the precursor ion cohort with 1 Da bin, termed as MS/MSALL ®, offers an opportunity to achieve rapid chemome characterization when being coupled with direct infusion (DI). Some post-acquisition data processing strategies, such as mass defect filtering (MDF), diagnostic fragment ion filtering (DFIF), and neutral loss filtering (NLF), facilitate data extraction from massive dataset, and moreover, molecular weight (MW) imprinting allows rapid capturing those reported components. Here, DI–MS/MSALL ® was employed to acquire cubic spectral dataset, and the strategies such as MW imprinting, MDF, DFIF, and NLF, were subsequently applied to filter the structural information. The integrated pipeline was utilized for the chemome characterization of Polygala tenuifolia, a famous edible medicinal plant. To aid information filtering, an in-house chemical library was built by comprehensively collecting structural information from some available databases. A single analytical run was completed within 5 min. For MS1 spectrum processing, MW imprinting was firstly applied to capture the compounds in the chemical library, and “five-point” MDF frames were employed to pursue saponins, oligosaccharide esters, and xanthones. Regarding MS2 spectral plot, DFIF and NLF were deployed to search information-of-interest. Structural identification was accomplished by carefully correlating precursor ions and MS2 spectra, applying the well-defined mass cracking rules, and referring to literature information as well as available databases. A total of 109 compounds, mainly saponins (40 ones), oligosaccharide esters (29 ones), and xanthones (19 ones), were captured and structurally annotated. MS1 spectra were also implemented for chemome comparison between Polygala tenuifolia and several similar plants belonging to Polygala genus, resulting in the observation of significant inter- and intra-species differences. Above all, DI–MS/MSALL ® is a promising choice for high-throughput chemome profiling of, but not limited to, medicinal plants, in particular when being integrated with post-acquisition data processing strategies.

Taxonomical, Phytochemical, Traditional Explanation, Nutritional Values, and Biological Activities of Certain Edible Medicinal Plants of Tripura, India

Edible plants are used as valuable sources of food and medicine to prevent nutritional imbalance, illness, and maintenance of human health. This review covers botanical descriptions, phytochemicals studies, traditional comprehensions, dietary values, and biological activities of ten vegetable plants and eight fruit plants of Tripura, India. The book “The Flora of Tripura State” helps to choose the plant species of Tripura, India and PubMed, NCBI, Google scholar databases have been used to describe the plant species briefly. Literature reveals that all the selected edible plants contain bio-active constituents (alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, glycosides, etc.) and give dynamic biological activities. All the plants have a high nutritional value. This review believes it will provide significant advances in the prevention of malnutrition and chronic diseases.

Edible medicinal plants against COVID-19 in the Middle East

Edible medicinal plants against COVID-19 in the Middle East

Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ziziphora clinopodiodes Essential Oil Eluted at Different Times

Objective: Ziziphora clinopodioides is an edible medicinal plant belonging to the Labiatae family that is widespread all over Iran. It used in culinary and also in cold and cough treatments in Iran. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different timeframes during hydrodistillation on essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: The essential oil of Z. clinopodiodes was extracted via hydrodistillation with Clevenger apparatus. The fractions of essential oil were captured at 6 times from the beginning of the distillation: (10, 20, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min). The fractions of essential oil were analyzed by GC/MS and their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities were studied by Disk - well diffusion and DPPH methods respectively. Results: Six distillation times and whole essential oil were captured during the hydrodistillation. Essential oil yield dropped off significantly during distillation progressed (1.0% for 10 min and 0.025 for 240 min). 1,8 Cineol, Isomenthone, Pulegone, Piperitenone and Citronellic acid were major compounds in fractions and they were affected by distillation times. Pulegone was major compound in all of essential oils. In antioxidant activity assay, whole essential oil was stronger than was stronger than positive control and fractions of essential oil, because of higher levels of Isomenthone, Piperitenone and Citronellic acid. Strongest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans was observed from 10 min fraction. Conclusion: Our results indicated that distillation time can create essential oils with specific properties and we can achieve to more efficient essential oil in short times.

Dietary intervention with edible medicinal plants and derived products for prevention of Alzheimer's disease: A compendium of time-tested strategy

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is acccounting for over 50% of all cases of dementia worldwide. Currently there are no effective treatments available for AD. Plant-based medications and dietary interventions have attracted increasing research interest as an alternative strategy for the protection and treatment of AD. Thereby, this review aims to summarize different medical interventions with dietary materials such as edible medicinal plants and ways to capitalize on the therapeutic advantages of their components to provide an alternative approach to enhance their long-term pleiotropic benefits in AD. Given the established mechanisms in AD pathogenesis, we elucidate different pathophysiological changes associated with lowering the disease incidence with these mainly plant-based dietary materials, providing laboratory evidence on the feasibility and potential of dietary intervention in the prevention and treatment of AD. In particular, we highly recommend the concept of dietary intervention as an alternative or supplementary therapeutic strategy.

Chemical Constituents and their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Acetylcholinesterase Activities from Pholidota cantonensis.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) has the third highest health expenditures after heart disease and cancer. It has emerged as a serious global health issue. The discovery of new drugs to prevent and treat AD is of utmost importance. Pholidota cantonensis is an edible medicinal plant consumed in China. It is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various diseases. P. cantonensis has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antibacterial activities. Among these properties, its potent antioxidant activity has attracted our attention, since oxidative stress is one of the important pathological mechanisms involved in AD. This study aimed to isolate the compounds from the active extract and evaluate their bioactivities. Fifteen compounds, including one new compound, were obtained. The isolates were tested for 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)/2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, anti-acetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) activities and inhibitory effects on nitrogen monoxide (NO) release in the BV-2 cells. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 13-15 exhibited two kinds of AD-associated bioactivities. More importantly, compound 13 showed more potent NO inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.72 ± 0.08μM) than the positive control quercetin (IC50 = 12.94 ± 0.08μM). Compound 13 also had a higher inhibitory rate (99.59 ± 0.43%) on AChE than that of the positive control galantamine (78.32 ± 1.16%) at the concentrate of 50μg/mL. Our studies provide new insights into this plant in terms of its potential in the development of new multi-target anti-Alzheimer's disease (anti-AD) drugs.

Therapeutic opportunities of edible antiviral plants for COVID-19.

The pandemic of Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that produces corona virus disease (COVID-19) has challenged the entire mankind by rapidly spreading globally in 210 countries affecting over 25 million people and about 1 million deaths worldwide. It continues to spread, afflicting the health system globally. So far there is no remedy for the ailment and the available antiviral regimens have been unsatisfactory for the clinical outcomes and the mode of treatment has been mainly supportive for the prevention of COVID-19-induced morbidity and mortality. From the time immortal the traditional plant-based ethno-medicines have provided the leads for the treatment of infectious diseases. Phytopharmaceuticals have provided potential and less toxic antiviral drugs as compared to conventional modern therapeutics which are associated with severe toxicities. The ethnopharmacological knowledge about plants has provided food supplements and nutraceuticals as a promise for prevention and treatment of the current pandemic. In this review article, we have attempted to comprehend the information about the edible medicinal plant materials with potential antiviral activity specifically against RNA virus which additionally possess property to improve immunity along with external and internal respiration and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties for the prevention and treatment of the disease. This will open an arena for the development of novel nutraceutical herbal formulations as an alternative therapy that can be used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

The complete chloroplast genome of Zanthoxylum piasezkii Maxim. (Rutaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis

Zanthoxylum piasezkii Maxim. is a widely distributed species of edible medicinal plant in China. It has been used for traditional spicy condiment and medicinal ingredients for quite a long time. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome sequence of Z. piasezkii was first reported and characterized from sequencing data. The complete chloroplast genome was determined to be 158,728 bp in length, consisting of a large single-copy (LSC) region (85,918 bp) and a small single copy (SSC) region (17,612 bp), which were separated by a pair of 27,599 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The chloroplast genome is predicted to contain 132 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The overall GC content of cpDNA is 38.4%. The phylogenetic analysis of 12 complete chloroplast genomes reveals that Z. piasezkii is mostly related to the congeneric Z. bungeanum.

Monometallic Zinc and Bimetallic Cu-Zn Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Stem Extracts of Cissusquadrangularis (Haddjod) and Proneness as Alternative Antimicrobial Agents

Cissus quadrangularis belongs to family Vitaceae and is an edible medicinal plant found in India, Malaysia, Java, West Africa and Thailand. Mainly an osteogenic by nature, the plant is used for strengthening joints and bones, reducing pain and helps to re pair fractures so named as “Haddjod”. It has been reported in treatment of Bloody Diarrhea, skin disorders, ear ache, hemorrhoids, irregular menstruation and leucorrhoea. The plant is a potent antioxidant and a anti-inflammatory agent. The activity of aqueous stem extracts against Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (MTCC-5704), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MTCC-2295),and two gram positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis(MTCC-121) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-3160) along with one cariogenic pathogen Streptococcus mutans (MTCC-497) was analyzed using agar well diffusion assay. Zinc nanoparticles and bimetallic Cu-Zn nanoparticles were synthesized using stem as plant part in contradiction to leaves which have been exploited by many nanotechnologists in nanoparticle synthesis as reducing and capping agent. Pathogenic microbes confirmed that the plant contains bioactive compounds which exhibited measurable antimicrobial activity against bacteria. Zinc nanoparticles have abundant scope in food as additives and packaging and are considered safe in food items. Synthesis of Zinc nanoparticles was further confirmed using UV visible spectroscopy and XRD analysis. While bimetallic Cu-Zn nanoparticles were confirmed by simple visual color change and UV visible spectroscopy. The bimetallic have been in more demand as compared to monometallic as they are better in magnetic, optical properties and this is the first report of bimetallic nanoparticle synthesis from Cissus stem.

Integrated Strategy Drives Direct Infusion-Tandem Mass Spectrometry as an Eligible Tool for Shotgun Pseudo-Targeted Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants.

Direct infusion (DI) has an extraordinary high-throughput advantage. Pseudo-targeted metabolomics (PTM) has been demonstrated integrating the merits of both nontargeted and targeted metabolomics. Herein, we attempted to implant DI into the PTM concept to configure a new strategy allowing shotgun PTM. First, a versatile MS/MSALL program was applied to acquire MS1 and MS2 spectra. Second, online energy-resolved MS (online ER-MS) was conducted to obtain breakdown graph as well as optimal collision energy (OCE) for each ion transition paired by precursor ion and the dominant product ion. Third, selected reaction monitoring (SRM) was responsible to output a quantitative dataset with a constant length. Moreover, breakdown graph also served as orthogonal structural evidence when matching MS2 spectra between DI-MS/MS and an in-house library to strengthen structural annotation confidence. To evaluate and illustrate the utility of the new strategy toward shotgun PTM of medicinal plants, in-depth chemome comparison was conducted within three Cistanche species, all of which are edible medicinal plants and playing essential roles for turning the deserts into the oases. A total of 185 variables participated in the quantitative measurement program. Each diagnostic ion pair was featured with an OCE. Significant species differences occurred, and echinacoside, acteoside, isoacteoside, 2'-acetyl-acteoside, tubuloside B, mannitol, sucrose, betaine, malate, as well as choline were found to be confirmative chemical markers offering primary contributions toward the species discrimination. After cross-validation with LC-MS/MS, DI-MS/MS fortified with the new strategy is an eligible tool for shotgun PTM, beyond Cistanche plants.