Economic Wealth Research Articles

The relative choice over destiny in a country’s long-run economic growth and economic affluence

This paper examines an in-depth and systematic review of why some nations are so rich, while others remain so poor taking into account temporal and spatial dynamics applied for economic growth covariants. Growth literature underscores direct and indirect causes for economic growth. Likewise, economic and non-economic dynamics are thoroughly examined for countries’ long-run economic growth and relative wealth accumulation. Endogenous growth theories emphasized that investment in human capital, innovation, and knowledge are major contributors to economic growth. Empirics confirmed that time-variant (such as well-established institutions and their prominent role in devising property rights and policies) gives more emphasis towards shaping a country’s long-run economic growth than time-invariant exogenous attributes (like geography). Meanwhile, some nations did not industrialize being geographically advantageous, and the location of the country does not exclusively determine the fate of the nation’s economic success. Moreover, state capacity is vital to determining relative wealth accumulation and economic prosperity. The incidence of routine war undermines the fiscal capacity and leads to an extractive form of government and weakens public and private investments, and this sets a country into undesirable outcomes. In a nutshell, time-varying attributes become more flexible to adjust the fate of countries’ economic growth and destiny. Furthermore, it requires an intense investigation of what governs a nation’s economic successes or failures focusing on country-specific concerns. It needs a close and continuous rectification to reconsider the country’s institutional setup and policy frameworks towards endogenously rooted economic growth and development for the relative economic affluence.

Drilling in the Water by “Creating a Safe and Free Passage for the Movement of People and Equipment between the Surface and the Bottom”, Using Several Methods for Extracting Natural Resources and Scientific Research

The research develops a new plan that follows a precise system for drilling at the bottom of the water, by creating a “digging corridor” that allows people to move from the top of the surface of rivers or seas and oceans to the bottom, allowing all the huge mechanical equipment to be lowered to continue drilling at the bottom vertically, until reaching rocky soil; in order to change the drilling paths and “develop the attack”, and establish long corridors to obtain the dysfunctional economic wealth, the project can be used in scientific research and the establishment of cities in the future below the seabed. There are different characteristics of drilling in fresh and salt water, due to the difference in water quality, current speed and nature soil analysis, erosion power, and erosion. The research was divided between easy ways to reach simple depths (10 - 20 meters), using various cheap means, and strategies for establishing “drilling corridors” at medium (more than 20 - less than 100 meters) and large depths (from 100 meters - less than 1 kilometer), which depends on the construction of a concrete building with a large base, which enables it to successfully perform its role, and at great depths (more than 1 kilometer) require adding more supports to the building, and emergency plans have been taken care of. It is important to establish strong electronic doors to protect tunnel passages, such as: closing them at the time of danger, preparing sectors for evacuation, and the possibility of selling the “digging corridor” and tunnels, or gifting them to scientists, or moving them and closing or blowing up the underpasses. In conclusion, this research will contribute to “opening a new environment”, to the activity of Wan Humans divorce in the future.

ОЦЕНКА ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА В ИНТЕРЕСАХ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

One of the sources of economic wealth is the effective management of human capital, which promotes innovation. The article considers some aspects of the analysis and accounting of this relationship.

Under Italy's Sun or in an Economic Shadow - The Effects of Regional Banking Systems on Economic Development in the Italian Mezzogiorno Regions

Italy exhibits a very divided economy with an economic powerhouse in its northern regions and an economically less developed South. At the same time, the North of Italy is also characterized by a historically decentralized financial system with small and local banks that fit to the SMEs of the region's industrial sector. By means of correlated random effects-regressions for the 21 Italian NUTS2-regions, we show that this decentralized banking system helps northern Italy in buffering economic shocks from financial crises. The relative number of banks, the size of banks, and their focus on traditional interest rate business increase economic wealth and household incomes while reducing unemployment. We further find that the economically strong North did not enter a race to the bottom to its southern neighbors during and after the sovereign debt crisis and benefits from its more diverse banking system. Meanwhile, the southern regions could also not catch up.

Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention among college students: a survey of research models from 2006-2015

In today's world, entrepreneurship is seen as a major economic wealth in many places and it is also a best medicine for unemployment problem in developing countries. The objective of this study is ...

Using AI Changes the Paradigm of Women's Participation in Politics

The effect of AI on how people are viewed and handled in society is important and profound. However, a vicious cycle is maintained with AI's algorithms design and implementation. Among others, predictive models, machine learning and AI algorithms train and test themselves using datasets, as a result, they “learn” mainly based on the data input in a model. Nowadays and in this context, it seems that there is a growing scientific dialogue concerning bias in training AI (Falco, 2019; Lu, 2019; Straw, 2020) as well as whether datasets, on which decisions are made, only represent fractions of reality (Günther et al., 2017). The technology often captures and reproduces regulated and restrictive beliefs regarding gender and race, which are then repetitively strengthened: Gender relations be materialized by inventions and, through their enrolment and incorporation of machinery, masculinity, and femininity gain of turn their importance and character. When robots progress in certain cognitive functions, their comparatively weak abilities will definitely get better. This list incorporates the innovative approach to the dilemma, empathy, negotiation, and belief. Automation and AI will also replace many of today's workers at the same time creating new opportunities for specialized personnel– so that is why women need to get into this emerging sector and ensure that they can secure new jobs when their jobs are squeezed. In addition, AI may provide the ability to alter male and female epistemological assumptions. The narration of "hard" and "soft" intelligence, for instance, is often described as male and female. The rise and development of AI is also seen as pushing economic growth and strengthening political influence. In politics, UK politics still dominates the ambition of economic development by technical advancement. Jude Browne states (Clementine Collett & Sarah Dillon) that a national AI agency equivalent to Human Fertilization and Embryology (HFEA) has yet to be set up by the government of the UK that will fill the divide between national, experts and government, for example. Browne claims that it includes the dominance, primarily guided by the goals of economic wealth, of private interest over the public interest. There is a possibility that economic growth and political influence play an important part in influencing AI laws and policies at the cost of other motivations, which are more morally equal. Consequently, a dual-purpose must be incorporated into an equitable AI policy. Firstly, to ensure there is no rise in social and economic disparity due to the advancement of AI technology. Secondly, to call AI to cut this down. AI must first and foremost enable us to promote our democratic liberties, enhance social harmony, and enhance unity, rather than jeopardise our individual trajectories and networks of solidarity.

Boom or bust, extractives are no longer saviours: The need for robust tax regimes in Gulf countries

Over the last decades, extractive industries, especially the oil and gas sectors, have generated significant economic activity and growth in countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). However, recent drop in oil prices and other extractive products signal a bust cycle for many of these GCC countries. In addition, the global transition to low carbon energy sources could mean that the economic mainstays of GCC countries could be threatened.With vast extractives revenue, GCC countries have over the years granted huge tax incentives to investors, have few tax bases, and a not so deep tax net. While a country has the power to exercise its fiscal sovereignty as it deems fit, studies show that effective tax systems could mobilize needed revenue for development, achieve redistributive justice and enhance sustainable development. This article examines the need for efficient, transparent and accountable tax systems in Gulf countries as a way of sustaining economic growth and wealth creation in light of dwindling extractive revenue. The article takes into account the cultural impact and regressive nature of taxes in the GCC countries and discusses ways to address the externalities which will arise from the adoption of robust tax systems. It also recommends that GCC countries broaden their tax bases to achieve diversification of revenue resources and encourage representation.

Economic Growth with Social Status, Spirit of Capitalism, and Conspicuous Consumption

The purpose of this study is to introduce social status, conspicuous consumption, and spirit of capitalism into neoclassical growth model. This paper studies a dynamic interdependence between economic growth, economic structural change, income and wealth distribution, social status, conspicuous consumption, and spirit of capitalism in a small-open economy. We build a heterogeneous-households growth model with endogenous wealth accumulation and social status. The dynamics of J-households economy is described by J differential equations. We simulate the motion of the model with three groups of households. We carry out comparative dynamic analysis with regard to some parameters.

Public Tears: Populism and the Politics of Emotion in AKP's Turkey

AbstractThis article analyzes the increased visibility and frequency of public weeping by the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Building on the literature that conceptualizes populism as a particular political style, I argue that crying in public can be understood as a populist performative act of legitimation, serving to dramatize the basic components of the populist discourse. I also contend that the increased frequency of public weeping by Erdoğan relate to two major dilemmas that populists in power encounter. Both dilemmas stem from the growing discrepancy between populist rhetoric and practice, diminishing the credibility of the populist leader. Signaling emotional authenticity, Erdoğan’s tearfulness serves to communicate a message of closeness to the people and sustain the anti-elite rhetoric at a time when his political power and economic wealth increasingly set him apart from the politically and economically marginalized. It also attempts to justify authoritarian practices while sustaining the claim to rule in the name of popular power and mobilize constituents against the opposition.

Impact of Monetary Policy on the Level of Economic Inequality in the United States

Abstract: After the reform of the world monetary system in 1971, the competition between countries for the global market is taking place in completely new conditions. Monetary and fiscal authorities have accumulated vast experience in regulating the economy and strengthening country competitive advantages through complex mechanisms of quantitative easing, foreign exchange rates manipulation, increasing debts, etc. Overcoming the consequences of the financial crises of the 21st century every time forces monetary regulators to implement increasingly radical measures in order to save the economy by injecting enormous amounts of liquidity into the market to buy out bad corporate debts as well as government debt securities. At the same time, the questions of how monetary policy affects the level of economic inequality and who is its beneficiary are becoming more relevant.The article seeks to analyze the impact of changes in monetary policy parameters on wealth inequality in the United States. Given the cyclical nature of economic inequality, the main method of research was chosen as a graphical statistical analysis, since it allows to identify trends effectively and keep in focus more than 100-year picture of changes in the analyzed indicators. For a more holistic picture, the dynamics of economic wealth inequality level were compared not only with key indicators of monetary policy, but also with the dynamics of marginal tax rates in US.One conclusion of the research is that wealth inequality depends more on fiscal adjustment and marginal tax rates than on monetary factors. Inadequate marginal income and inheritance tax rates are factors of rising of wealth inequality in US. Changing of monetary system settings also influences on the level of wealth inequality, because it affects the valuation of financial assets, and therefore the wealth of the richest people in US. Another important conclusion is the idea that the new monetary policy, despite all fears that it is a source of growing economic inequality, is acceptable with marginal income and inheritance tax rates of about 60% and with effective macroprudential regulation of US economy.

La Educación y el Conocimiento Científico: Luz que ilumina el túnel de la ignorancia

No cabe duda alguna que el contexto actual en que estamos todos inmersos se nos ha presentado, de inmediato e inesperadamente, como una etapa de conflictos, retos, frustraciones, dolor y superaciones. Y así mismo, diversas emociones han venido y vienen aflorando desde inicios del año en curso. Los seres humanos, a nivel planetario, hemos tenido que cambiar nuestras formas de vida. Nuevas visiones sobre el mundo y sobre el derecho a la salud se manifiestan tanto para los poderosos como para aquellos menos favorecidos por las riquezas naturales y/o económicas.

Fe3O4 nano assembly embedded in 2D-crumpled porous carbon sheets for high energy density supercapacitor

• The waste garlic husk can act as a carbon (2D-CCS) precursor as well as a solvent . • A novel 0D-Fe 3 O 4 nano assembly and 2D-CCS composite was synthesized with zero-waste generation. • The composite shows outstanding power and energy densities (8000 W kg −1 , 115.5 Wh Kg −1 ) of a supercapacitor. • The 2D crumpled nano-sheet assembly affords high specific capacitance in a supercapacitor application. • This work stimulates a new and universal door converting waste materials to valuable materials. Due to the copious development of industries and depletion of fossil fuels generate deteriorating environmental pollution and appalling economic crisis. Thus, there are increasing unmet for developing well-defined nanostructures to mitigate energy and environmental issues. Herein, we firstly report a unique concerted method to convert agro bio-waste into an economical wealth material. By the inspiration of nature, we selected a waste 2D garlic husk ( Allium sativum ) as a torchbearer to make a unique material. The garlic extract was applied for the synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 NAs@2D-CCS composite nano-assemblies (NAs). Interestingly, the small-sized Fe 3 O 4 nanocrystals (<20 nm) underwent nucleation in the presence of biogenic 2D-CCS and formed a pomegranate like a cluster (200 nm) forming a conglomerate on porous carbon layers. Most importantly, no secondary waste was generated in this work. This Fe 3 O 4 NAs@2D-CCS composite affords high specific capacitance of 820F g −1 at a current density of 0.5 A g −1 , which is nearly 5 to 3 times higher than pristine Fe 3 O 4 NPs (<20 nm) electrode with an outstanding power density (3500–8000 W kg −1 ) and specific energy density (115.5 to 65.9 Wh Kg −1 ), which is superior among most of all reported iron oxide and graphitic carbon composites. This simple work stimulates a new door for the generation of waste to well-defined nanostructure materials for energy, catalysis, and environmental applications.

DEFENSE BUILDINGS OF BERNARDIN’S ORDER MONASTERIES OF WESTERN UKRAINE IN XVII-XVIII CENTURIES

Reliable fortifications were the key to the stable functioning of the castle, city or monastery on the territory of Western Ukraine in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Monastic complexes dominated actively in the space of settlements or landscape. Bernardin Order monasteries were one of the most numerous among the orders of the Western rite. Nowadays there often arises the question of determining the historical boundaries of objects and the original architectural and compositional integrity of monastic complexes during the development of urban planning documentation and restoration projects. Bernardin Order monasteries were actively studied by Ukrainian and Polish scientists, such as V. Vuytsyk, O. Boyko, I. Somochkin, A. Bethley, M. Kurzey, E. Kvetsinska. Research focuses mostly on the sacred elements of the complexes and describes the historical and architectural aspects of the monuments. The fortifications were partially inspected or not mentioned at all. The purpose of the article is to collect, systematize and reveal new facts of functioning and formation history of the defensive structures of Bernardine Order monasteries in Western Ukraine. Also the the purpose is to determine the location, dimensions, architectural and planning features of the fortifications of monasteries. In the studied period, we can identify about 50 defense complexes of various orders of the Western Rite, located in or outside the downtown. Bernardine Order monasteries are among the most common and are represented in in Berezhany, Husiatyn, Dubno, Zbarazh, Izyaslav, Lviv, Leshniv, Sokal and Khrystynopil. The Order of Bernardines is a branch of the Franciscan order, which was formed in the XII century. The Order of Bernardines appeared in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Western Ukraine in the middle of the 15th century. As a result of the study of nine monasteries of the Bernardine Order, it was found that the architecture of the Order is clearly traced in the construction of its own fortifications. The article identifies the influence of the urban planning factor on the configuration and dimensions of the defense lines of objects. The Bernardines owned some of the most powerful defensive monasteries in Western Ukraine: in Sokal, Izyaslav and Lviv. The monasteries of this order were mostly located in downtown. Three of them, namely in Berezhany, Dubno, Leshniv, were located in the corners of downtown near the gates. The monasteries in Lviv, Husiatyn and Khrystynopil, which were blocked to the corner of the city defensive walls from the outside allocated to a separate type. Monastery in Zbarazh was located in the middle of the defense line near the gate and had its own defense walls. At this stage, the study revealed one defensive monastery church - in Leshnev. The monasteries in Dubno and Brzezany were defended by powerful city fortifications. The fortifications of the monasteries in Lviv and Sokal should be singled out. The monastery in Lviv, due to the status of the city and responsibility, was committed to active defense, which explains the presence of a three-tiered tower, strong walls with a loophole and a ravelin at the entrance. The monastery in Sokal was an outpost of the territory and a powerful center of pilgrimage that resulted into its economical wealth. It was found that the Bernardine complexes used mostly newer forms of protection - bastions and ramparts.

The Implementation of Multiple Information Security Governance (ISG) Frameworks Strategy and Critical Success Factors in Indonesia’s Oil and Gas Industry: Case Study of PT X

Oil and gas industry are among the largest contributor to the Indonesia’s foreign exchange. Many believe that information technology will be major driver for economic wealth in the oil and gas Industry. However, implementing information technology to support corporate business process brings vast information security risks. There is a need of comprehensive information security governance that can comply to information security standards and regulations. This research is conducted to evaluate the use of multiple ISG frameworks for implementing information security governance in a multinational oil and gas company. In detail, we evaluate the effectiveness of such framework, assess its implementation maturity level, and identify the success and inhibiting factors for implementing ISG frameworks. This study shows that framework XYZ, as a multiple ISG framework, is effective to cover the controls of ISO 17799, COSO, and IT Risk Framework at once. Meanwhile, the observed case study indicated lack of compliancy of Framework XYZ followed by the invention of gap between current ISG implementation efforts and company visions. Lastly, several success and inhibiting factors are identified in the ISG framework implementation at PT X.

İnovasyon ve Lojistik Boyutları Arasındaki İlişkiye Yönelik Ampirik Bir Araştırma

When countries evaluate innovation and logistics as a whole and carry out activities to complement each other, countries will be able to specialize in the field of innovation and logistics and, accordingly, ensure the development of innovation and logistics dimensions globally. In this context, in research, the relations between the innovation and logistics dimensions within the scope of the global innovation and logistics performance values of G-7 countries, which have more than half of the global wealth in the world and have a certain economic development and size, were evaluated in multi-dimensional terms. According to the findings, it is determined that there is a significant, positive, and very high-level relationship between innovation and logistics dimensions. The fact that the relationship between innovation and logistics is very high has been evaluated as one of the factors or reasons that G7 countries have economic size, development, and global wealth. Again, according to the findings, it was concluded that the innovation dimension contributed more to the relationship between innovation and logistics dimension than the logistics dimension. Therefore, it is considered that these countries place more importance on the innovation dimension in ensuring the relationship between innovation and logistics dimensions.

Post-materialism’s Social Class Divide: Experiences and Life Satisfaction

Over last half of the twentieth century, a silent revolution in post-material values made significant advances around the world. The formation of post-material values also resulted in expanded participation in post-material experiences such as joining voluntary groups, pursuing creativity and independence in the world of work, and engaging in political actions—experiences that go beyond a strict focus on accumulating economic wealth and material possessions. Because social class position matters for being a post-materialist, a class divide exists between middle-class post-materialists and working-class materialists who occupy the lower end of the social class spectrum. This article will show that such a divide occurs, first for participation in post-material experiences and second for the attainment of life satisfaction. Using data from the World Values Survey, evidence will be provided in this article showing that members of the working class participate less in post-material experiences than others and, as a consequence, enjoy lower life satisfaction than others, especially post-materialists. In light of working-class-supported right-wing populism’s recent emergence in the USA and Europe, this social class divide takes on a special significance in explaining shifting trends in politics and public policy.

Perceived problems with adolescent online gaming: National differences and correlations with substance use

BackgroundNot much is known about the correlation between gaming problems and substance use across different countries. This paper presents cross-national analyses of different gaming indicators and their relationship to substance use.MethodsBased on data from the 2015 ESPAD study, differences in the relationship between gaming and substance use across 35 countries were analysed using multi-level logistic regression, using substance use as an individual level predictor, economic wealth as a country-level predictor and a combined problem gaming indicator as the outcome.ResultsMulti-level logistic regressions revealed significant correlations between individual substance use and gaming problems, which varied across countries and were moderated by economic wealth. Students who used alcohol, tobacco or cannabis and who lived in high-income countries had a smaller risk of scoring positively on a combined problem gaming indicator than students who used alcohol, tobacco or cannabis and who lived in less prosperous countries.DiscussionDifferent gaming indicators varied substantially across countries, with self-perceived gaming problems being more common in countries with a low prevalence of gaming. Significant cross-level effects demonstrate the need to take the societal context into account when the relationship between problem gaming and substance use is analysed. Prevention measures need to take the fact into account that patterns of substance use among problem gamers vary across countries.

Perceived problems with adolescent online gaming: National differences and correlations with substance use.

Not much is known about the correlation between gaming problems and substance use across different countries. This paper presents cross-national analyses of different gaming indicators and their relationship to substance use. Based on data from the 2015 ESPAD study, differences in the relationship between gaming and substance use across 35 countries were analysed using multi-level logistic regression, using substance use as an individual level predictor, economic wealth as a country-level predictor and a combined problem gaming indicator as the outcome. Multi-level logistic regressions revealed significant correlations between individual substance use and gaming problems, which varied across countries and were moderated by economic wealth. Students who used alcohol, tobacco or cannabis and who lived in high-income countries had a smaller risk of scoring positively on a combined problem gaming indicator than students who used alcohol, tobacco or cannabis and who lived in less prosperous countries. Different gaming indicators varied substantially across countries, with self-perceived gaming problems being more common in countries with a low prevalence of gaming. Significant cross-level effects demonstrate the need to take the societal context into account when the relationship between problem gaming and substance use is analysed. Prevention measures need to take the fact into account that patterns of substance use among problem gamers vary across countries.

Metodología para el desarrollo de capacidades tecnológicas y de innovación para la puesta en marcha de una planta de tratamiento de agua residual doméstica municipal. Caso Tibasosa, Boyacá

Hoy prima la necesidad de garantizar la sostenibilidad y calidad del recurso hídrico, entendiendo que su gestión se deriva del ciclo hidrológico que vincula una cadena de interrelaciones entre diferentes componentes naturales y antrópicos, por lo que se asocia como un proceso de aprendizaje intertemporal del ser humano. La mayoría de los países le dan máxima prioridad al suministro de agua, dado que es una de las necesidades básicas humanas; sin embargo, según la UNESCO en el informe mundial sobre desarrollo de los recursos hídricos del 2019, un tercio de la población mundial no tiene acceso al agua potable administrada de forma segura. Este es el caso de varias comunidades del departamento de Boyacá, Colombia y en particular de las comunidades rurales del municipio de Tibasosa en donde, a pesar de contar con dos afluentes hídricos principales como el nacimiento “La mana del padre”, y “El rio Chicamocha”, que pueden suplir la necesidad hídrica; la fuente de abastecimiento se concentra en el rio Chicamocha, cuya disponibilidad y calidad del recurso hídrico es deficiente por ser uno de los ríos más contaminados de Colombia. El objeto de este estudio es la identificación de las capacidades que debe reunir una comunidad que tiene como propósito la puesta en marcha de una Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTAR) domésticas, para lo cual se realizó una investigación en términos de características importantes tales como la formación técnica y humana, innovación y desarrollo tecnológico, organización social y del trabajo, planificación y gestión de calidad, sistematización-investigación e incidencia política y social. Posteriormente se llevó a cabo el planteamiento de una metodología para el manejo y desarrollo coordinado de las capacidades, con el propósito de gestionar el recurso hídrico en interacción con los demás recursos naturales, y propender por maximizar el bienestar social y económico resultante, en el área rural del municipio de Tibasosa, Boyacá.

Drivers of Socially Responsible Investments Across Europe

The European Union wants to foster the sustainable growth of the economy by using the financial markets as an intermediary. Thus, politicians need to know which factors account for differences in socially responsible investments (SRI) between countries to create an efficient framework, which supports SRI across Europe. This study aims to provide important insights about the drivers of SRI markets for politicians as well as academics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that provides quantitative evidence on the framework established by Scholtens/Sievänen (2013) using a comparatively large data sample comprising 13 European countries during a period from 2005 to 2015. Our results can be summarized as follows: Firstly, we show that economic wealth and the size of the pension market of a country influence the size of the SRI market per capita. In particular, it seems that countries need a certain level of wealth and pension market size to start adopting basic sustainability strategies like negative screening. Secondly, we provide evidence that the differences in national SRI evolvement stem from the individual cultural characteristics of a nation. For example, masculinity, as seen by the revenue orientation of a country, prevents the emergence of more advanced SRI strategies, like engagement or integration. However, femininity, which relates to a more societal and environmental orientation, drives the emergence of more advanced SRI strategies. In this context, the recommendation to European policymakers is to opt for a minimum standard for the integration of more advanced SRI strategies, so that non-feminine countries also implement a deep-rooted sustainable investment behavior.