Development Economics Research Articles

Competition or cooperation? Research on the spatial game relationship of regional carbon emission efficiency

The gradient differences of economic development and industrial structure differences in Jing-Jin-Ji Region are significant. The ability of Jing-Jin-Ji Region to pay for environmental protection is imbalanced. The above two situations make it difficult to achieve coordinated pollution reduction and carbon reduction governance. Accurately measuring carbon emission efficiency and thoroughly analyzing the cooperation and competition relationship of regional carbon emission reduction based on fully considering stakeholders are of great significance for the joint construction, prevention and control of regional ecological environment. The research is also of great significance for promoting high-quality economic development and ensuring effective protection of the regional ecological environment. This study combines game theory and DEA theory to measure the carbon emission efficiency of the Jing-Jin-Ji Region, and then uses spatial game theory to analyze the average degree of being attacked, anti-attack ability, strongest attacker, and optimal partner for the carbon emission efficiency of different DMUs. The study concluded that: 1) Xicheng District and Hedong District have higher carbon emission efficiency, while Mentougou District, Fengtai District, Changping District, Fangshan District, Shijingshan District, Pinggu District and Yanqing County have the lowest carbon emission efficiency. 2) From an analysis of the degree of being attacked, it can be observed that economically developed areas experience a higher average degree of being attacked compared to economically underdeveloped areas. In regions with lower economic development, the influence of the local government on reducing carbon emissions is not significant, whether acting independently or in collaboration. Regions with contrasting industrial structures could be ideal partners, and areas with higher carbon emission efficiency could collaborate with regions with lower carbon emission efficiency to achieve greater reduction potential.

Optimizing electric vehicles charging for enhancing environmental sustainability and reducing carbon emissions of freight transport: case of Czech Republic

The limited infrastructure of charging stations, which is crucial in route planning and total journey time and creates uncertainty in efficiency and operating costs, calls for new economic and statistical methods in sustainability development and environmental economics. This paper aims to examine the challenges of integrating electric vehicles into freight transport to improve distribution logistics’ environmental sustainability, which represents one of the pathways for reducing environmental risk. The analysis results underscore the inadequacy of the truck charging station network in the Czech Republic. This insufficiency presents an opportunity to enhance environmental sustainability and reduce carbon emissions through strategic analysis and optimizing charging station locations. The difficulty of identifying optimal locations for these stations, given truck availability, requires using multi-criteria decision-making techniques such as the Analytical Network Process (ANP). Municipalities with limited access to existing logistics facilities were considered during the simulation. This way, 15 new locations were identified for municipalities with insufficient distance to a charging station.By implementing the ANP method, the study contributes to a more environmentally sustainable transportation infrastructure, highlighting the potential for significant reductions in carbon emissions through improved charging station networks. These results apply to other countries and can provide novel insights on optimizing charging station locations for sustainable economic development and reducing freight transport’s carbon emissions and environmental risks.

Theoretical aspects of studies on agricultural economics and agrarian issues

This article contains a theoretical proposal for classifying the agrarian economic theory as a separate school of heterodox economic thought, encompassing more than a dozen research streams. In this sense, it fills a gap in the general economic theory, in which, so far, the agrarian economic thought is not considered a separate school of economics. The study proves that for the development of agrarian economics, it is not necessary to adopt the monistic, reductive, and consolidative approach that characterises mainstream economics. We treat agricultural economics as a pluralistic science, taking into account different viewpoints and research paradigms of development, from industrial to sustainable. Raising the need to integrate agrarian thought, the study points to the designations of the substantive distinctiveness of agricultural economics, including the immobility of the land factor, the price and income specificity of food demand, and the compulsion to consume food. The considerations are supplemented by a conceptualisation of the studied issue concerning the situation in Poland, presented in the form of a case study.

The right to education and the principle of equality: from an idea in the works of Professor Hersch Lauterpacht to enshrining in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The article examines the scientific contribution of Professor Hersh Lauterpacht to the development of the idea of enshrining in writing the right to education in the Bill, its content and the principle of equality. It is noted that Sir H. Lauterpacht’s scientific views on the right to education are still relevant today. Attention is focused on the fact that everyone’s right to education is sometimes replaced by people’s enlightenment. The issue of ensuring the right to education by the aggressor state in the territories temporarily occupied by it is raised. It is stated that the state violates its international obligations to ensure everyone’s right to education if it replaces people’s education with people’s enlightenment. The issue of the economic development of the state, the economic potential of the state, international and domestic standards of the right to education, and their interrelationship is also raised.
 It is concluded that the ideas set forth in Professor G. Lauterpacht’s monograph «The International Bill of Human Rights» were progressive in nature, and essentially it was about the need to establish a written catalog of human rights, as well as about the fact that this catalog should be part of the structure of the world. Sir Gersh Lauterpacht in his scientific work applied the approach according to which he proposed to enshrine the state’s obligations in the field of human rights in the Bill. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, an approach was applied, according to which human rights were enshrined, and with respect to the duties of the state, a veiled enshrining of them was applied.
 It is established that Sir G. Lauterpacht: 1) considered the right to education of everyone as a duty of the state, which it must conscientiously fulfill; 2) linked the standard of the right to education with such factors as: 1) the economic potential of the state; 2) economic development of the state. Accordingly, in states that have higher economic development and greater economic potential, the standard of education should be higher, and in states that are less economically developed and have less potential, the minimum standard of the right to education should be ensured; 3) introduced such a criterion for evaluating the fulfillment of the state’s obligation to ensure the right to education as efficiency. If the state is an entity that has the duty to effectively ensure the right to education, then, accordingly, the state must bear responsibility if it does not effectively ensure this right.
 Professor G. Lauterpacht proposed to enshrine the principle of equality in writing. Regarding the content of this principle, he applied an approach according to which the state is entrusted with the duty to ensure full equality before the law of all and equal treatment of every person of state power. It is established that the idea of the prohibition of discrimination and its content, which Professor Hersh Lauterpacht proposed to enshrine in the Bill, laid the foundation for desegregation in education.
 The influence of Hersh Lauterpacht’s monograph on the formulation and consolidation of the right to education and the principle of equality in the written act on human rights - the Universal Declaration of Human Rights - has been revealed.

Filsafat Ekonomi Syariah Sebagai Landasan Sistem Ekonomi Syariah Bagi Pendidikan Umat Islam

The Islamic economic philosophy is based on the interconnectedness of God, Man (Cosmic), and Nature (Cosmos), and is directed towards financial tasks such as economic principles, consumption, production, sales, and economic development. In Indonesia, the development of Islamic economics is influenced by internal and external factors. The key principles of Islamic economics in Indonesia are Tawhid, Maslahah, and Fair, which emphasize the relationship between humans and God, and humans and nature based on the principles of sharia. The country has also developed a masterplan for Islamic economic development, focusing on areas such as strengthening the halal value chain, the Islamic financial sector, and micro, small, and medium enterprises

Do ICT Development and labor force foster Economic Growth in Indonesia?

Purpose: This paper aims to determine the ICT Development Index and other supporting variables affecting Indonesia's economic growth.Methods: This study uses secondary data from 1996-2019. Using economic growth variables as endogenous variables, and labor force, gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), cellular phones per 100 people, fixed telephones per 100 people, and internet users as exogenous variables. The data analysis technique used OLS multiple linear regression with eviews 9 application.Finding: The neoclassical theory developed by Solow (1957) a name "Growth Accounting" that economic growth formed from the factors of production and technology. This finding only the variable Mobile cellular per 100 people does not affect economic growth in Indonesia, and other variables are significant.Novelty: This study uses an innovation variable, namely the ICT Development Index, to complement the variables of production factors (labor and GFCF). This study focuses on Indonesia because it is about Indonesia's potential use of technology and information, among indications of the use of telephone and internet users in Indonesia.Implications: Further research can apply other ICT Development variables such as ICT exports or use the other countries.Keyword: GDP, Gross Fix Capital Formation, Internet User, Labor Force.

Knowledge-based circular economics model for sustainable competitiveness: framework development and analysis

AbstractGiven the numerous changes in global consumption and production models that have occurred in recent years, promoting the development of a circular economy and a knowledge economy would appear to be an appropriate shift for sustainable development and competitiveness, yet no previous studies have integrated their adoption for sustainable competitiveness from the business aspects. This study aims to integrate knowledge-based circular economics adoption for sustainable competitiveness. The research conducts a comprehensive literature review and a critical analysis of secondary data from a real-world case. The main results are a framework development of knowledge-based circular economics and a critical analysis of a modified model toward sustainable competitiveness, that addresses the above gap and derives the originality and novelty of the paper. Future research is proposed in which statistical software, such as SPSS and SmartPLS-SEM, would be applied to validate hypotheses.

Impact of rural-urban energy equality on environmental sustainability and the role of governance

Globally, rural areas suffer from less infrastructure relative to urban areas. Political and development economists have mainly attributed this disparity in infrastructure distribution to governance. The literature has sufficiently discussed the role that rural-urban infrastructure inequality plays in development outcomes such as poverty. However, not much is known about the effect of the rural-urban infrastructure gap on the environment. To contribute to knowledge and policy discussions, we investigate the impact of rural-urban energy access (in)equality on environmental degradation and the role governance plays using data from 47 sub-Saharan African countries from 2000–2020. Evidence from the heteroskedasticity-based instrumental variable regression consistent with Driscoll and Kraay's estimation revealed that bridging rural-urban energy access inequality is associated with reduction in environmental degradation. We also documented that the direct effect of the governance-related variables used is mixed. The moderation and marginal effect estimates showed that improving governance quality conditions equality in rural-urban energy access to reduce environmental degradation. From a policy perspective, these findings suggest that the implementation of rural electrification policies supported by a good governance system would play a crucial role in mitigating environmental degradation in developing countries.

Influence of Emotional Marketing and Sharia Marketing on Consumer Decisions in Purchasing Waqf Policy Insurance Products (Case Study at PT Asuransi Syariah Keluarga Indonesia)

Abstract. The development of sharia economics and finance has experienced significant developments in recent years. This is marked by several main developments in the financial sector and sharia financial instruments, which are increasingly varied and diversifying to meet the diverse needs of the public or customers. One of the sharia financial institutions that is experiencing development is sharia insurance. The sharia insurance industry has become an integral part of modern society's lives. In the midst of the various choices of sharia insurance products, innovation in sharia insurance products combined with waqf instruments is one of the good things for the expansion of sharia financial instruments. Companies marketing waqf insurance policies face increasingly complex challenges to understand, reach, and win the hearts of consumers. The decision to purchase a waqf policy insurance product no longer only revolves around financial considerations but also includes emotional dimensions and deep religious values. This research aims to determine the influence of emotional marketing and sharia marketing on consumer decisions in purchasing policy waqf insurance products using the method used by researchers, namely associative research with a quantitative approach. This research used a sample of 40 respondents with 19 questionnaire statements. In this study, the model used uses a linear regression model involving more than one independent variable or predictor (multiple linear regression). This research shows that, partially or simultaneously, the emotional marketing and sharia marketing variables are stated to have a significant influence on consumer decisions in purchasing waqf insurance policies. This is obtained from the coefficient of determination value in the very strong category, which is between 0.80 and 1,000, with an adjusted R square result of 0.818, or around 81.8%, influencing consumer decisions and the remaining 18.2% being influenced by other variables outside of this research.
 Keywords: Emotional Marketing, Sharia Marketing, Consumer Decisions, Waqf Insurance Policies.

Foreign aid impact on the economic growth of the Western Balkans during 2009–2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the role of foreign aid in the Western Balkans countries’ economic growth between 2009 and 2021.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a panel data approach to examine the effects of foreign aid on economic growth in the region and incorporates a random-effects model to accommodate the unique cross-country variations and time-specific factors, as well as a pooled OLS and fixed-effects model for a comprehensive, comparative analysis.FindingsThe in-depth regression analysis shows that foreign aid has not had a significant impact on the economic growth of the region. Further evidence suggests that trade openness exhibited a significant positive correlation with economic growth, while gross capital formation, although positively associated, did not significantly impact it, indicating the complexity of its role in the region’s economies.Practical implicationsThe analysis presented in this study has significant practical implications, particularly for policymakers in the Western Balkans. Given the region’s ambitions for European Union membership and the challenges of high unemployment and inflation, understanding the role of foreign aid is crucial.Originality/valueThis research provides a unique contribution to the field of development economics by examining foreign aid effectiveness within the context of a region often overlooked in the literature. The analysis also offers fresh insights into the complex dynamics of foreign aid and its implications for policy and development strategies.

The Retirement Consumption Puzzle: A Mental Accounting Explanation

Recent developments in cognitive psychology and behavioral economics may explain the lower-than-predicted asset decumulation behavior posited by traditional life-cycle models during retirement, dubbed the retirement consumption puzzle. This study examines if mental accounting could be used to explain the retirement consumption puzzle. Utilizing panel data collected from the 1992–2018 Health and Retirement Studies, retiree age and age squared are examined using fractional polynomials and fixed effects regressions for their associations with varying categorical retiree asset decumulation patterns, including retiree wealth, nonhousing wealth, stocks, retirement accounts, bonds, liquid assets, vehicles, primary residence, and home equity. The results suggest that varying asset decumulation behaviors exist among retirees, which could be explained by retirees’ discretionary spending propensities. The discussion highlights the importance of understanding retiree behavioral spending constraints to allow for smooth consumption paths.

Corporate reputation, cost of capital and the moderating role of economic development: international evidence

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to examine the impact of corporate reputation (hereafter CR) and the degree of economic development on firms’ cost of capital remains unresolved. This study addresses these issues.Design/methodology/approachUsing a global sample across 20 countries, the study investigates the discrete and joint effects of CR and jurisdictional economic development on the cost of equity (COE) and cost of debt (COD) capital. The analysis encompasses a dual data set, comprising 1,308 observations for COE and 1,223 observations for COD, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of these dynamics.FindingsThe findings indicate that CR leads to a reduction in the cost of capital for reputable firms. Nevertheless, the extent of this decrease varies per type of capital and firm’s reputation level and is contingent upon the economic development level within the firm’s jurisdiction. Particularly noteworthy is the moderating effect of economic development on CR, which shows that COE capital tends to be lower for reputable firms operating in economically developed jurisdictions. Albeit, this is not the case for COD capital for reputable firms in similarly developed jurisdictions.Practical implicationsThis study illustrates that effective CR management, aimed at reducing the cost of capital, necessitates a combination of the firm’s unique competitive advantage and the economic development context of its jurisdiction to truly achieve its intended goal.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first global study to explore the impact of CR on both COE and COD capital. Furthermore, this study is primarily towards understanding the moderating role of economic development in the relationship between CR and cost of capital.

Realizing the value of grassland ecosystem services: global practice and its inspiration for the karst desertification control area

The conflict between grassland ecosystem conservation and economic development is an important but challenging question. Realizing the value of ecosystem services (ES) is considered to be a solution for the dual sustainability of ecology and economy. However, there is a lack of systematic understanding of value realization of grassland ES, especially in the karst desertification (KDC) area, which is still at an exploratory stage. We obtained 527 studies from 48 countries in the past 20 years through the Scopus database, and systematically reviewed the current understandings and practices by the content analysis method, and enlightened the inspiration for the grassland in the KDC area. Results showed that: (i) Over the past 20 years, the literature number showed a fluctuating growth trend, and the study areas are mainly concentrated in economically developed countries with rich grassland resources; (ii) Pathways such as grassland management and payment for ecosystem services (PES) are widely used to improve grassland ES and human well-being, and most studies have shown positive effects; (iii) Their performance is significantly impacted by stakeholders, governments, as well as the attributes of ES, and a path of government-led, stakeholder participation and market-oriented operation should be explored; and (iv) There are still some knowledge gaps, such as, uneven distribution of study areas, few effective pathways for realizing the public grassland ES value, and deficient linkage mechanisms of “grassland ES-industry development-economic system feedback-ecosystem protection,” and so on. Based on our findings, we not only make recommendations for the current dilemma of realizing the value of grassland ES, but also put forward the enlightenments to the grassland in the KDC area based on experiences and lessons learned from global practices. The results can provide theoretical guidance for the ecological protection and sustainable development of grasslands in fragile areas.

MODELING THE ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATE, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, AND OIL PRICES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

Recent studies on the relationship between exchange rates, oil prices, and economic growth in developing countries like Ghana have used linear methods, but do not account for potential asymmetries. This research investigates the intricate asymmetric effects of exchange rates, financial development, and oil prices on Ghana’s growth from 1990–2017 using a nonlinear model. The findings indicate that global oil price has asymmetric effects on short- and long-term growth, with positive price changes having different impacts than negative changes. However, there is no evidence for asymmetric long-term effects of exchange rates and financial development on growth, only short-term asymmetries. The cumulative effects of exchange rates and financial development outweigh oil prices. Recommendations include modernizing fuel efficiency, investing in renewable energy and public transit to address oil price shocks, and increasing market transparency and collaboration between major consumer and producer countries. The nonlinear model provides an evidence-based analysis of the intricate asymmetric relationships between these factors and developing country growth.

Transforming the rural asset: Advancing rural place through cultural assets in the American High-Tech Economy

ABSTRACT Many rural regions are looking for a renaissance in the high-tech economy, leveraging unique rural assets to attract new citizens. But who is positioned to realize the unique rural assets of a place for growth? Based on ethnographic research in economic development circles of an American rural region, this study shows how economic developers and municipal leaders draw on unique rural assets, transforming them to attract the right kind of outsiders they think are best suited to create high-tech rural futures. The paper argues that this transformation has implications for how we understand and promote the high-tech economy through asset-based community development in rural areas.

Impact of economic development on soil trace metal(loid)s pollution: A case study of China

Recently, intensive anthropogenic activities, while promoting economic growth, have also exacerbated soil trace metal(loid) (TM) pollution. To explore the impact of economic development on soil TM pollution, a time-weighted method was introduced to calculate the average concentrations of eight TMs in Chinese topsoil from 2001 to 2020, and panel data on TMs and economic factors of 31 provinces were used for regression analysis. The results revealed that the average concentrations of soil TMs all exceeded their respective soil background values. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution of soil TMs was characterized by obvious regional heterogeneity, with economically developed areas being heavily polluted and having high ecological risks. In addition, the results derived from panel data models showed that the relationship between soil TM pollution and economic development in China presented a continuous growth curve, but with an N-shaped pattern in eastern China, a U-shaped pattern in central China, and a positive linearity in western China. Four control variables were also introduced to evaluate their impact on TM pollution, and the results indicated that the proportion of secondary industry and the road area per capita were the major influencing factors. Ultimately, the inflection point estimation results suggested that the soil TM pollution level will increase in eastern China, central China and western China with ongoing economic growth. Our findings contribute to the current understanding of the relationship between soil TM pollution and anthropogenic activities, and provide a scientific basis for adjusting and planning industrial development and layout according to the characteristics of soil TM pollution.

Impact of the Human Development Index, Economic Growth, Investment, and Government Expenditure on the poverty of districts and cities in Bengkulu Province

The purpose of this research is to observe the influence of the human development index, economic growth, investment, and government spending on the poverty rate in districts and cities in Bengkulu Province. Data used as panel data for the period 2014–2020 The method of analysis used is panel data regression. Research results show that the human development index has a significant impact on poverty levels. Economic growth significantly affects the poverty level. Investment significantly influences the level of poverty. As well, government spending affects poverty rates in the Bengkulu City district.

Dynamic evolution and spatial difference of public health service supply in economically developed provinces of China: typical evidence from Guangdong Province

ObjectiveThe outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has drawn attention from all sectors of society to the level of public health services. This study aims to investigate the level of public health service supply in the four major regions of Guangdong Province, providing a basis for optimizing health resource allocation.MethodsThis article uses the entropy method and panel data of 21 prefecture-level cities in Guangdong Province from 2005 to 2021 to construct the evaluation index system of public health service supply and calculate its supply index. On this basis, the standard deviation ellipse method, kernel density estimation, and Markov chain are used to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution trend of the public health service supply level in Guangdong Province. The Dagum Gini coefficient and panel regression model are further used to analyze the relative differences and the key influencing factors of difference formation. Finally, the threshold effect model is used to explore the action mechanism of the key factors.ResultsOverall, the level of public health service supply in Guangdong Province is on an upward trend. Among them, polarization and gradient effects are observed in the Pearl River Delta and Eastern Guangdong regions; the balance of public health service supply in Western Guangdong and Northern Mountainous areas has improved. During the observation period, the level of public health services in Guangdong Province shifted towards a higher level with a smaller probability of leapfrogging transition, and regions with a high level of supply demonstrated a positive spillover effect. The overall difference, intra-regional difference and inter-regional difference in the level of public health service supply in Guangdong Province during the observation period showed different evolutionary trends, and spatial differences still exist. These differences are more significantly positively affected by factors such as the level of regional economic development, the degree of fiscal decentralization, and the urbanization rate. Under different economic development threshold values, the degree of fiscal decentralization and urbanization rate both have a double threshold effect on the role of public health service supply level.ConclusionThe overall level of public health service supply in Guangdong Province has improved, but spatial differences still exist. Key factors influencing these differences include the level of regional economic development, the degree of fiscal decentralization, and the urbanization rate, all of which exhibit threshold effects. It is suggested that, in view of the actual situation of each region, efforts should be made to build and maintain their own advantages, enhance the spatial linkage of public health service supply, and consider the threshold effects of key factors in order to optimize the allocation of health resources.

From the Great Divergence to South–South Divergence: New comparative horizons in global economic history

AbstractThe Great Divergence debate has been the leading conversation in economic history for the past 25 years. This review article explores new comparative horizons in global economic history. I argue that questions of South–South Divergence form a logical and timely extension to the Great Divergence research agenda. Asia's economic renaissance did not only put an end to a century‐spanning process of widening global income disparities, it also set a new process of divergence within the global south in motion. Deeper understandings of the historical nature and origins of this transition are pertinent in light of the increasing demographic and economic weight of the global south. South–south comparisons also offer an opportunity to counter the dominance of western‐centered and north–south perspectives and incentivize the development of new approaches and theories that go beyond mainstream concepts designed by development economists and political scientists. I argue that these novel approaches will have to grapple with the opportunities and constraints to “late” development being shaped by the quadruple challenge of vast technology gaps, limited state autonomy, global competition, and rapidly closing land and resource frontiers.

Films box office in China in June

With the development of cultural industries and economics, more Chinese people are likely to spend their time in the entertainment industry, and this is also a popular trend for people to major in or work for. At the top of the list of the entertainment industry is film. These days people are keen on watching movies at the cinema. Therefore, a monthly report for this field is vital; data analysis is key. For instance, I will explain the June monthly report.