Economic Relations Research Articles

KİÇİKYAŞLI MƏKTƏBLİ ŞƏXSİYYƏTİNİN MİLLİ-MƏNƏVİ DƏYƏRLƏRİNİN FORMALAŞMASINDA AİLƏNİN TƏSİR İMKANLARI

Family is one of the main institutions that ensure interaction, integration and prioritization of interests and needs of personality and society. The first and main social institution for the formation of value orientations is the family. Under the influence of the processes taking place in modern society, cultural development has accelerated, new information technologies have begun to fundamentally change human thinking, and new economic relations have begun to form. These processes, in turn, have had an impact on the family, which is the most important component of social relations. The changes in the social system and public relations system were also reflected in family relations and national moral values. The current problems of modern science are to look at these problems from the perspective of the development of the strengthening of the moral foundations of the family.

Институциональный подход к реализации инновационного проекта «Чистая вода» в регионах России

The article examines the activities of state and municipal authorities in the implementation of the project «Clean Water». The set of organizational, managerial and economic relations for providing the population with clean drinking water is analyzed. The main reasons for bad-th position in providing the population with clean water technology from water sector and insufficient investment, required in the new water treatment technology, water treatment and sanitation, the result of which is that the poor quality of water services, widespread pollution of water sources in industrial and domestic sewage. It is proved that if in the coming years it is not possible to lay the foundations and create mechanisms for the transition of the water supply sector to an innovative development model, then we can expect a further deterioration in the situation in the field of providing clean water to the population. Innovative approaches to the implementation of the «Clean Water» project (institutional support of the project implementation process; development and application of new technologies for water treatment and water supply; use of new organizational and managerial approaches to improving the economic and social efficiency of water supply to the population) are justified. The elements of the institutional support of the Clean Water project are shown. Based on the analysis of the process of water supply and water supply in the Vologda region, the possibility of implementing the project «Clean Water» is justified. The theoretical and methodological analysis of the formation and development of program approaches to providing clean drinking water to the population is carried out, the need for an innovative approach to the implementation of the strategic directions of the State Program «Clean Water» is justified. Justified budgetary efficiency index, which is defined as the ratio of the volume of investments from the Federal budget allocated for this object to the planned target of increasing the share of the population with quality drinking water from centralized water supply systems. It is shown that the achievement of goal-setting in the field of water supply and water supply, including in the implementation of the Clean Water project, should take into account social factors, organizational, managerial and institutional influences, and factors that counteract the achievement of a synergistic effect

PROSPECTS FOR RUSSIAN-INDIAN COOPERATION TRADE AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF SANCTIONS

Introduction: The article highlights the negative impact of Western sanctions on the Russian economy and emphasizes the importance of cooperation with India to diversify export-import flows. India’s high economic potential and growing role in the global economy make it a priority for Russia’s eastern policy. Methods: The study is based on an analysis of customs statistics, national statistical data, and academic publications. Methods of systematization, generalization, and specification were employed to identify the key areas of bilateral cooperation. Results: The findings underline that the core of bilateral interaction is the supply of oil and gas from Russia to India. However, the trade imbalance necessitates increasing Indian exports and developing joint investment projects. Priority sectors include energy, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and high technology. Available Data: Trade statistics indicate an increase in turnover from $32.5 billion in 2022 to $65 billion in 2023. India’s main exports include pharmaceutical products, organic chemicals, electronics, and mechanical equipment, while Russian exports primarily consist of oil, fertilizers, and metals. Discussion: The discussion highlights the need to address the trade imbalance through the diversification of Indian exports and strengthening cooperation within multilateral frameworks. Risks related to India’s reorientation toward Western markets are discussed, and measures such as expanding joint ventures are proposed to enhance mutual trust. In conclusion, the article underscores the strategic importance of the Indian direction for Russia and outlines solutions to current challenges in economic relations.

МIRROR OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS / ՎՃԱՐԱՅԻՆ ՀԱՇՎԵԿՇՌԻ ՀԱՅԵԼԻՆ

During the formation of capitalism, commodity exchange predominated in economic relations, and the concept of the balance of payments had a narrow meaning, primarily focusing on the import and export of goods. However, over time, the nature of economic ties between countries changed, revealing "invisible" elements characterizing the balance of payments, encompassing all transactions with the external world. This issue is particularly crucial for countries with a small economy. Analyses by A. Markosyan and M. Markosyan for the former Soviet Union republics during 2017-2021 show a negative balance of payments in Armenia. The idea of the viability of "economic unions" is proposed, where positive trends were observed in the aggregate balances of the balance of payments (both in the Soviet Union and the OSCE). When forming economic unions, it is essential to adhere to the principles of national interest and participation. For countries transitioning to a market economy, the acceptable threshold of a negative balance of payments remains a subject of debate.

HUKUM SEBAGAI PENYOKONG KEBAHAGIAAN: KONSEP UTILITARIANISME JEREMY BENTHAM DALAM KONTEKS MODERN

Law has an important role in realizing people's happiness as one of the main goals of human life. The theory of utilitarianism developed by Jeremy Bentham places happiness as a basic principle that must be achieved through law. According to Bentham, a good law is a law that maximizes happiness for the greatest number of people, taking into account social benefits. In this context, law not only functions as a tool for upholding justice, but also as a means to reduce suffering and facilitate collective welfare. This research examines Bentham's views on the relationship between law and happiness, the role of law in creating prosperity, and the challenges of applying the principles of utilitarianism in the modern legal system. With a normative approach, this research explores how law can be an instrument for realizing social happiness through protecting human rights, regulating economic and social relations, and promoting community welfare. The results show that although utilitarianism provides a clear framework for achieving the greatest happiness, its application faces criticism regarding the disregard of individual rights for the benefit of the majority, as well as the difficulty in measuring happiness objectively. Therefore, a balance is needed between the principles of utility and social justice so that law can truly support happiness.

Citizens' Perception of Historical Justice in the Modern Socio-Cultural and Political Contexts

Today, Russian society is faced with the need to rethink the reality in which it has found itself, including in connection with the reunification with new territories in the south of the country, the transformation of the entire system of national and international security, the construction of new meanings and interpretations of social and political processes. Changes in the sphere of socio-political, international and economic relations occur against the background of the processes of formation of the mobilisation type of state development, requiring the development of new value models and adaptation strategies for the behaviour of the population. In such conditions, historical justice, determining the logic of interpretation of events and processes occurring in Russian society, acts as a "demarcation" line in the mass consciousness and behaviour of the country's population. Determining the specifics of citizens' perception of historical justice can serve as the basis for coordinating public interests and creating an ideological coordinate system necessary for society in conditions of crisis and value contradictions. The purpose of the study is to consider historical justice as a factor in the civil integration of the Russian post-Soviet multicultural society in the context of socio-cultural challenges. The methodological basis of the study is built on the theories of natural and historical justice. The constructivist and riskological approaches were also used in this study. Within the framework of this publication, the following fundamental blocks are considered: historical justice as a direction of the state's social policy; ethnocultural interaction in the multicultural space of the Russian post-Soviet society; the role of historical justice in the integration of the Russian post-Soviet multicultural society in the context of socio-cultural challenges. As a result of the analysis of the presented blocks, the author comes to the conclusion about the need to implement a special state policy in modern Russian society aimed at constructing and strengthening the civil integration of the Russian multicultural society on the basis of integrating narratives. Such narratives should be based on the concept of continuity of national history, and they should unfold only on the principles of the culture of socio-political and scientific dialogue. The prospects of the research are connected with further study of existing factors of civil integration of Russian society, aimed at cultivating the values of humanistic worldview of Russian post-Soviet multicultural society in the context of new socio-cultural challenges.

RESILIENCE OF UKRAINIAN BUSINESS: HOW TO SUPPORT PRODUCTION AND INNOVATIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR

The article evaluates the main performance indicators of business entities of Ukraine for 2012-2023. Previous studies, based on statistical information until 2021 inclusive, made it possible to draw a conclusion about the ability of business entities to expand reproduction. In addition, it was determined that despite the low specific weight of enterprises employed in industry, their potential is significant. An assessment of the last two years has shown an alarming reduction in jobs. The rate of decline in the number of employed workers is significantly higher than the rate of decrease in the number of employed workers. There is a decrease in the ability to recover - the destruction of the margin of safety of natural persons - entrepreneurs and a significant drop in the physical production volumes of enterprises. The conducted research made it possible to draw conclusions about the highest degree of resilience of the labor potential of our country - among self-employed workers, who at the same time create jobs for employees. The creation of jobs directly and indirectly affects the increase in the solvent demand of the population, which in turn will stimulate the development of the country's economy. The possibility of the exit of Ukrainian enterprises from the state of crisis, recovery and further economic growth is the introduction of technological innovations and innovative approaches to the organization of business processes, which will allow creating conditions for the formation of new diversified sources to increase the country's competitiveness, the basis of which should be human capital, knowledge and results of scientific research, including the creation and active implementation of artificial intelligence and digitization processes. Their effectiveness is evidenced by modern military developments, and the possibility of technology transfer, their implementation with the possibility of entering world markets and attracting investors for the post-war reconstruction of the country will contribute to increasing the resilience of domestic participants in economic relations. Solving issues of finding ways to ensure financing of operational and investment activities of business entities, achieving their stability and competitiveness – determines the state of protection of national interests, which forms resilience - the ability to "hold a blow", the ability to self-reproduce, the formation of a stress-resistant recovery strategy, innovative development and economic growth.

УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ РАЗВИТИЯ АГРАРНЫХ РЕГИОНОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ВНЕШНЕЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ТУРБУЛЕНТНОСТИ

The increasing sanctions attacks, the transformation of foreign economic supply chains, and restrictions on access to global financial markets have a significant impact on the parameters of sustainable development of the national economy and its regions. At the same time, these processes, which belong to the category of macroeconomic external shocks, manifest themselves very heterogeneously in the context of the regional economic systems of the Russian Federation, which have different potential for resistance and adaptation to new conditions. Of particular interest is the potential for shock resistance (resilience) of regions with agricultural specialization, which form the potential for food security of the country and determine the key frontiers of the quality of life of the population. The novelty of the study is the proposed three-dimensional model, which assumes the need to study the processes under study through the prism of the manifestation of three key components (indicators). The first one characterizes the readiness of the research object for systemic transformations (Res_eff), and the two following ones (export dependence and import dependence) (Res_uyazv), combined into a single, aggregated indicator, form the potential for assessing the vulnerability of regions in the context of the transformation of foreign economic relations. The ratio of these indicators to each other determines the value of the integral indicator of the shock resistance of the region. Based on the developed methodological tools, as well as relying on descriptive data analysis methods to identify regions of Volga Federal District with an increased level of agro-industrial specialization, two regional groups with similar characteristics of aggregated resistance were identified. The first group, with a moderate level of shock resistance, included the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Republic of Tatarstan. These entities are characterized by an increased risk of sustainable development in the context of sanctions attacks. The second group with a high level of resistance (Res ≥2) included Saratov, Penza and Orenburg regions, forming the framework of agricultural subjects of Volga Federal District with the highest level of shock resistance.

ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL MARKET TRADERS' SURVIVAL STRATEGIES AND SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS IN THE DIGITAL ERA

This research aims to explore the strategies adopted by traditional market traders, particularly the groceries traders at Pajak MMTC Medan City, in responding to the development of the digital market. The approach used in this research is qualitative with data collection methods through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. The data analysis techniques used include data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research findings show that although Sembako traders in MMTC face challenges from the digital market, they implement various strategies to survive, such as adapting to technology, improving service quality, and strengthening social relationships with consumers. Social interactions rich in local cultural values and mutually beneficial economic relationships are the main factors in maintaining their business continuity. This research is expected to provide deeper insights into the dynamics of traditional markets in the digital era and provide policy recommendations to support the survival of traditional market traders in big cities.

Current Aspects of Developing the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Republic of Mordovia

A successful regional economy cannot exist without a modern, competitive, self-developing agro-industrial complex capable of effectively solving the tasks of fully providing food to the local population and guaranteeing food security of the country as a whole. The urgency of accelerated development of the agro-industrial complex has now increased significantly, which is explained by special complexity of numerous geopolitical and economic problems. Intensified development of the agro-industrial complex is of particular importance for economically difficult and problematic regions as the Republic of Mordovia. The purpose of the study is, based on the analysis of the problems and achievements of the agro–industrial complex, to assess regional measures to support and stimulate priority areas of its development, to work out proposals for their improvement. The scientific novelty of the study lies in formulating original proposals for regional support of the agro-industrial complex in the form of priority problematic tasks, worked out to the level of specific recommendations concerning strategic planning, targeted programs and projects for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the republic. Materials and methods. The main materials for the study were published scientific papers, the results of analyzed organizational and economic relations in the agro-industrial complex, and data from statistical collections. The methods of analysis and comparison were used in the work. Study results. The paper examines the main problematic factors constraining the pace of development of the agro-industrial complex of the region, and analyzes in detail its achievements. The author's assessment of regional support and stimulation of this economy sector is given, specific proposals are formulated on priority areas of its accelerated development. It is proposed to position the products of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Mordovia in the foreign markets of friendly countries, to increase the volume of its exports through expansion of trade and economic interregional international cooperation, and to single out this area to a separate subprogram of regional development. In order to strengthen market positions, it is proposed to hold an open regional competition for the best brand of outputs produced by the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Mordovia, in order to reduce the cost intensity of innovative products of the agro-industrial complex, to work out the opportunities of attracting small business representatives to its production through their specialization and cooperation. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the main problems constraining the pace of economic development of the agro-industrial complex of the region are substantiated and analyzed. The main achievements in the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Mordovia are presented; special attention is paid to the need to further improve the innovative, investment, scientific and technological regional component of the competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex. The article notes an increase in the activity of the regional management apparatus, an increase in the level of trust in the current Republican leadership, which significantly affected the improvement of the investment climate in Mordovia, and the volume of state support for the region increased. Proposals were formulated to expand measures of regional support for the development of traditional and innovative priority areas of activity of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of the republic.

О правовом статусе холдингов в Российской Федерации

The peculiarities of the historical development of Russia gave rise to the emergence of special subjects of legal relations, which are interconnected legally and economically legal entities, controlled and managed in a certain way. Currently in Russia, most large businesses are represented by associations of legal entities, which are referred to as holdings. Meanwhile, the current civil legislation does not directly determine the existence of such an entity as a holding. At the same time, other branches of legislation (antimonopoly, tax, administrative, etc.) certain groups of subjects of legal relations are referred to (for the purpose of appropriate regulation) as groups of persons, related persons, controlling persons, etc. Civil legislation only partly regulates the status of holding companies, defining the features of affiliated relations, relations of subsidiaries and main companies, controlled entities. At the same time, developing economic legal relations often require the resolution of disputes in the courts, which also have an ambiguous approach to understanding the legal status of the ‘holding’. There is also no single position in the doctrine regarding understanding the status of a holding. In this connection, there is a need to determine the approaches formed by the legislator, law enforcer and doctrine regarding the status of the holding, as well as the distinction between the category ‘holding’ and related categories (for example, ‘holding company’, ‘group of companies’, etc.).

CIS Countries Foreign Economic Activity — from Challenges to New Opportunities

Aim and tasks. To identify current trends and issues in foreign trade, the international financial system, and the investment activity of CIS member states, and to provide recommendations that contribute to sustainable economic development and strengthened mutual cooperation.Methods. Utilized statistics from the external sectors of CIS economies from 2019 to 2023. Methods of aggregation, comparison, retrospective, and indicative analysis were applied to the data. Graphical representation of indicators allowed for visualization of key trends in the studied metrics, calculated from data provided by the Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS, the World Bank, UNCTAD, and the Brookings Institution.Results. In recent years, the CIS has faced several global shocks that have affected the international economic relations of its members with each other and with third countries. Despite external destabilizing influences and geopolitical turbulence, CIS member states maintain resilience and a positive development trajectory, largely due to mutually beneficial cooperation with Russia — an essential economic partner. Russia holds a leading position in mutual trade with CIS countries, and the reorientation of Russian exports to “friendly” countries has stimulated regional trade turnover. The burden of external debt for CIS national economies is decreasing, and their debt stability and solvency are normalizing. Less positive situation is in direct investment flows, which remain unstable and unevenly distributed among countries.Conclusions. In the context of individual national economies, it is fair to note that the complex geopolitical environment and unprecedented external economic pressures narrow opportunities for economic growth and sustainable development. However, this statement is not always true for interstate associations, and CIS member states are a prime example of this. Currently, during a challenging period that requires solidarity and mutual support from participants, the potential of this union can be fully realized. A thorough study of the issue can reveal numerous promising areas for mutually beneficial cooperation in trade, credit, and investment relations. It is necessary to eliminate integration barriers to transform the CIS into a powerful and influential international organization.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREAT STONE INDUSTRIAL PARK AS A PRIORITY AREA OF BELARUSIAN-CHINESE ECONOMIC COOPERATION

The article substantiates the importance and significance of the development of Belarusian-Chinese relations in modern conditions, including through the functioning of the Great Stone Industrial Park. The article considers the debatable issues of the essence, significance and characteristic features of the industrial park. The key directions of Belarusian-Chinese economic relations are studied. The trends in the development of foreign trade between Belarus and China, including within the framework of key commodity groups, are analyzed. The results of the analysis of the dynamics and trends of investment and foreign trade cooperation between Belarus and China are presented. The article analyzes the performance indicators of the residents of the Veliky Kamen Industrial Park and identifies its strengths and weaknesses. The article substantiates the directions of the industrial park's influence on the socio-economic development of Belarus.

Hambatan dan Peluang Efektivitas Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Bisnis di Indonesia Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 1999

Business disputes are increasing in Indonesia along with the growth of economic relationships. Litigation is often perceived as time-consuming and costly, making Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) a more efficient and relationship-friendly alternative. This study aims to analyze the obstacles and opportunities in implementing ADR for business dispute resolution in Indonesia, based on the legal framework provided by Law Number 30 of 1999. The research employs a normative legal approach with descriptive analysis. Data were collected through literature reviews of legal regulations, academic literature, and journal articles. The findings reveal that although ADR holds significant potential for resolving business disputes efficiently and cost-effectively, its implementation faces several challenges. The primary obstacles include the lack of awareness among business actors about ADR's benefits, the perception that ADR lacks the legal authority compared to litigation, and the limited quality of mediators and arbitrators. The study also highlights the importance of enhancing the capacity of ADR practitioners through continuous training and educating business actors to build trust in this method. By addressing these challenges, ADR is expected to become the primary choice for resolving business disputes, fostering a conducive business environment, and supporting long-term economic growth in Indonesia.

Household Income Moderates Longitudinal Relations Between Neighborhood Child Opportunity Index and BMI Growth.

Background: To examine longitudinal associations of early neighborhood Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI) with children's BMI trajectories and identify whether household economic resources moderate relations of COI in infancy/toddlerhood and the preschool years to longitudinal BMI growth between 2 and 12 years. Methods: Family data (n = 1091) were drawn from the Family Life Project, a longitudinal study of families residing in rural high-poverty areas. Neighborhood COI was obtained for each developmental period: infancy/toddlerhood (2-15 months) and the preschool years (2-5 years). BMIs were created from anthropometrics collected at six time points. Results: Higher neighborhood COIs during the infancy/toddlerhood (β = -0.0130, p < 0.01) and preschool years (β = -0.0093, p < 0.05) were associated with lower BMI at 5 years of age; although the latter became nonsignificant after adjusting for infancy/toddlerhood COI. Both household income and time spent in poverty moderated associations of infancy/toddlerhood exposure to neighborhood COI with BMI change. Among children residing in not poor households, higher neighborhood level child opportunity was associated with a slower increase in BMI from 2 to 12 years (β = -0.0369, p < 0.05), and a lower BMI at 12 years (β = -0.0395, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Neighborhood COI during the infant and toddler years is longitudinally associated with child growth, and long-term associations are evident among children residing in not poor households. Future work is needed to better understand how family and neighborhood-level resources interact to influence obesity risk, particularly for those at high risk.

Schrems III avagy mi lesz veled transzatlanti adattovábbítás? - Gondolatkísérlet az EU-USA Adatvédelmi Keretrendszer Határozat érvényességéről

The United States of America and Europe are each other's most important cooperative partners. This naturally includes the economic relationship based on the transfer of personal data. Over the past nearly decade, this transatlantic data transfer has operated amid continuous legal uncertainties due to the repeated invalidation of the European Commission's adequacy decisions and issues related to the applicability of standard contractual clauses. The problem appears to be currently resolved thanks to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework Decision. However, this Commission decision has already been challenged, and a new procedure is expected to begin this year. The purpose of this study is to conduct a thought experiment to examine the validity of the mentioned decision, which could serve as guidance for future legal practice and provide forecasts for economic actors about expected developments. The paper's conclusion is that due to the unchanged violation of fundamental rights, the EU-US Data Privacy Framework Decision is likely invalid.

Legal issues in the property, use, preservation, and management of agricultural lands in Bulgaria

This article reviews the subject of ‘agricultural lands’ in Bulgaria from a legal aspect, for the period 1878-2023. It analyses the normative acts, legal consequences and the most important legal changes that the land reforms in the country derive from. There is a review of the processes of restitution, land-settlement, and limitations of property; the initiation of cadastral maps and other events and initiatives related to them; legal actions of the administrative and judicial organs; and decisions related to the judicial and constitutional control, related to the owners and users of agricultural lands. There is some detailing of how the latter perform their legal rights to the land in certain cases. The study is provisionally divided into three sub-periods: the first presents legislation in Bulgaria related to agricultural lands in the period after the establishment of the Third Bulgarian State. It gives explanation to some important moments, deriving from the historical participation of the country in the political events related to the Balkan Peninsula and the First World War, as well as to the policies of land-settlement, organisation and cooperation of the agricultural subjects; establishment of the first administrative bodies; and the administration of the processes related to the property and in particular to the agricultural land. The second period reflects on the legislation defined by the collectivisation and expropriation of the private property, the limitation of the economic relations in regard to the agricultural lands, and the following redefining of the legal institutes related to the property of agricultural land. In a sense the first two parts of the article give answers to the reasons and the need for the last land reform performed after 1989. A milestone in the article is the process of restitution as well as the problems of the legal doctrine of the last period from 1989 until 2023. Apart from identifying the most important problems of the management of the legal aspect of the restitution processes, the article provides a short review of the new course and the ‘curve’ of the legislation regarding agricultural land. The newest changes in the trajectory of the public relations and the legal challenges deriving from the legal order in the European Union are presented, including: legal contradictions of the Bulgarian legislation with the law of the EU; reflection of the structural funds over the legal processes related to the agricultural lands; and the ‘green’ payments and consolidation of the property in agricultural lands. At the end there are some suggestions for the improvement of the legal framework regarding the agricultural lands in the country. The article uses several legal methods, including legal-historical, positive legal analysis, and a normative approach in explaining the offers suitable for the change of the legal framework regarding agricultural lands.

Evolving Economic Relationships: A TVP-VAR Analysis of Trade, World Uncertainty, and Stock Market Volatility in Europe

Evolving Economic Relationships: A TVP-VAR Analysis of Trade, World Uncertainty, and Stock Market Volatility in Europe

Russia and Turkey in the early 21st century: transformation of bilateral interaction models

In the article, the author undertakes an examination of three distinct periods in the history of Russian-Turkish relations. From a chronological perspective, these periods encompass the 2000s, the 2010s, and the first half of the 2020s. By the end of the first quarter of the 21st century, Russia and Turkey had begun to accord a higher level of priority to their relations with each other in a number of areas, including diplomatic interaction at the global and regional levels, trade and economic relations, energy and military-technical cooperation. This situation starkly contrasts with the late 1990s, when Turkey demonstrated a tendency to align with the “collective West” in a manner driven by both inertia and ideology. The author posits that Russian-Turkish relations have undergone a dynamic transformation over the past quarter of a century, while each of the periods under consideration exhibiting a unique constellation of complementarity and competition. These two aspects defined the respective models of bilateral relations in each period. Existing research focuses mainly on various discrete aspects of the relationship between the two countries – be it diplomatic interaction, energy, or issues of intertwined or competing interests in specific hotspots and regions such as Syria, Libya, the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis of the driving forces behind the transformation of Russia-Turkey relations is still lacking in academic publications on Turkey. In order to present such an analysis, this article draws on a number of important primary sources, including official documents of Russian and Turkish state agencies and structures involved in the implementation of foreign policy, national statistics, publications of news agencies, and leading media.

Navigating investment risks mode and transmission: a study of China’s participation in the Belt and Road Initiative through the lens of risk society

ABSTRACT The world is experiencing a period of heightened complexity and uncertainty, where risks are interconnected and extend beyond traditional boundaries. This paper delves into the effective identification of investment risks for China’s involvement in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), utilizing methodologies rooted in complex networks and Minimum Spanning Tree. It establishes an indicator system for foreign direct investment (FDI) risks across four dimensions: economic, political, social, and bilateral relations, while also developing a risk identification model grounded in complex network theory. The empirical analysis draws from data spanning 2010 to 2019, encompassing 103 co-building countries of the BRI. Key findings include: (1) Political risk emerges as pivotal when Chinese enterprises invest in co-building countries of the BRI. (2) Examining individual country investment risks reveals an increased transmissibility of China’s FDI risks. Notably, Indonesia, Brazil, and Bangladesh showcase internally complex investment risk environments. (3) Analysis of investment risks between countries and regions indicates a rise in risk transmission paths since 2010. Particularly, the South Asian region stands out for harbouring the longest transmission path. This study advances theoretical and empirical understanding of effective identification of China’s overseas investment risks, offering valuable insights for the development of global risk society governance.