Economic Transactions Research Articles

Analysis of Factors Influencing Public as Customers in Sharia Banks

This study analyses the factors that influence public attention to Sharia banking in Indonesia, focusing on product knowledge, financial literacy, and service quality. This study highlights the importance of these factors in shaping public attention to the decision to become a customer of a Sharia bank and choose Sharia banking in conducting various economic transactions. The results of the study indicate that a good understanding of Sharia banking products increases consumer trust and comfort in utilizing Sharia banking services, in accordance with the values of their religion. The data analysis used was by using multiple regression analysis using simultaneous testing (F test) to validate the significance of the variables studied and showed a strong influence between the variables of product knowledge, literacy and service on public attention to become a customer of an Sharia bank both partially and simultaneously. The findings in this study are the need for banks to improve marketing strategies and educational initiatives so that people can choose Sharia banking as a bank for their economic transactions. This study contributes to understanding the dynamics of consumer behaviour in Sharia banking, providing actionable insights for financial institutions to improve their reach and service delivery. Keywords: product knowledge, literacy, service, public attention, Sharia banks

Harmonizing Tradition and Sharia

This study aimed to analyze the application of Istishab, a tenet of Islamic jurisprudence, to address the issues of non-negotiated fish prices within the Iha community, Central Maluku, Indonesia. The community was characterized by complicated relationships between religious principles and cultural traditions, which frequently led to tension. The analysis addressed a significant issue which included the reconciliation of the centuries-old traditions of the community with the Sharia law to prevent disagreements and ensure the group's economic viability. Using in-depth interviews with stakeholders, detailed market observations, and thorough document analysis, this study investigated the social, financial, and normative dynamics of Istishab through a qualitative case study methodology. The results showed that Istishab stabilized prices, reduced conflicts, and supported the community's economic resilience by mediating between Islamic legal principles and cultural practices. This showed the adaptability of Islamic law in adopting and reinforcing local traditions. Furthermore, the study showed how Istishab served as a bridge between cultural and Sharia disputes. It concluded that Istishab provided a practical solution for maintaining harmony in economic transactions within multicultural communities. The results possessed broader implications for the integration of Islamic legal concepts with local practices to promote communal stability.

ISLAMIC LAW REVIEW OF MONOPOLY PRACTICES IN MODERN ECONOMICS

This research aims to analyse how the mechanism of modern economic monopoly practices, and how its application can prevent harmful business practices, and support the creation of a fairer and more ethical market in accordance with Islamic teachings. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method (library research). This approach was chosen because it is in accordance with the purpose of this research, which is to evaluate monopoly practices in the context of modern economics based on the perspective of Islamic law. The results show that the rapid development of the modern economy and the phenomenon of monopoly have become one of the issues that attract the attention of economists, legislators, and legal scholars, including Islamic legal experts. In the context of Islamic law, monopolies that harm the interests of society are considered immoral and prohibited, as they can lead to economic injustice and oppression of consumers. Islam emphasises the importance of fairness, balance and protection of individual rights in every economic transaction. Islamic law, through concepts such as hisbah (market supervision) and ihtikar (prohibition of hoarding goods to raise prices), prescribes those economic activities be conducted in a fair and transparent manner. Therefore, monopolistic practices that result in market imbalances and harm society should be avoided.

Membaca Pendidikan dalam Pasar Malam

This study aims to understand night markets as informal educational spaces through an analysis of the concept of deterritorialization from Deleuze and Guattari. As dynamic spaces, night markets are not only an arena for economic transactions, but also a space for cultural interaction, knowledge exchange, and the formation of community identity. This study uses a qualitative approach with participatory observation methods and in-depth interviews with visitors to night markets. The data obtained are then analyzed using a deterritorialization framework to describe how night markets go beyond the formal boundaries of education, creating a fluid and creative learning space. The results of the study show that night markets are an arena for deterritorialization of education, where local values and knowledge, negotiation skills, and cultural adaptation are distributed organically. Night markets show the blurring of the boundaries between economic space and educational space, making them an alternative learning locus that is not bound by formal institutions. In addition, the process of deterritorialization in night markets goes beyond traditional understandings of education by showing that knowledge and learning can thrive in marginal and temporary spaces. This study contributes to the discourse on informal education and marginal spaces, and opens up opportunities for further exploration of the role of non-formal spaces in building a learning society. The night market, as a site of deterritorialization, serves as a concrete example of how education can occur outside institutional control, offering an inclusive and flexible alternative for the dissemination of knowledge.

PERAN GENERASI MUDA SEBAGAI FASILITATOR DALAM PENGGUNAAN DOMPET DIGITAL

The rapid technological advancements in the globalization era have significantly influenced various aspects of human life, including economic transactions. The adoption of digital wallets has transformed traditional cash-based transactions into more efficient and secure digital payment methods. This study explores the role of youth as facilitators in promoting the use of digital wallets, which are increasingly integral to Indonesia's digital economy. Youth, as active users and contributors to technological advancements, play a vital role in educating and guiding older generations in the adoption of these tools. The study uses a literature review approach to analyze the impact of digital wallets on Indonesia's economic landscape. Findings highlight that digital wallets offer numerous benefits, such as transaction efficiency, enhanced security, and ease of financial management. Factors driving the shift to digital payments include globalization, technological advancements, and external events like the COVID-19 pandemic, which accelerated digital adoption. Digital wallets contribute to reducing cash circulation, controlling inflation, and fostering economic resilience through cost-effective financial operations and support for small businesses via QRIS integration. Youth act as enablers of this transition by leveraging their technological fluency to facilitate older generations’ adaptation to digital tools. Furthermore, the involvement of youth in entrepreneurial activities utilizing digital platforms strengthens economic growth and positions Indonesia competitively in the global digital economy. This study underscores the importance of intergenerational collaboration and the strategic role of youth in accelerating digital transformation and fostering sustainable economic development in Indonesia.

Improving the Resilience of Freight Forwarding Companies Using Supply Chain Finance

The industrial revolution 4.0 makes business and economic transactions not only limited to the domestic sphere, but involves interactions between countries. A business entity capable of supporting the smooth process of international transactions is required. Freight forwarding as one of the businesses engaged in logistics has an important role in facilitating the movement of goods and services from one point to another that crosses the borders of a country. The challenge faced by freight forwarding is fluctuations in foreign exchange rates involving suppliers and consumers from various countries so that they are vulnerable to fluctuations in currency exchange rates. The purpose of this paper is to understand the financial business processes of freight forwarding companies by managing financial risks and dealing with currency exchange rate fluctuations. In addition, to explore information on how to minimize the negative impact of exchange rate fluctuations on the company's financial condition. The research methodology is descriptive by conducting surveys and interviews with freight forwarding companies and the logistics industry. Data triangulation analysis with relevant agencies in order to obtain more valid information about industry operations in the face of currency exchange rate fluctuations. Freight forwarding companies can minimize losses from exchange rate fluctuations by implementing hedging systems and supply chain finance on an ongoing basis.

The Impact of Using Digital Devices in Achieving Sustainable Economic Growth

Today, the world lives in the era of the digital revolution, witnessing a tremendous development in digital technology and communications. This great development has affected all aspects of economic and social life, and one of the aspects that it highlights is digital accounting and its impact on sustainable economic growth. Digital accounting is defined as the economic system that relies primarily on digital technology and electronic networks in its economic operations. Digital accounting includes the use of the Internet, information and communications technology, mobile applications, e-commerce, big data analytics, artificial intelligence, and many other technologies that enhance economic transactions and information exchange. The contribution of digital accounting to sustainable economic growth has several positive aspects. For example, digital accounting enhances innovation and leadership by providing a suitable environment for developing new businesses and discovering business opportunities. It also increases productivity and efficiency in economic operations by using digital technology and data analytics to improve operations and reduce costs. Thanks to the digital revolution, e-commerce is being enhanced and the market is expanding. Companies and individuals can now transact and trade online, opening doors to access global markets and expanding growth and competitive opportunities. The basis of our research is based on a basic hypothesis, which is that the expansion of digital accounting contributes to enhancing sustainable economic growth. The importance of the research lies in the importance of the study in adopting the problem of digital transformation and its effective role in supporting digital transformation and achieving sustainable economic growth. To prove the hypothesis of the research, it was divided into three main sections and several conclusions were reached, the most prominent of which is that the transition to digital accounting is a crucial element in achieving sustainable economic growth in the modern era and a number of recommendations, the most prominent of which is that the transition to digital accounting requires integration between technology, economy and society and cooperation between the public and private sectors.

Prinsip-Prinsip Muamalah dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

Muamalah in Islam deals with financial issues with the principles of justice, efficiency, transparency, anti-riba, anti-gharar (uncertainty) and social responsibility. This study was conducted with the aim of examining the principles of muamalah from an Islamic economic perspective and how these principles can be applied to the modern economy. The introduction of this study highlights the importance of Muamalah maintaining ethics and morals in economic transactions, especially in the face of increasingly complex global economic developments that are often not based on justice. This study uses qualitative methods and a descriptive-analytical approach. Primary data were obtained through interviews with Islamic economic experts and Islamic banking practitioners, and secondary data were obtained from related literature such as books, journals, and Islamic economic articles. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify the application of muamalah principles in various economic sectors. The results of the study indicate that the principles of muamalah have been widely used in Islamic banking, Islamic investment and Islamic e-commerce with a focus on justice, efficiency and transparency. However, there are challenges in implementing these principles, especially related to the prohibition of gharar and riba in the speculative global financial system. This study concludes that the principle of muamalah can be the foundation for a better and more sustainable economic system, if supported by proper education and regulation.

Reviving Value-Discourse and its Impact on Interacting with Others: Fiqh ut-Tanzeel and Principles of Taqneen

The project of renewing religious thought is not only about changing the standards of discourse to align with contemporary necessities so that it becomes more acceptable to people. Rather, intellectual renewal is fundamentally based on renewing the individual, thereby edging society towards a consciousness of its civilizational context, so as to bring about a clearer understanding of the gap between inherited traditions and what is truly required today. In this context, we find ourselves before with an elusive question which loses clarity the more we try to navigate between theory and practice. This question pertains to the value-based discourse in dealing with the "other" and its associated jurisprudential approaches in thought, as well as the extent to which it aligns with the nature of a globalized society and the relationship between different groups, whether within a single nation or between culturally diverse communities. While the treatment of this topic seems more closely related to legal or political studies, or to cultural approaches generally, Islamic legal texts and the accompanying jurisprudential studies have encompassed the scholars' reasoning within a rich body of work spanning various times and places. However, today the question becomes pertinent with the evolution of communication methods and the opening of societies to relationships which dissolve all kinds of borders—whether between individuals, communities, or institutions. These are issues which necessitate a renewal in our legislative frameworks, building on jurisprudence that transcends traditional schools without sacrificing core principles. This must engage with contemporary realities in a scientific manner, while maintaining a revivalist spirit in methodology, discourse, and goals. It should balance between practical jurisprudence and codification principles, and draw positively from the humanities, all while adhering to realism and achieving public interest without compromising the general guidelines of Sharia. This is the ideal path for establishing a discourse of coexistence with the other, in order to realize the universality of Islam amidst the massive flow of information, economic transactions, and cultural exchange between societies. The issue at hand may seem manageable by questioning the possibility of renewing jurisprudence in dealing with the "other," balancing codification and practical implementation, both in terms of being rooted and also contemporary and relevant. But can we justify benefiting from sciences and knowledge outside the inherited tradition, which for centuries has been fenced with sanctity on one side, and fear of straying beyond its boundaries on the other? This leads us to ask once again: does the very idea of coexistence allow for a jurisprudential revival that bridges the gap between differing groups?

Open Economy Macroeconomics: Developments in Theory and Policy Using the TOPSIS Methodology

Open economy macroeconomics examines the complex interplay between a nation's economic policies and global financial markets. This field of study addresses critical issues such as exchange rate determination, balance of payments, and the effects of trade and capital flows on a country's economic performance. The increased integration of economies through globalization has made it essential to understand how domestic economic policies, such as monetary and fiscal policies, interact with international economic environments. This paper explores the key concepts and models in open economy macroeconomics, including the Mundell-Fleming model, purchasing power parity, and the dynamics of exchange rate regimes. The study of open economy macroeconomics has gained prominence with the growing interconnectedness of global markets. Unlike a closed economy, where all economic transactions occur within national borders, an open economy engages in trade and financial transactions with other countries. This openness introduces new challenges and opportunities for policymakers, as domestic economic conditions are increasingly influenced by external factors such as foreign exchange rates, international trade agreements, and global capital flows. Open economy macroeconomics seeks to understand how these external factors affect key economic variables, such as output, inflation, and employment.The significance of studying open economy macroeconomics lies in its profound implications for both national and global economic stability and growth. As economies become increasingly interconnected, understanding the mechanisms by which international trade, capital flows, and exchange rates influence domestic economies is essential for effective policymaking. This field of study is particularly relevant in today’s world, where financial crises, trade wars, and global economic shocks can have ripple effects across borders, impacting nations' economic well-being regardless of their size or level of development.. Free Trade Agreements, Currency Pegging, Capital Controls, Trade Tariffs, Exchange Rate Floating. GDP Growth Rate (%),Trade Balance (Billion $), Inflation Rate (%),Unemployment Rate (%). The results indicate that Free Trade Agreements achieved the highest rank, while Capital Controls had the lowest rank being attained. The value of the dataset for Corporate Open Economy Macroeconomics according to the topsis Method, Integrated Pest Management achieves the highest ranking.

Contextualization of Ushul Fiqh in Muamalah and Modern Banking: Sharia Solutions in the Global Economic System

This study examines the application of ushul fiqh, the foundational discipline of Islamic jurisprudence, in modern Islamic banking and its implications for the global economic system. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, this research analyzes academic contributions from 2018 to 2024, focusing on the integration of Islamic principles into banking practices. The findings reveal that ushul fiqh significantly reduces financial instability through principles like the prohibition of riba (interest), reduction of gharar (uncertainty), and emphasis on maslahat (public welfare). These principles align economic transactions with ethical values, fostering inclusivity and sustainability. However, challenges such as regulatory standardization and integration into global markets persist. Despite these, the study identifies substantial growth opportunities for Islamic banking, especially with the rise of sharia-compliant Fintech solutions. This research highlights the potential of ushul fiqh as a transformative tool for promoting justice and resilience in global financial systems while meeting the ethical demands of modern economies

Securities Crowdfunding as a Source of Capital and Alternative Investment in the Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah Perspective: Indonesian Case

This research aims to describe the implementation of Securities Crowdfunding (SSC) in Indonesia from the perspective of Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah. A descriptive-qualitative method is employed using library research and content analysis techniques. The results show that the implementation of SSC in Indonesia is in line with and has a meeting point with the values of the Maqāṣid al-Sharī’ah concept, especially in the context of safeguarding religion, soul, mind, lineage, and property. In the context of religious protection (ḥifẓ al-dīn), the implementation of the SSC, which is based on the DSN-MUI fatwa based on the Qur'an, Hadith, and other Islamic laws, becomes the legitimization of Islamic religious values and norms so that the entire Muslim community can maintain the purity and experience of their religion in economic transactions. In the context of protecting the soul (ḥifẓ al-nafs), the implementation of SSC, which refers to the DSN-MUI fatwa and principles, provides peace of mind for the perpetrators because they have avoided deviant practices. In the context of safeguarding reasons (ḥifẓ al- ‘aql), SSC operators are required to have adequate knowledge and competence, both in financial and aspects. In the context of safeguarding assets (ḥifẓ al-māl), the implementation of SSC does not contain elements of usury, maysir (gambling), garār (fraud), and mudarat (negative effects) so that assets are kept safe and halal. Meanwhile, in the context of safeguarding descendants (ḥifẓ al-nasl), the conformity of transactions with principles in SSC will determine the halalness of the assets obtained so that they have a positive impact on the family and descendants who are supported by the results of the business.

Gharar Konsep Memahami dalam Fiqih: Definisi dan Implikasinya dalam Transaksi

The concept of gharar in Islamic jurisprudence refers to uncertainty and speculation in transactions, which is prohibited due to its potential to cause loss and injustice. This study aims to examine the definitions, forms, and implications of gharar in modern economic transactions. Using a qualitative method with a literature review approach, data were collected from fiqh texts, books, and scholarly articlesThe findings indicate that gharar can be categorized into minor gharar, which may be tolerated, and major gharar, which is prohibited. Transactions such as conventional insurance and futures trading often involve gharar, but contemporary scholars provide boundaries to distinguish permissible uncertainty from prohibited uncertainty. Therefore, principles of openness, transparency, and clear agreements should be applied to avoid gharar in transactions.

Transformation and Innovation in Islamic Economics: Responding to Challenges in the Digital and Globalization Era

The Islamic economy has undergone significant development in recent decades, especially with the digital transformation and globalization affecting various economic sectors. These changes bring new challenges to the sharia economy, but they also open up opportunities for innovation and increased relevance. This research aims to analyze how digital transformation and innovation can help the Islamic economy overcome challenges in the modern era. With the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this study identifies various strategies and practices that have been implemented to improve the competitiveness of the sharia economy in the midst of global changes. The results of the study show that the integration of digital technology, such as sharia fintech and blockchain, is one of the important factors in encouraging the efficiency and transparency of sharia economic transactions, especially in the context of the global market. In addition, increasing Islamic financial literacy is also the key to ensuring that the public understands and can access financial products in accordance with sharia principles. International collaboration is also needed to create a more inclusive and sustainable sharia economic ecosystem. Overall, this study emphasizes that adaptation to digital technology and increased global collaboration are important steps in maintaining the relevance of the sharia economy in the era of increasingly digital and globalization

A rating system to evaluate non-GAAP exclusion quality

AbstractWe develop a rating system to evaluate the quality of individual non-GAAP exclusions. Our perspective is that high-quality exclusions reflect nonrecurring economic transactions, are transitory accounting adjustments, or have little usefulness in forecasting cash flows. We use four approaches to rate exclusions. We evaluate the serial correlation of the exclusion, survey accounting academics’ views, obtain practitioner ratings from the CFA Institute, and identify the exclusions approved by the Chinese securities regulator. A firm’s exclusion quality score is the weighted average rating of its individual exclusions. For our sample of S&P 500 firms, we document that exclusion quality varies by industry, captures trends in non-GAAP reporting, and is reasonably stable at the firm level. To validate the rating, we show that firms with lower exclusion quality scores receive more SEC comment letters, incur more Regulation G violations, exhibit greater analyst forecast dispersion, and have slower price discovery following earnings announcements.

Strengthening economic ties between Belarus and Russia: prospects and challenges

The article examines the prospects and obstacles to strengthening economic ties between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. Today, the deepening of cooperation between them plays a strategic role for both countries in the current geopolitical situation, especially in the context of the prevailing global challenges. The objective of the research is to examine the potential for strengthening economic ties between Belarus and Russia in order to determine development prospects and reveal potential hindrances to this process. The scientific importance of the study lies in the expanding of knowledge about international economic transactions and their impact on regional economy. The practical importance of this work lies in the fact that it provides an assessment of the current state of relations between Belarus and Russia. The methodology of this work includes analytical coverage of economic data such as the volume of exports, imports, as well as the study of political and trade relations; data from the official web resource of the Federal Customs Service of Russia and the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus (“Belstat”) have been used. The information about the most exported and imported commodities has been collected from the Ru-Stat website. The main results and conclusions emphasize the importance of deepening economic relations between Belarus and Russia, as well as identify potential obstacles to this process. The article can contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamics of economic cooperation within the Belarusian and Russian territories. In general, the conceptual approach to deepening economic relations provides understanding of the cooperation dynamics.

A CIDADE DE PYRRHO: A FORMAÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE PATRIMONIAL DE ARACAJU NO SEC. XIX

With the purpose of transferring the administration of the capital of the Province of Sergipe D'El Rey, located in São Cristóvão, in the interior of the State, the desire arises to create a city that can house a port to facilitate economic transactions via river-sea, so Ignacio Joaquim Barboza, President of the Province, requests the project and its construction to engineer Sebastião Joze Bazilio Pyrrho, with eminently progressive characteristics, thus Aracaju was born in 1855. There are still doubtful questions about Pyrrhus' project, such as: what were the first buildings, whether it was a city designed for that moment or planned for the future, what was the importance of the orthogonal layout at that time... Vila Bela (Mato Grosso) created in the century. XVIII and Teresina (Piauí) of 1852 can help to clarify some facts about the implantation of Aracaju. This article intends to provide reflections based on an investigation based on documents of the time and bibliographic references on the subject, presenting some considerations about the Memory of the construction of Aracaju and showing how its urban configuration arrived in the 19th century. XXI as a referential factor for the formation of the heritage identity of its current urban cultural landscape.

Determinants of cross-border cultural integration: Case studies of the EU Basque and Upper Rhine cross-border regions

The spatial integration of cross-border regions is a complex multidimensional process. Cultural integration across borders is a crucial element in broader cross-border regionalism and the intensification of economic transactions. While cultural integration has been viewed as a contingent ontological determinant for establishing cross-border integration and cooperation, there is a lack of empirical evidence on cultural integration. This study sets out a new methodological framework to measure the extent of spatio-cultural integration in cross-border regions. A P-ITEMS model containing six determinants of cultural integration was developed using primary data obtained through mixed methods of qualitative perceptual mapping and quantitative questionnaires. Two European Union cross-border regions – the Basque region and the Upper Rhine region – were selected as case studies, representing two different contexts with varied characteristics, to assess the extent to which the methodological framework can enhance understanding of the cultural integration process. The study shows that this new model can provide a range of findings and perspectives depending on the qualitative or quantitative methodological lens applied. The model revealed that the Basque cross-border region is strongly culturally integrated from both a qualitative and quantitative perspective, with high cross-border interactions, and its residents on both sides of the national border share a common perceptual image of the cross-border region despite its difficulty. In contrast, in the Upper Rhine cross-border region, this joint perceptual representation is missing from the qualitative data; however, the quantitative data indicates that considerable cultural interactions and integration take place.

Implementasi Akad Mudharabah, Musyarakah dan Salam Pada Petani Ikan di Provinsi Jambi

The practice of Sharia Economic transactions is a concept that meets the values ​​of justice, the togetherness of Ukhwatun Hasanah values ​​such as profit sharing contracts in the form of Mudarabah and Musyarakah contracts including buying and selling contracts with the salam contract scheme. The research objective is to analyze the application of the Mudarabah agreement to fish cultivation in Jambi Province. The research object is a catfish farming group, the research design uses qualitative descriptive research with 20 informants from the head of the catfish farming group in Jambi province. The data collection technique is by conducting in-depth interviews, while the research results are analyzed using content analysis. The research results prove that the analysis of the implementation of the first sharia contract, the implementation of the mudarabah contract, proved that there were several capital owners and managers in implementing the terms of the contract that were not in accordance with the terms of the mudarabah contract. Second, Implementation of the musyarakah agreement betweencatfish cultivation partners have been carried out in accordance with the terms of the Musyarakah agreement. If there are profits, they are shared according to the agreement and if there are losses, they are equally borne by the capital owner. Third, the implementation of the greeting contract is in accordance with the pillars of the greeting contract. Implementation of a sale and purchase agreement with greetings can provide benefits to both parties. The buyer can buy fish products with definite quality and price in accordance with the agreement. On the other hand, the farmers greatly benefit from the funder's tone for raising fish and the results can be sold at a price. profitable prices, so that catfish farms can be free from the grip of loan sharks.

ACHIEVING THE LEGAL OBJECTIVE OF WITHHOLDING INCOME TAX ON FOREIGN YOUTUBE VIDEO CREATORS FOR VIDEO UTILIZATION INCOME SOURCED IN INDONESIA

<p>One of the digital economy transactions is the transaction on YouTube monetization received by video creators based on viewers in a source country. Overseas video creators do not pay Income Tax (PPh) in Indonesia on income from Youtube videos sourced in Indonesia because there is no physical presence of the video creator in Indonesia and no identified income as a tax object on which the Indonesian tax authorities impose PPh on the overseas video creator. This condition creates legal uncertainty, injustice, and loss of benefit for Indonesia as a source country due to the loss of potential PPh revenue from the digital market. Currently, Article 32A of the General Provisions and Tax Procedures (KUP) Law has provided a formal tax law to be able to appoint other parties as PPh withholders. However, the implementation is not yet possible because the material tax law is not yet sufficient to designate other parties, such as Google, which are not domiciled and have no permanent establishment in Indonesia as PPh withholders. To achieve legal objectives, the PPh Law as material tax law needs to be strengthened to provide legal certainty in the PPh withholding on foreign video creators and create justice and benefits for Indonesia as one of the source countries for video creators' income. Strengthening the PPh Law is conducted by amending the provisions of Article 26, Article 2 paragraph (4), and Article 4. The amendment to the PPh Law does not result in revisions of the P3B Indonesia and other countries since the allocation of taxation rights for royalty income from the source country has been regulated in the P3B. Furthermore, the government could make implementing regulations regarding the PPh withholding by other parties on income from the utilization of content copyrights received by YouTube video creators.</p>