Economic Structure Of Society Research Articles

Descent into the Maelstrom

In his examination of governing under capitalism, Goran Therborn (2008) remarks that evidence of a society, in which the forces of social control manage through the general population’s acceptance of the legitimacy of that rule, is the absence of a police presence to enforce ideological domination. The less often one experiences the police on a daily basis, the more we can argue that people have – consciously or unconsciously – accommodated to the social, political and economic structure of society. It stands to reason, then, that the opposite is true, that a major presence of institutions of control in their many forms (whether local constabulary, regional authorities, national police, and – in the most extreme case – military units) will reflect a society in stress, a society which increasingly shows signs of a loss of legitimacy or support for ruling elites and structures. Recent history is full of examples where this is true, from the increasing need for both civil and secret police authorities to impose order in what we have called repressive regimes to the presence of military rule by juntas or ‘elected’ generals, all used to quell dissent or crush opposition while maintaining a ruling elite. Political elites in the US gleefully point to countries with martial law or a strong police presence as examples of rogue nations that don’t abide by democratic principles, especially when those countries fail to support US policies, all the while easily ignoring other repressive regimes if they are deemed allies of the US. One only need recall former US Ambassador Jean Kirkpatrick’s clear demarcation between when she called authoritarian regimes and totalitarian regimes (all the while meaning non-communist versus communist). She stated (1992):

The State at the Heart of Capitalism: Marxist Theory and Foucault’s Lectures on Governmentality

Marx, on several occasions, registered his plan to devote a volume of Capital to the state. At the time of his death, however, this volume remained unwritten. Subsequently, students of Marx have proven hesitant to theorize the distinct organizational schema of modern state power, and the way it mediates and enriches those tendencies identified by Marx in Capital’s first three volumes. Instead, the capitalist state is often distinguished by pointing to its disaggregation from the economic structure of society. The following paper will return to Marx’s proposed volume on the state, using a number of recently published scholarly tracts to consider its potential analytical orientation. Particular attention will be paid to Foucault’s late work on governmentality which, it will be argued, offers a useful starting point for conceptualizing modern state power, and the historically distinct ways it forms part of capitalism’s interior.

“People’s Perception about the Effectiveness of Punjab Govt’ Package for Women Empowerment ” (A Study of Working Women of District Sargodha & M.B.Din)

There are a lot of problems and issues regarding women, in many other developing countries, a new approach has been developed to deal with women. It is based on gender empowerment, which means the control over resources and proper share in decision-making process. To deal the matter of women empowerment in the context of changing circumstances, different kinds of parameters have been adopted through the different agencies (governmental, non-governmental organizations). So this research was conducted to review the problems and barriers which are against women empowerment in Pakistan. The purpose of this research was to check the effectiveness of a Package announced for women empowerment by the Chief Minister of (Punjab) Pakistan, 2012. The main purpose was also to make sure that would this Package will prove fruitful or would it be a political announcement only. Another important feature of this research was to analyze those traditional and fundamental structures of our society that are responsible for gender discrimination and women disempowerment. Thus the research mainly, grows around the social, political and economic structures of society vis-a-vis the matter of women empowerment. To analyze the different levels of the structure of empowerment, various kinds of sources have been used. The multistage sampling technique was used and by simple random sampling the population of 150 working women, belonging from two different districts (M.B.Din, Sargodha) had been taken for the research purpose. 75 respondents were taken from M.B.Din, 35 respondents were from Private sector and the rest 40 were from Govt. sector. Similarly 75 respondents were selected from Sargodha, in which 35 respondents were from Private sector and the rest 40 were from Govt. sector. The main objectives of this study were to check the knowledge of the people about women related issues, to check the perception of people about woman empowerment, to look over the knowledge, perception and implementation of Women Empowerment Package2012, and to examine the social and cultural barriers in the way of women’s empowerment. At the end results show that majority 58.0 percent of the respondents know that C.M has announced a Package for women empowerment and 42.0 percent of the respondents did not know about this so there should be awareness raising sessions in all public and Govt. offices to make aware these 42% working women about a package which addresses their all human rights. There are 26% working females who do not feel comfortable while working with their male co-workers; so there should be a suitable and friendly environment for women. Majority of the respondents say that harassment is a common problem for all working women; so there should be some harassment committees in all public offices. C.M has enhanced female job quota from 5% to 15%, so all the line departments should be sensitized for the implementation of this quota. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n3p523

Infotopia

In Infotopia, citizens enjoy a wide range of information about the organizations upon which they rely for the satisfaction of their vital interests. The provision of that information is governed by principles of democratic transparency. Democratic transparency both extends and critiques current enthusiasms about transparency. It urges us to conceptualize information politically, as a resource to turn the behavior of large organizations in socially beneficial ways. Transparency efforts have targets, and we should think of those targets as large organizations: public and civic, but especially private and corporate. Democratic transparency consists of four principles. First, information about the operations and actions of large organizations that affect citizens’ interests should be rich, deep, and readily available to the public. Second, the amount of available information should be proportionate to the extent to which those organizations jeopardize citizens’ interests. Third, information should be organized and provided in ways that are accessible to individuals and groups that use that information. Finally, the social, political, and economic structures of society should be organized in ways that allow individuals and groups to take action based on Infotopia’s public disclosures.

Speech upon Receiving the Marxian Economics Award (II)

May 26, 2012The forum of WAPE is truly grand celebration. It is great pleasure to have so many distinguished friends and scholars meeting here.My name is Zhang Xunhua, and I am 91 years old. Although due to my age I cannot attend the forum myself, I still look forward to I would like to ask the organizing committee of the forum to convey my gratitude for the prize awarded to me. I have experienced various social changes in China, and during the pursuit of my studies, I sailed through the endless sea of learning by hard work. I studied civil engineering in Suzhou Polytechnic School when I was in senior high school. I entered Fudan College of Agriculture in 1940, and then transferred to the Department of Economics in 1942.When I read Capital during my study in the Department of Economics, I noticed two lessons in Marx. One is that his literature is an artistic whole, and only by using his methods this can be achieved. other is that he pointed out that the ultimate purpose of Capital was to reveal the laws of economic movement of modern society. This combines the purpose and the method into unity. Specifically speaking, he transformed Hegel's idealistic dialectics into materialistic dialectics, and revealed the economic laws of capitalism. It has long been pointed out by Lenin that without delving into and understanding the entirety of Hegel's Logic, one cannot fully understand Marx's Capital. Hegel moved from the absolute spirit to the concrete, i.e., in an idealistic dialectics, while Marx, absorbing Hegel's dialectics, reversed the process and ascended from the concrete to the abstract, forming materialistic dialectics.Hegel held the view that the development of logical ideas begins from pure determinations, while the truth is always richer and more concrete. Because the result includes its beginning, and the process of beginning enriches the result by new determinations...making itself richer and thicker. He also compared this type of development to set of concentric circles, saying The whole of philosophical science appears as circle of circles. Idea appears in each single circle, but, at the same time, the whole Idea is constituted by the totality of these peculiar phases, and each is necessary member of its organization. However, Hegel did not draw the full circle, neither did Marx. By the end of the 1970s, I tried to draw the circle according to the mechanism that seemed most relevant to me, which made me feel suddenly enlightened.The object of economic research is the mode of production; the purpose is to reveal the underlying rules (economic laws) of the object; while the method is materialistic dialectics, i.e. proceeding from the material content of the mode of production (productive forces), to its social form (relations of production), and extending to the form of this form (the superstructure). In the Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, Marx pointed out that a certain mode of production and relations of production corresponding to it, i.e., the economic structure of society, has legal and political superstructure on top of it, which is the real basis of social life, with certain social ideology corresponding to it. This can be illustrated, as in Figure 1.The inner circle is the content, and the outer circle is the form. Their dialectic relation is that the content determines the form, and the form reacts to the content.Since the 1990s, the problem of the source of productive forces (environment, resources, population) has become more prominent, involving the question of whether the whole circle can develop on sustainable basis; with respect to the relations of production, the question of combining socialism with the market has been stressed. To keep up with the times, I further divide the above three circles into six levels with each circle containing two levels (Figure 2).The source is rooted in the three circles of ecological environment (Figure 3). …

The Process of Long-Term Training in Accounting (for Turkey)

Knowledge of accounting principles generally accepted in the production process and mainly deals with the production of financial information. Accounting consists of two major buildings: Application of accounting theory and accounting. Accounting practices are not only interact with the theoretical structure but also deal with the accounting practices of the state structure, the organization of state institutions, globalization, technological innovation, education and understanding, cultural factors, social and economic structure of society, such as international and national standards are affected by many factors. This is also a long-term educational process of accounting the fact that it is one of the biggest factors.The real function of accountancy profession not only keeps the books. Profile of an accountant who responds to demands from all levels of society, meets customer needs, helps managers in decision-making, provides accurate and reliable information which enterprises carrying out their duties towards the state and transmits the necessary information to investors, provides the expected service. To accountant carries these properties, depends on have enough knowledge, develop constantly itself and benefit from evolving information technology. If that happens, it requires long term training. So, the accounting has to require a continuous training in the process of school and vocational.

Shoveling Fuel for a Runaway Train

Review: Shoveling Fuel for a Runaway Train By Brian Czech Reviewed by Richard Osbaldiston University of Missouri, USA Brian Czech. Shoveling Fuel for a Runaway Train. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000. 210 pp. ISBN 0-520-22508-2 (hardbound). Shoveling Fuel is a contributing voice in the growing literature that argues that our current economic system is leading us down a path where we probably do not want to go. Czech takes a novel and critical look at traditional economic theories and integrates them with other theories from biology and psychology to prove his point. References to economists such as Malthus, Ricardo, Smith, Veblen, and Julian Simon are found alongside references to non-economists such as Paul Ehrlich, Thomas Kuhn, Darwin, and Maslow. Even several passages from the Bible are cited to help build the eclectic and convincing case that, indeed, the train is runaway. Perhaps one of the most appealing points about this book is Czech's clear argument that solutions to the runaway train problem lie squarely in the domain of social psychology. He argues that changes in how we interact at an inter-personal level are a necessary first step before changes in the political and economic structures of society will follow suit. While social change is surely going to be a gradual and iterative process, it must build upon changes at the social psychological level--individuals must change their behavior and then form groups of similarly behaving people in order to pressure the larger structures in our society to change. Czech makes an excellent personal appeal. The obvious intention of this book is to convince the individual reader of the need to make changes at a personal level. The presentation is thorough, convincing, and motivating. The audience that would appreciate this book is people who have already begun to see the shortcomings of our current economic system and are actively seeking information that confirms this suspicion. For these people, Shoveling Fuel will serve as excellent corroborating evidence. Unfortunately, opponents and critics will probably scoff at Czech's plan, which could be summarized as castigation of the liquidation class, or the richest percent of the population (p.180). Since most of us do not fraternize at the Royal Yacht Club of Monaco or otherwise hobnob with the glutinously wealthy, there is not much we can do to help the cause. Using mate selection theory, Czech successfully argues that we can help control the runaway train by essentially breeding out such liquidators; however, for

Economic structure of society and continuity of power in Serbia

Topic of the article is continuity of socialist power with previous communist in Serbia, analyzed mostly in its economic aspect. Starting point in the analysis is that one of basic constitutive institution of former social system is social/state property, and economy founded on it is completely remaining in spite of abandoning of communist heritage. Development of private sector could not have important influence on economic structure, for privatization of social property have been hindered by political means. That provide evidence that in the last years in Serbia in the economic realm, nothing is changed except remarkable fall of national income. For type of socio-economic mediating springs out from the type of property, all social institution and instruments of command economy are unchanged in the former forms. That means that prevails basic economic structure of former socialist system. Its main trait is that political power supreme organizer and arbiter in economic transaction. Thus, it is evident that after introduction of one type of political pluralism Serbian economy still have command character.

Overview: The next step

If we are going to reform our healthcare system, we will have to start by providing access to basic care for everyone. This can be done through embracing a strategy that is built around integrated healthcare delivery systems. Payment should be via a universal tax for the basic plan, and there should be ways in which to pursue options beyond the basic plan, to be paid for by individuals. What is provided by way of care will need to be evaluated through a central technology assessment institute. The system will have to slow the rate of growth of spending in an intelligent way, not using price controls, caps, or repressive methodologies. The trick will be to still preserve a certain amount of freedom and flexibility, and include the capacity for change. There will have to be a significant reorientation of what has been our traditional approach to malpractice. Through the course of this symposium there has not been a great deal to be positive about. There are many physicians today who are well described by the English poet A. E. Housman's line, "A stranger and afraid in a world I never made." Change is inevitable; it is here and more is coming. The great medical historian Henry Sigerist noted that: "The physician's position in society, the task assigned to him, and the rules of conduct imposed on him changed in every period. They were determined primarily by the social and economic structure of society and by the technical and scientific means available to medicine at the time."(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Base and Superstructure: A Reply to Hugh Collins

The Marxian claim that the economic structure of society constitutes its 'real basis, on which a legal and political superstructure arises' generates a number of problems. In my book on Karl Marx's Theory of History', I tried to solve two of them. The two problems concern the relationship between the economic structure and the legal superstructure only, although an analogue of the second problem could also be posed with respect to the political superstructure. The problems are connected, in that (what I think is) the solution to the first problem generates the second problem. To say that the legal superstructure rises on the economic base is, I believe, a vivid way of saying that the character of the former is explained by the character of the latter. But a number of critics of Marxism, and notably John Plamenatz,2 have argued that the Marxist pretension that relations of production (which constitute the economic base) explain superstructural relations of law is necessarily false, since a searching explication of what must be meant, and of what Marx himself meant, by relations of production reveals that, being essentially relations of ownership, they are themselves legal in character. They may therefore not be regarded as non-legal phenomena distinct from and explanatory of legal relations. We can call that the problem of legality. As I have indicated elsewhere,3 the problem is that the following four statements generate a logical contradiction, yet each of the first three seems to be asserted by the theory, and the fourth is manifestly true:

Determinizmo principo taikymas istorijos moksle

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas determinizmo principo taikymas istoriografijoje. Autorius teigia, kad materialistinė istorijos samprata yra susijusi su specifiniu determinizmo principo taikymu visuomenės raidos aiškinimui. Marksistinė filosofija rado būdą pritaikyti šį principą procesui, ištisai sudarytam iš tikslingų veiksmų. Ji abstrahavosi nuo konkretaus istorijos vaizdo įvairovės ir perėjo prie jos objektyvaus turinio tyrimo. Taip buvo prieita prie visuomenės raidos, kaip ypatingo materialaus vystymosi proceso, sampratos. Materialistinės metodologijos požiūriu, determinizmo principas tiesiogiai taikomas tik aiškinant visuomenės ekonominės struktūros vystymosi santykį su jos egzistavimo sąlygų kitimu. Kitos visuomenės gyvenimo sritys patenka į deterministinio aiškinimo turinį tik jų funkcinių ryšių su šia struktūra aspektu. Konkretizuodamas nagrinėjamosios ekonominės struktūros vaizdą, istorijos mokslas turi atsižvelgti į tai, kad jos specifinį turinį dengia įvairūs visuomeniniai institutai. Istorijos mokslas aiškina veiksnius, sąlygojančius valstybės genezės bei jos struktūrinių formų istorinę įvairovę, ribojamą būtinumo vykdyti specifines ekonomines-socialines funkcijas.

Fragmented Estates. The Breakup of the Myo and the Decline of the Shoen System

T nHE present article studies a phenomenon known as myo no kaitai A Vf;, or 'the breakup of the myo'. Myo, as one popular historical dictionary defines them, were 'the basic compositional land units of shoen RW and kokugaryO MHIMt from the late Heian through the medieval periods.... Proprietors assessed taxes and labor levies on the basis of myo.'1 From about the second half of the thirteenth century through the fourteenth century, these basic organizational units of shoen broke up into smaller and smaller parcels. The significance of this process has been much debated by historians. For some, it represents nothing less than a social revolution, the rise of an independent small-peasant class and the beginning of Japan's medieval era. To others, the breakup of the myo is a sign of an adaptation made by estate proprietors to changing times, with little or no implications for the basic social and economic structures of society. In either case, the fundamental question is: did the fragmentation of the myO signal the end of the old order and the beginning of a new one? To answer this question, it is necessary first of all to establish the broader context, a framework within which to weigh the significance of the breakup of the myo.

On the development of Marxist theories in population

This paper traces the development of Marxist theories of population and compares the approaches of policy makers in the socialist countries and neo-Marxist scholars outside the socialist countries to this issue. As a consequence of a different demographic situation and increasingly complex social and economic structures contemporary socialist views on population often differ considerably from earlier Marxist formulations. Although Soviet population policy is aimed at increasing the rate of growth and Chinese policy stringently regulates such growth both countries have moved in the direction of increased state intervention. It is argued that a planned socialist economy requires planned control of population. However arguments for intervention are not supported by a theoretical analysis of the sources of demographic growth and change in socialist societies. Scholars of underdevelopment outside the socialist bloc have remained more faithful to the original Marxist approach. Although they have shifted the focus from the relations between classes in capitalist society to the relations between developed and underdeveloped countries they retain the central Marxist idea that demographic processes are shaped by the economic structure of society. These theorists oppose population control measures arguing that the problems of developing countries can be resolved only through radical changes in the social and economic structure of society.

Visaliaudinė socialistinė valstybė kaip metodologinė problema

Straipsnyje analizuojamas visaliaudinės socialistinės valstybės problemos metodologinis pagrindimas, šios valstybės vaidmuo visuomenėje, jos problemų aktualumas teoriniu-praktiniu bei ideologiniu požiūriu. Materialistinė visuomenės istorijos samprata konstatuoja, kad tikslingas žmonių veiklos tendencijas lemia materialiniai žmonių interesai, kuriuos savo ruožtu sąlygoja objektyvaus pobūdžio visuomeninės gamybos raida. Proletariato diktatūros sąvoka atspindi klasinį valstybės turinį, sąlygotą socialistinės visuomenės ekonominės struktūros. Proletariato diktatūros valstybės virtimas visaliaudine gali būti paaiškintas tik atsižvelgus į tos struktūros raidą. Visaliaudinės socialistinės valstybės objektyvių prielaidų susiformavimas rodo, kad panaikinta klasinė antagonistinė visuomenės struktūra, kad susidarė tokios sąlygos, kai ekonominiai santykiai, kaip visuomenės interesas, objektyviai išreiškia realų visos darbo žmonių visuomenės materialinių gyvenimo sąlygų bei tikslų bendrumą. Aiškinant proletariato diktatūros valstybės virtimą visaliaudine, dažniausiai pasitaiko metodologinis nenuoseklumas, susijęs su tuo, kad proletariato diktatūra painiojama su formaliais valstybės institutais.

Culture and Educational Achievement

Many studies have analyzed the links between academic achievement and social class. Few, however, have focused on the process by which culture as life-style, rather than knowledge, reinforces inequalities in the class and economic structure of society. Gaynor Cohen reports her findings from an ethnographic study of a middle-class housing estate in Great Britain and shows that families living there are in the process of moving from a working-class status to one termed the "new" middle class. Achieving their newly acquired status through the occupational mobility of men, women of the estate develop a collective estate culture and life-style conducive to the academic success of their children. Dr. Cohen concludes her analysis by relating microlevel changes in family lifestyle and school achievement to changes in the occupational structure of society.

Politinių ir teisinių institutų objektyvus sąlygotumas

Straipsnis skirtas visuomenės politinių ir teisinių institutų statuso sampratoms apžvelgti. Tomas Akvinietis teigė, kad politinė valdžia ir valdymo organai yra žmonių sukurti institutai, ir tik per prigimties pradus, esančius juose, remiasi amžinaisiais Dievo proto įstatymais. Naujaisiais laikais susiformavo požiūris, kad esamas visuomenės ir valstybės sutvarkymas yra atsitiktinis, todėl nenatūralus ir netinkamas, taip įsigali sutarties teorija, pagrįsta prigimtine žmonių lygybe. Prieš tokį požiūrį pasisakė G. Hegelis teigdamas, kad valstybė yra dorovinės idėjos tikrovė. K. Marxas teigė, kad politinė veikla bus tuo efektyvesnė, kuo labiau ji išreikš objektyvius visuomenės raidos poreikius, būtent materialių santykių raidos poreikius. Ši teorija nurodo, kaip galima išaiškinti žmonių veiklos efektyvumo pagrindus ir surasti objektyvų kriterijų institucinei veiklai įvertinti. Daroma išvada, kad moksliškai paaiškinti istoriją, kaip tikslingos žmonių veiklos procesą, galima tik skiriant du to proceso aspektus: institucinės veiklos formas ir jų objektyvų turinį.

Marginal Youth and Social Policy

Marginalization of a portion of American youth is described as a result of the structure of the major socialization agencies, the family and the school, in contemporary capitalist society. The family and other agencies mediate the process of marginalization created by economy. To eliminate marginalization, social policies must change the economic structure of society.

The Demographic Transition: Stage Four

The concept of the three-stage demographic transition from preindustrial to industrial society is here reviewed and revised. The rules of the third stage of the transition, in which socioeconomic development of the society and upper economic status of individuals are associated with declining fertility, do not apply to 20th-century America. A fourth stage, in which fertility level is positively related to the condition of the economy, is described for the native white urban population of 20th-century America. The speculation is offered that a fifth stage may be developing, in which the attainment of equal social and employment status by women is related to a decline in fertility. Though technological change is the prime mover throughout, demographic changes are effected through changes in the economic structure of society.

Sex and Age Differences in Problems and Interests of Adolescents

The problems and interests of 1,366 adolescents were investigated using an instrument devised by Symond and later used by Harris and Kaczkowski. Findings of the various studies were compared to determine the validity of Symonds’ hypothesis that changes in the social and economic structure of society would immediately change the relative emphasis of these problems and interests. Certain problems and interests offered by the instrument did alter their position in the 32 years spanned by the four studies, but others seemed to be impervious to the influence of the changes of which Symonds spoke. The influence of regional and geographic differences in the samples used in the various studies is not known.

Charity and the Social Order

CHARITY AND THE SOCIAL ORDER I. INTRODUCTION T HE QUEST of man for unity and order is the mainspring of all that is history. For tranquillity of order his wars have been waged; for order of mind his art and culture ebb and flow; for unity with the Deity, there are his religions, his churches, his homes, his schools. This search for unity springs from his very nature. As an individual . substance man is one, and the whole world about him must contribute to that oneness, else it is meaningless. As a rational creature endowed with an intellect whose work is the perception of relationships, man seeks unity in order, the stuff of which relationships are made. As a being endowed with free will, always acting for an ultimate end of his own choice, an end which gives unity and purposiveness to his acts, man puts order into his world of activity. This continual quest of order on the part of man is admirably illustrated, perhaps through sheer contrast, in that vastly complex and somewhat disordered thing called society, the broad realm of man's activities with his fellow creatures. More particularly we refer to such activities of men as are the objects of the social sciences-the relations of man to the material necessities upon which depends his livelihood, and his relations to the various groups to which, of choice or necessity, he and his fellow men belong. Order requires a certain unity, and unity derives from a principle--a common source, a radical oneness. Socio-economic relations being so manifestly complex, having neither the concreteness of the visible creation nor the absoluteness of the spiritual world, have always challenged the ingenuity of man to discover or invent principles of social order. Nor has man shirked the task. There is, for instance, the individualist prin539 540 LOUIS A. RYAN ciple of Herbert Spencer: " Every man has freedom to do all that he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man." 1 The class principle finds this expression in Karl Marx: " The economic structure of society is the real foundation on which rise legal and political superstructures and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness." 2 Totalitarianism, as explained by Benito Mussolini, accepts the state as principle: " Fascism conceives of the State as an Absolute, in comparison with which all individuals or groups are relative, only to be conceived in their relation to the State." 3 The racism of Hitler claims blood as the principle of social structure: " All that is not race in this world is trash. All world historical events, however, are only the expression of the race's instinct of self-preservation in its good or in its evil meaning." 4 A very recent and even more universalist social philosophy enuntiates its principle in the name of democracy which " is the plentitude of heart-service to a highest religion embodying the essence of all higher religions. Democracy is nothing more and nothing less than humanism in theocracy and rational theocracy in universal humanism." 5 More in the realm of reason is justice as the natural principle of society. It is stated thus by Aristotle: "Since in every art and science the end aimed at is always good, so particularly in this, which is the most excellent of all, the founding of civil society, the good therein aimed at is justice; for it is this which is for the benefit of all." 6 Nor does the Catholic Church, with her theology and supernatural philosophy of living, fail to propose a fundamental principle for the social order. It is charity, love of neighbor. 1 H. Spencer, The Principles of Ethics (New York: 1897), II, 46. 2 K. Marx, The Critique of Political Economy (New York: 1904), p. 11. • B. Mussolini, " The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism," trans. from Enciclopedia Italiana. International Conciliation, No. 306 (New York: 1935), p. IS. 'A. Hitler, Mein Kampf (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1939), p. 406. • The City of Man (New York: 1940), p. SS. 8 Aristotle, Politics (New York: Everyman's Library, 1921), Bk. III, c. 12, p. 88. Cf. Summa Theol., II-II, q. 79. a. 1...