Economic Restrictions Research Articles

Legal Support of International Settlements in Modern Conditions

In the context of globalization, even in the context of economic crises, the focus on increasing corporate income and maintaining and increasing capital encourages companies around the world to analyze dynamically changing opportunities for geographical presence, operational activities, the potential for international settlements, including various settlement tools that directly affect the implementation and development of business. It is also necessary to take into account the current conditions of economic restrictions that are widespread and affect financial, banking, including settlements and legal relations. Sanctions have a serious impact on the modern structure of cross-border settlement relations, foreign exchange transactions around the world. Access to payment systems is critical for banks and other payment service providers in ensuring safe and efficient cross-border payment services. Authorities and operators must weigh these benefits against potential barriers and risks. Stakeholders in the international settlement ecosystem, such as non-banks, financial market infrastructures and foreign banks, may face challenges in gaining direct access to the payment system. Thus, different jurisdictions have the option of improving access to real-time gross settlement systems and other key payment systems that make settlements in central bank currency. Optimized access to domestic payment systems can contribute to the development of international (cross-border) settlement systems by addressing key issues such as long transaction chains, high financing costs, low competition and outdated technologies. In particular, increased access to various solutions in the field of cross-border settlements can contribute to increased competition and the development of innovations, which ultimately reflects the interests of consumers and affects the cost of final products in the markets of different countries. In a broader sense, the financial system could benefit from better mitigating estimated risks and potential benefits to financial stability by reducing manytier arrangements and creating a more diverse and sustainable ecosystem.

Тенденции развития зерновой отрасли Свердловской области в условиях внешнеэкономических ограничений

The modern Russian economy is influenced by foreign economic restrictions from "unfriendly" countries. These restrictions, of course, can have an impact on the development of the national economy of the country, an important part of which is the agricultural sector of the economy. In the presented scientific work, the aim is to assess the state of the grain industry and trends in its development under the conditions of sanctions pressure. The information base for the study was data from the analysis of the production and financial activities of agricultural organizations in the Sverdlovsk region for 2019-2023, as well as analytical data from Rosstat for the Sverdlovsk region. During the analyzed period, the harvesting area of grain decreased by 1.4% from 317.5 to 313.1 thousand hectares, grain yield decreased by 6.3%. Gross grain production decreased by 7.4% in five years, amounting to 655.8 thousand tons in 2023. In 2023, compared with 2019, the labor intensity of products did not change, amounting to 0.49 people/hour per 1 hundredweight of products. At the same time, there is a significant increase in the production cost of a unit of production by 45.4%. The profitability of grain has significantly decreased from 24.7 to 0.1%. At the same time, there is an increase in grain sales by 12.2% and an increase in the level of marketability from 30.6 to 37.1%. The availability of agricultural machinery remains at a high level. In 2023, compared to 2019, the number of tractors per 1,000 hectares of crops decreased by 1.4%, grain harvesters by 5.4%, and forage harvesters by 10.7%. The data on the availability of agricultural machinery indicate that crop production in the region is developing with the use of intensive advanced technologies. Based on the analysis, an assessment of the impact of foreign economic restrictions on the development of the grain industry in the region is given, using qualitative criteria. The assessment of the impact of foreign economic restrictions on the grain industry is weak. Effective recommendations are proposed to avoid the negative impact of foreign economic restrictions on grain production.

Financial sanctions as an instrument of international policy

Today, financial sanctions are one of the most powerful instruments of international politics, allowing to influence states without the direct use of military force. The use of economic restrictions has become a comprehensive alternative to traditional methods of conflict resolution, providing the international community with a means of putting pressure on violators of international law. Over the past decades, sanctions have demonstrated their effectiveness in influencing economic and political processes in various countries around the world, such as Iran, North Korea and Russia. The issue of sanctions is particularly relevant in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, where they have become the main instrument of international response to aggression. In this regard, the study of financial sanctions as an instrument of international politics is gaining new significance, especially in the context of global economic interdependence. Studying the effectiveness of such measures, their impact on targeted states, as well as analysing possible consequences for the international financial system is an important task for both scholars and practitioners. The study revealed the key patterns of application of financial sanctions as an instrument of international policy. It was found that multilateral sanctions regimes that combine different types of restrictions are the most effective. The economic impact of sanctions is manifested through a decline in GDP, rising inflation and devaluation of the national currency of target countries, with the degree of impact correlating with the level of integration of their economies into the global financial system. The article reveals the growing role of secondary sanctions in enhancing the effectiveness of primary restrictions, although their excessive use can lead to fragmentation of the global financial system. In the context of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, sanctions have demonstrated a significant economic impact, especially after 2022, but their political effectiveness remains limited. The results of the study point to the need to improve the mechanisms for applying financial sanctions by strengthening international coordination and developing more flexible sanctions regimes. The research materials are: 1) legal acts regulating financial sanctions as an instrument of international policy, including Ukrainian and international sources; 2) works of domestic and foreign authors who study the use of financial sanctions in global politics and their impact on economic and political processes. The following scientific methods were used: theoretical generalisation (to study the basic concepts and doctrines of financial sanctions as an instrument of international politics); analysis and synthesis (to study the impact of sanctions on the economic system of target countries and the political consequences of their application); comparative analysis (to compare the effectiveness of sanctions imposed by different countries and international organisations, in particular in the context of sanctions against Russia and Iran);formalisation method (for building a scheme of sanctions and assessing their impact on the international financial system).

Managing innovations in the field of technology and equipment for the oil and gas complex

Subject. The article deals with technological progress in the oil and gas industry, the impact of international sanctions on Russia's energy security. Objectives. The study aims to assess development prospects for new methods of oil production, analyze measures to ensure environmental sustainability of industry enterprises, and regulatory and economic restrictions. Methods. The study rests on comparative and statistical analysis. Results. Processes like drilling and hydraulic fracturing increase productivity. However, sanctions have an integrated effect on project development schedules and overall competitiveness of the industry. Market volatility caused by changes in oil prices and demand patterns around the world can significantly exacerbate uncertainty. Conclusions. Digitalization cuts costs, improves plant safety, and reduces environmental impact. Diversification of markets, reduction of dependence on foreign technologies and financing, development of alternative energy sources enable to increase the industry’s stability in difficult geopolitical conditions.

Community-based participatory process evaluation based on the Reach, Quality Control, Fidelity, Satisfaction, and Management (RQFSM) model in Nevada: A study protocol

Introduction: The healthcare system in Nevada has rural-urban, racial-ethnic, economic, and other inequities in care. Social determinants of health (SDOH) have exacerbated health disparities among high-risk and underprivileged populations. This study protocol presents Nevada’s COVID-19 public health disparity reduction initiatives and community-based participatory process evaluation methodologies. The participatory process evaluation based on the Reach, Quality Control, Fidelity, Satisfaction, Management (RQFSM) Model has been planned with 25 partner organizations that deliver public health services within Nevada. Methods: This program evaluation will be conducted by the University of Nevada, School of Public Health in collaboration with the Nevada Office of Minority Health and Equity (NOMHE) and the State of Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health (DPBH), as primary agencies along with other partner organizations funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A mixed-methods approach will be implemented to collect data from 25 partner organizations. For assessing the reach, quantitative and qualitative quarterly data collection reporting forms and focus group discussion (FGD) protocols will be designed; for quality control, fidelity, and management, semi-structured interviews and FGDs of project personnel and community members and process observation tally sheets will be generated, and for consumer satisfaction assessment, quantitative satisfaction surveys will be created in a participatory manner with all stakeholders. Results: The results of the protocol explain that community-based initiatives offer comprehensive, culturally competent, and high-quality primary healthcare services, while community health centers and other private sector groups can be considered as essential connections. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the necessity to integrate services like mental health, drug addiction treatment, pharmacies, disability assistance, and health care for older individuals would be acknowledged. This integration will be particularly crucial in places where access to reasonably priced healthcare is hampered by cultural, geographic, or economic restrictions. Conclusion: In this study, we describe the protocols of this community-based participatory process evaluation based on the RQFSM Model in Nevada

Определение возможности кредитования компаний среднего бизнеса в условиях санкционного режима

The article discusses the issue of crediting medium-sized companies in the current economic situation under the influence of sanctions. It examines the specifics of lending to these companies under such conditions. The author used methods such as complex analysis and system analysis. The paper considers the impact of economic restrictions on the Russian economy over the past decade, with a focus on sanctions imposed since 2022. Complex analysis allowed identifying the impact of sanction pressure on the crediting process. System analysis helped establish internal links between risks associated with lending under sanctions and decision-making regarding lending to individual borrowers. A list of the main risks associated with the implementation of a credit mechanism for companies borrowing from banks under the sanctions regime was formulated. The article explores the transformation of trade in trucks and other specialized equipment under economic constraints, as well as the tools banks use to assess the possibility of lending to these borrowers in current conditions. The article highlights the features of car dealerships and analyzes the truck market in 2023: 144,000 new trucks were sold in the first 12 months of 2023, accounting for 3.9 % of the overall cargo market in the country. There has been a shortage of heavy-duty tractors, estimated at 40,000 units. The top-selling tractor brands were identified – domestic Kamaz and Chinese brands such as Dongfeng, Shacman, Howo, and Sitrak. Historical information is presented on the development of the truck market since 2022, including the role of credit institutions in promoting Chinese models. The activities of a Russian freight transport dealer (the name and location of the company are confidential and subject to bank privacy) are analyzed using the author’s risk assessment method to determine the potential for lending to this business.

The Energy Security Doctrine as a key component of the strategic planning system for structural modernization and ensuring the technological sovereignty of the Russian energy industry

Subject. This article discusses the issues of regulatory initiatives support for the policy of ensuring the energy security of Russia. Objectives. The article aims to develop approaches to adjusting the Energy Security Doctrine in the context of economic restrictions. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of comparative analysis and generalization. Results. The article finds that the Energy Security Doctrine in its current version is not able to act as a key component of the strategic planning system for structural modernization and ensuring the technological sovereignty of the country's energy sector. Conclusions. The Energy Security Doctrine and the documents named in it must strictly comply with the key principles of strategic planning. The document should outline the connection between challenges, threats, and risks in the energy sector.

Perception of diet, dietary practices and sources of dietary information among people with type 2 diabetes followed up at a tertiary care outpatient clinic: a qualitative study

BackgroundDietary practices and beliefs among people living with diabetes in low-middle-income South-Asian countries are unique. Understanding them is paramount in supporting them to improve their clinical outcomes. This study aimed to understand the perception of diet, dietary practices, and sources of dietary information among Sri Lankan adults with type 2 diabetes.MethodsFocus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with the participation of adults with type 2 diabetes attending a Medical Clinic at a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. Eligible participants were recruited between June to October 2022 through convenience sampling. FGDs were facilitated by two researchers using a semi-structured discussion guide developed for this study. Abridged transcripts were formulated using the notes and audio recordings. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s six-step method for thematic analysis.ResultsAmong 38 participants included in five FGDs, the mean age was 59.9 (range: 39–76) years, 27 (71.1%) were females, and mean duration since the diagnosis of diabetes was 9.4 (range: 0–25) years. Five main themes were identified. (1) Diet in diabetes and composition of the meal; participants were aware of the importance of diet in diabetes and understood a healthy meal including the plate concept. (2) Individual components in the diet; many participants used ‘sugar’ to refer to ‘starch’ in the food. Participants considered rice superior to wheat flour-based products in diabetes. Finger millet products were believed to lower blood glucose. We observed beliefs on the glycaemic effects of specific varieties of yams, legumes and fruits. Some participants completely avoided sweets and starchy vegetables. (3) Utilisation of food labels; only a few participants referred to food labels. (4) Factors affecting the practice; external factors such as the recent economic crisis, family members’ influence, and availability affected their food choices. (5) Sources of information; some felt that ready access to information was limited.ConclusionsWe identified several misconceptions and undue dietary restrictions, minimal utilisation of food labels and information sources, and the impact of several external factors including economic restrictions. Understanding these dynamic patient and social factors would enable culturally acceptable dietary interventions by health professionals to improve patient outcomes.

The Impact of Colonial Legal Systems on Indigenous Rights and Modern Legal Redress Mechanisms

Due to incomplete records from the colonial period, particularly regarding cases of infringement on indigenous rights that often went undocumented, research struggles to fully reflect the legal impacts of that era. Therefore, this study explores the profound influence of colonial legal systems on indigenous rights and analyzes how modern legal redress mechanisms address and compensate for these historical injustices. The article first outlines how colonial legal systems deprived indigenous rights in areas such as land ownership, judicial fairness, and identity recognition, drawing on relevant legal documents and historical literature. Subsequently, through case analysis, the study examines the specific impacts of colonial legal systems on indigenous rights across different periods, employing qualitative and quantitative analysis to assess the effectiveness of modern legal redress mechanisms in restoring indigenous rights, safeguarding cultural heritage, and promoting social justice. The findings reveal the depth and breadth of these historical impacts. Data indicate that indigenous land ownership during the colonial period rated only 2 out of 10. Additionally, economic restrictions imposed on indigenous populations disadvantaged them in competition with Portuguese merchants. The study shows that, through a comparative analysis of legal influences over different periods, the rating of indigenous land rights improved to 4 in the pre-reversion period but continued to face challenges in cultural protection, scoring only 3.

Challenges Faced by Women in Learning English Language: Aprisma Study

This study reviews the scientific research concentrating on the challenges of women learning English. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta Analysis (PRISMA) framework. Based on the secondary data from an axiological perspective, we explore educational barriers, psychological challenges, cultural values, social position, gender identity, and related issues. We discuss the challenges into two axiological categories: social economics and education. The study indicates that limited access to resources and cultural norms discourage women's education, and economic restrictions further complicate acquiring English. We suggest tailored interventions to help women overcome the challenges of effective English learning.

Changed Reality, Changed Positions: The Case Study of Eritrean Women Refugees in Times of Global Pandemic

ABSTRACTThis article examines the emerging position of women refugees during a global crisis. On the basis of an empirical study of the Eritrean community in Tel Aviv, Israel, I analysed the ways in which gender identity is formulated and recreated following the social and economic restrictions of the Covid‐19 pandemic. In contrast to previous literature which has highlighted men's central position in forced migrant communities, I suggest viewing the global pandemic as an accelerator of women's presence in two circles of belonging: the family unit and the Eritrean community. I argue that structural changes imposed by the pandemic have established new gender roles and divisions of power, positioning women as a source of authority and a subject of choice. As a significant proportion of Eritrean men lost their income during the pandemic, they were forced to adopt a different role within the family unit. Eritrean women, on the other hand, managed to keep their jobs and became the family's sole provider. In addition to increasing their family's economic dependence on them, Eritrean women also became central figures in their community through the creation of new social networks designed to satisfy the emotional and economic needs of its members. This has enabled women refugees to reinforce their social mobility and become relatively autonomous.

The Unsettled Governance of the Dual-Use Items under Article XXI(b)(ii) GATT: A New Battleground for WTO Security Exceptions

Abstract In an era marked by the ‘technologization’ of modern warfare and the privatization of military supply chains, numerous items possess dual-use potential, capable of serving both civilian and military ends. Concurrently, governments increasingly view the acquisition of specific goods, materials, services, and technologies by rival states as a threat to their security. As a result, economic restrictions imposed on dual-use items, including export controls, have proliferated in recent years. These measures have elicited concerns regarding disguised protectionism and potential non-compliance with trade agreements. Central to the debate is the difficulty to strike a balance between addressing legitimate security imperatives and preventing economic protectionism. This article delves into the intersection of trade and security in the regulation of dual-use goods. It offers a focused examination of Article XXI(b)(ii) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) concerning trade restrictions on products destined for military use. The paper first reveals limitations of this provision in governing the regulation of dual-use items. Furthermore, it introduces the concept of a ‘purpose test’ provided by the provision as a safeguard against abusive invocation. Lastly, it sheds light on the challenge posed by the standard of proof issue, which complicates the review and mitigation of bad-faith invocations of security exceptions.

International commercial arbitration in Ukraine under martial law

It is indicated that International Commercial Arbitration is one of the most effective ways of resolving disputes between participants in international trade, ensuring speed, flexibility and neutrality of the process. However, the activity of arbitration in Ukraine faces a number of new challenges due to the introduction of martial law as a result of large-scale aggression. The hostilities led to significant disruptions to normal economic activity, including making it difficult to enforce contracts, access to justice, and enforce arbitral awards. This raises questions about the ability of arbitration to function effectively in such extraordinary circumstances. The topic is extremely relevant in today’s environment, where Ukraine faces large-scale military aggression that significantly affects all spheres of economic life, including international trade and legal relations between business entities. The article examines the legal and practical aspects of international commercial arbitration during martial law, particularly the impact of military operations on arbitration procedures, the possibility of enforcing arbitral awards, and the problems of their enforcement in a limited legal and economic environment. The main focus is on how arbitration institutions in Ukraine, in particular the International Commercial Arbitration Court at the Ukrainian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, are adapting to the new realities. The author also considers the issue of enforceability of arbitral awards in the light of military operations, sanctions, economic restrictions, and challenges for the Ukrainian legal system. The challenges related to the organization of the arbitration process, such as logistical difficulties, limited access to resources and documents, as well as the application of sanctions against the parties to the dispute, are explored. Special emphasis is placed on the possibilities of conducting arbitration hearings in a remote format and the use of modern technologies to ensure the continuity of the process under martial law. The article also examines the prospects for adapting arbitration to the new realities, including the possibility of filing claims for compensation for damages caused by military operations. The study analyses the prospects for the development of international arbitration in Ukraine, including the use of digital technologies, online hearings, and adaptation of the arbitration process to the challenges of wartime. Particular attention is paid to the opportunities for Ukrainian entrepreneurs to protect their rights through arbitration in international disputes, including the issue of compensation for damages caused by military actions.

Russia-associated sanctions and asset’s value: determination of yield on investment from the liquidity perspective

<p><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif;">In this study, the time-varying pattern of returns with the trading cost is assessed in light of sanctions on the Russia’s economy. The analysis is performed on the Moscow Exchange Index (MOEX) using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method, Bayes’ Theorem technique, and vector error correction model (VECM). Firstly, the transparency of asset’s value in the same trading period was noted to execute the trade with a limited price impact. Thus, the liquidity seems not priced in returns. In addition, the posterior probability of the transparent asset’s value stabilized the market at a limited transaction cost. In this case, there is less likelihood of liquidity acting as a risk element in returns during the same trading session. These results correspond to the era without sanctions, as well as economic restrictions period. Before the economic restrictions, the execution of investment occurred on its real or close value due to the market transparency in the following trading period. This implies, that the past trading cost series is not priced in yields on investment. During the Russia-related sanctions, a higher price impact of transaction was noted due to the ambiguity in the future asset’s value. Therefore, the past liquidity series is a pricing element in the short run and long run. The analysis suggests a potential inference of trading cost to determine the yield on investment. </span></p>

When pandemic threat does not stoke xenophobia: evidence from a panel survey around COVID-19

ABSTRACT Studies have found that pandemics can heighten xenophobia among host citizens, often explained by the behavioral immune system theory or elite-driven scapegoating. However, most research has overlooked the role of pandemic-related economic restrictions and job loss on sentiment toward immigrants. To isolate this economic mechanism, we examine the case of Venezuelan migrants in Colombia before and during COVID-19. Despite the Colombian government's severe economic lockdown, few politicians blamed Venezuelans for the pandemic. Thus, any economic impact on xenophobia should be evident. Using a panel experimental survey of 374 Colombians, supplemented with 550 new respondents at endline, we find no evidence that exposure to COVID-19 changed attitudes towards Venezuelans, even for those directly affected by the pandemic. Yet, those who did not lose their jobs viewed Venezuelan migration more positively at endline, providing support for the economic effects of pandemics.

Study on the Limitations of Economic Digitalization and Development Strategies under the New Development Strategy

With the rapid development of the digital economy and the rise of the industrial Internet, China has made significant progress in terms of industrial competitiveness and industrial innovation and development. However, China's capacity for independent technology innovation must be improved. Firstly, China's independent innovation capacity in key core technology areas could be more robust. This mainly manifests in China's reliance on imported technologies and equipment in high-end manufacturing and emerging industries. Although China has made certain technological breakthroughs in specific fields, there is a particular gap between China and the international advanced level. Secondly, the investment in technological research and development of Chinese enterprises must be increased. Although the R&D investment of Chinese enterprises is gradually growing as more attention is paid to scientific and technological innovation, there still needs to be a significant gap compared with developed countries. In particular, the R&D investment of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively low, resulting in the overall level of independent technological innovation not being high. Again, China needs to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. For a long time, the construction of China's intellectual property protection system has been lagging, and the problem of intellectual property infringement is relatively prominent, which has formed a particular obstacle to independent technological innovation. Therefore, studying economic digital development restrictions and development strategies has profound theoretical and practical significance in the new development pattern.

Study on the Limitations of Economic Digitalization and Development Strategies under the New Development Strategy

With the rapid development of the digital economy and the rise of the industrial Internet, China has made significant progress in terms of industrial competitiveness and industrial innovation and development. However, China's capacity for independent technology innovation must be improved. Firstly, China's independent innovation capacity in key core technology areas could be more robust. This mainly manifests in China's reliance on imported technologies and equipment in high-end manufacturing and emerging industries. Although China has made certain technological breakthroughs in specific fields, there is a particular gap between China and the international advanced level. Secondly, the investment in technological research and development of Chinese enterprises must be increased. Although the R&D investment of Chinese enterprises is gradually growing as more attention is paid to scientific and technological innovation, there still needs to be a significant gap compared with developed countries. In particular, the R&D investment of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively low, resulting in the overall level of independent technological innovation not being high. Again, China needs to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights. For a long time, the construction of China's intellectual property protection system has been lagging, and the problem of intellectual property infringement is relatively prominent, which has formed a particular obstacle to independent technological innovation. Therefore, studying economic digital development restrictions and development strategies has profound theoretical and practical significance in the new development pattern.

Who does technology serve? A critical analysis of sociocultural factors shaping opportunities, practices and barriers faced by a smallholders in south-western Colombia

This article offers a critical approach towards adopting new technologies as a mitigation strategy. It provides a comprehensive analysis that helps illuminate the adoption process and the sociocultural factors intersecting and informing it. Using a capability approach lens and qualitative and participatory data collection methods, this study presents and analyses the testimonies of smallholders living on Colombia’s Pacific coast, currently exposed to a series of interventions that promote changes in production decisions to contribute to reducing national greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, improved forages, silvopastoral systems and new practices, such as the implementation of rotational pasturing, have been promoted as relevant new approaches. The results show that access to new technologies generates new capabilities, for instance the ability to plan for the challenges imposed by climate change or to develop new strategies to allow the soil to recover naturally. However, these new possibilities are unevenly distributed, creating disadvantages for groups that generally experience conditions of vulnerability, such as young farmers and women. The testimonies also show that many of the promoted initiatives emphasise the need for adaptation and change on the part of smallholders without considering the limitations of technology, the gender issues that affect the inclusion of women and the dynamics that set barriers to young smallholders due to economic restrictions or power issues. Therefore, the study contends that, when understanding technology adoption, it is not only a question of what farmers do or do not do but of what they can be and do in increasingly demanding contexts.

The implementation of Palestine’s national teacher education strategy: a case study

In the Middle East and North Africa region, including Palestine, the current teaching reforming trend toward international accountability and standards adoption is grounded by economic globalization. The Ministry of Education and Higher Education (MoEHE) in Palestine has been committed to attaining such a movement. With the aim of qualifying teachers, the national “Teacher Education Strategy” (TES) has been launched. This study examines the TES implementation process in Palestine. The implementation research is a critical aspect in analyzing the rationality, dynamism, and complexity of policy processes. Based on the case study methodology and utilization of a multi-disciplinary framework, the researcher gathered and comprehended the data. Zoom interviews and document analysis were applied for data collection. Moreover, the developed analytic model enabled the researcher to delve into the implementation process by examining aspects such as communication enforcement, delivery structure, policy objectives, roles and disposition of implementers, and socio-economic and political factors. However, a collective effort to reform teacher education has been hindered by several factors. Neoliberal policies and external influences, alongside political and economic restrictions, as well as the centralized and vertical structure of the MoEHE, have complicated Palestinians’ vision for decentralization in education. These challenges have impeded the development of a modern education system. Despite the many accomplishments, the core element of TES objectives has not been achieved yet. For authentic implementation, this research argues for an interaction of global and local discourses to achieve a higher consistency between the implementation goals and outcomes. It recommends a multiple-case design and comparative future studies.

The textile industry labour market formation in Russia during the 30s and 60s of the XIX century: collisions and problems

Using the example of the activity at S.V. Morozov’s factory in the township of Nikolskoye (the Pokrov district, the Vladimir province), the article reveals the difficulties typical for the formation of a hired workforce labour market in the textile industry during the 30s and early 60s of the XIX century. The author uses archival documents to analyze the problems of relations between entrepreneurs, hired workers and local authorities. The research proves the fact that the textile industry labour market formation took place under economic, class and legal restrictions.