Economic Motives Research Articles

Consumers’ green attitude and behavior in China and Singapore: The role of altruistic value and perceived consumer effectiveness, economic motive

Consumers’ green attitude and behavior in China and Singapore: The role of altruistic value and perceived consumer effectiveness, economic motive

Relationship of Farmer’s Profile with the Extent of Use of ICTs by the Farmers and Effectiveness of ICTs in Accessing Agricultural Information

Background: This study was conducted to examine the relationship of farmer’s profiles with the extent of use of ICTs by the Farmers and the effectiveness of ICTs in accessing agricultural information. Methods: Ex-post-facto research design were used in this investigation and we have selected total of 1400 farmers from different districts of Gujarat. We studied the relationship between socio-economic and extent of use of ICTs for accessing agricultural information. Result: It observed that the association between education, extension participation, Training received, Mass media exposure, Information source accessibility, Innovativeness, Social participation and Economic motivation were found positively and highly significant with the extent of use of ICTs. The education, extension participation), Training received, Mass media exposure, Information source accessibility, Innovativeness, Social participation and Economic motivation were found positively and highly significant with the effectiveness of ICTs.

Economic Contribution, Characterization, and Motivations of Tourists: The Raymi Llaqta in Peru

This study assesses the economic contribution and motivations of tourists attending the Raymi Llaqta festival in Chachapoyas, Peru. This study used an econometric analysis based on the application of two types of regression models: non-zero truncated Poisson regression and zero-truncated negative binomial regression. Data were collected through face-to-face structured interviews with domestic and foreign tourists who visited Chachapoyas during the festival. Results indicate significant spending on accommodation, food, transportation, and activities. Tourist satisfaction averaged 3.7, with notable appreciation for the festival’s variety, authenticity, local hospitality, and safety. While both foreign and domestic tourists expressed positive views on the cultural representation and organization of the event, they suggested improvements in hygiene and promotional efforts. Despite using a structured questionnaire, response bias could affect the accuracy of self-reported experiences. This research provides valuable insights into the festival’s direct economic impact on the local economy and highlights the importance of high tourist satisfaction for effective marketing strategies.

A model for sustainable development: Advancing digital food retailing

The technological revolution has driven food retail towards self-service technologies (SSTs). The supermarket concept thrived due to consumer convenience and direct food access. This qualitative study explored the modernization of food retail through new technologies, focusing on Canadian stakeholders’ perceptions. Using a grounded theory approach, it aimed to create a sustainable digital food system model addressing social and moral food access aspects. Findings revealed that digitalization in food retail is driven by economic motives and stakeholders’ desire for collaboration and partnership to support food access.

Democracy, visa-waivers, and international mobility

In examining visa-waiver agreements, previous studies have primarily focused on economic motivations and effects. In this article, we explore the potential political motivations and consequences. Particularly, we propose that there is a positive relationship between visa-waivers and democracy. We test this using a global dataset that records bilateral travel visa requirements for all countries between 1973 and 2013. We find support for our main hypothesis. We also examine the relationship between democracy, visa waivers and economic development. Contrary to our expectations, we find that democracy continues to exert influence on visa waivers even at high levels of income. Non-democracies fail to attain visa waivers even when they are wealthy. Finally, we explore whether visa waivers could have an impact on individuals’ attitudes towards democracy. Using survey data from 18 Latin American countries, we find suggestive evidence that that visa-waivers can have a positive impact on individuals’ democratic attitudes. Taken together, the findings suggest that democracy and visa-waivers might have a mutually reinforcing relationship.

Examining the Writings of Satoshi Nakamoto: A Monetary Analysis of the Bitcoin Protocol

ABSTRACT This paper considers the design of the Bitcoin protocol from a monetary perspective. To this end, it relies heavily on the publications of the creator(s) of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto, on different mailing lists and forums. It first expounds the political and economic motives which led Nakamoto to build an electronic system of payment based on ‘proof’ rather than on ‘trust’. Then, it considers the predetermined nature of the issue of bitcoins and support the view that one consequence of this issuing rule is that the bitcoin has no ‘monetary standard’ in any of the senses that have been attributed to this term in the literature. Finally, it deals with the concept of ‘synthetic commodity money’ and the widespread comparison of bitcoin to the Iraqi Swiss dinar. The conception of the monetary standard as a measure of the appreciation or depreciation of money is then used to distinguish the bitcoin from the Iraqi Swiss dinar.

The Ecotourism Industry's Role in Environmental Stewardship

Indeed, the overall rise in environmental pollution from natural ecosystems has become one of the major threats to biodiversity and the health of any given community across the globe. Traditional tourism has been blamed as one of the prime agents of this environmental degradation; hence, the need for alternatives in sustainability is becoming increasingly pressing. This paper explores in detail the potential this industry holds for transforming the paradigm from pollution to preservation. It demonstrates how ecotourism, through the use of sustainability and environmental education, can be among the most powerful tools in combating the negative impacts of pollution on sensitive ecosystems. The article now discusses a few important case studies from different parts of the world to clearly show how ecotourism efforts have helped reduce pollution, protect natural habitats, and improve biodiversity. The discussion considers how tourism would encourage tourists and locals to take environmentally conscious actions in the interest of the environment, minimizing waste, reducing carbon footprints, and offering protection to natural resources. Besides, the article sets up that ecotourism has economic motives that include providing financial rewards for the conservation of ecosystems and offering sustainable livelihoods to people living within and around the protected areas. The article further talks about the ecotourism challenges, such as "greenwashing" and a rigorous regulatory framework in place, to ensure the ecotourism practices actually help in environmental preservation. This paper will suggest ways in which governments, local communities, environmental organizations, and the tourism industry, in greater ways, should be co-operative in having an optimal benefit on environmental sustainability through ecotourism. In other words, what this article suggests is that ecotourism in itself is not going to solve the problem of environmental pollution, and it remains important in the greater scheme of environmental stewardship. It is possible that this transition-from pollution to preservation-is being led by ecotourism, where responsible travel and conservation, coupled with sensitization about environmental problems, take place. The article calls for continued research and increased investment in the practice of sustainable tourism to finally see ecotourism live up to its promise as a driver of ecological sustainability and an example for other industries to follow.

Under the Belt and Road Initiative: A comparative study of the China investment in construction sector in Southeast Asia

This study investigates the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on the construction sector in Southeast Asia, focusing on Thailand, Malaysia, and Cambodia. Qualitative research approach is used to analyze the implications of Chinese investments in these countries, exploring both the opportunities and challenges faced by Chinese investors. Key research questions address the resilience of the construction sector, the obstacles encountered by investors, and the influence of policy on the construction business. Through interviews with CEOs and senior managers of major construction companies and a review of relevant documents, the study uncovers the economic and geopolitical motivations behind China’s BRI strategy. The findings reveal significant insights into the benefits and drawbacks of BRI financing, providing recommendations for overcoming challenges and leveraging future opportunities in Southeast Asian construction sectors.

Rethinking creative commons licensing: A policy proposal to safeguard against copyright trolling and enhance knowledge sharing

This paper addresses the pressing need to reform Creative Commons (CC) licensing in response to the challenges posed by copyright trolling. The paper highlights how these factors undermine the integrity of knowledge-sharing ecosystems by examining the economic motivations behind copyright trolling and the ambiguities in existing CC licenses. It proposes a dual approach that combines policy advocacy with theoretical development, recommending clear licensing language, anti-trolling provisions, and the establishment of an oversight body to protect users while maintaining creator incentives. Through case studies and analysis, the paper illustrates the potential benefits of these reforms, advocating for a more equitable and inclusive framework that fosters creativity, collaboration, and access to knowledge. Ultimately, the aim is to recalibrate the balance of power within the licensing landscape, ensuring that both creators and users can engage freely and securely in sharing creative works.

Obliged tolerance: Power at the intersection of everyday peace and the intervention economy

This article explores the economic relationships of host and refugee communities in the context of international humanitarian interventions and their implications for everyday peace. It argues for an expanded understanding of power in everyday peace, incorporating an analysis of the interplay between international interventions, local power dynamics and everyday peace. It responds to the call for increased attention to the economic dimensions of peacebuilding, particularly at the local level. The article introduces the concept of obliged tolerance to explain some of the socioeconomic motivations for different actors in the intervention economy to engage in everyday peace processes. Those benefitting from the international intervention actuate less empowered community members to practice tolerance for peaceful coexistence which sustains the economic benefits derived from the intervention economy. The findings from research conducted in Lebanon indicate that humanitarian interventions shape a peace that primarily benefits affluent and influential actors, while marginalised individuals engage in everyday peace for survival and to pursue socioeconomic opportunities. By integrating an analysis of everyday economic interactions, this article highlights the role of power dynamics and economic motivations based on obliged tolerance in shaping everyday peace, challenging conventional notions of everyday peace as a social coping mechanism that people practice entirely voluntarily.

Factors influencing emigration decisions among Bulgarian health professionals

Abstract Background Migration patterns of health professionals are influenced by a variety of factors, including personal, economic, social, political, and cultural ones. This study aims to investigate the factors that influence the emigration decisions of both Bulgarian health professionals who have been abroad and those without such experience. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022 using an online questionnaire among 447 health workers in Bulgaria. The influence of factors on health professionals’ decision to migrate was measured on a 4-point scale (from “no influence” to “very strong influence”). The factors were grouped into three levels - macro (country and health system), meso (health facility) and micro (individual). Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine differences between the two groups of health professionals at a 0.05 significance level. Results At macro level, a higher standard of living in the destination country was the primary factor influencing the emigration decisions of the individuals who have been abroad (n = 109), with a mean value of 3.62 (p < 0.001). Conversely, the opportunity to work in a better-organized health system was the predominant motivator for those without such experience (3.36, p < 0.035). At meso level, remuneration received (3.70, p < 0.001) was the most significant driver for the individuals with a migration background, while better working conditions (3.31, p < 0.006) had the strongest influence for the other group. At micro level, both groups agreed on the importance of enhanced recognition of the medical profession abroad (3.69 vs. 3.49, p < 0.013) as a key determinant. Conclusions On the whole, health professionals with no migration experience exhibited lower mean values for the observed factors. Furthermore, economic drivers appeared to be more significant for respondents with a migration background, while the other group attached greater importance to the motives related to the health system and the profession. Key messages • Health workers migrate for a variety of reasons with economic motives playing a pivotal role in shaping migration decisions. • Recognizing the motives that predominantly impact migration attitudes is a crucial step in the development of appropriate retention policies.

Economic origins of border fortifications

Why do contemporary states fortify their borders? Modern military advancements have made such fortifications obsolete for security, yet scholars have offered no satisfactory alternative theory. I propose a theory of fortifications with economic motivations using a game-theoretic model where states compete to extract wealth over a shared population around a border. Such competition generates inefficiency and states have the option to construct fortifications to disrupt competition. Fortifications contain the wealth of citizens inside the state to be taxed and enforce efficient monopolies of extraction. States hence fortify when such profits outweigh short-term expenses. The models suggest that we should expect fortifications between territories of unequal economic capacities as richer states have more to lose from inefficient competition, complementing existing empirical results.

How and Why Top Executives Influence Innovation: A Review of Mechanisms and a Research Agenda

Scholars have shown increasing interest in the relationship between top executives and firm innovation. However, no systematic effort has been made to integrate or synthesize the theoretical mechanisms in this literature. Without such an integrative framework, this field remains fragmented, offering limited guidance for future research. In this study, we integrate and synthesize findings from over 100 articles on the effects of top executives on innovation. Our review identifies four major categories of theoretical mechanisms (Motivations, Cognitions, Leadership Behaviors, and Influences), eleven sub-categories of mechanisms, and three prominent causal chains in the literature. Our review also examines how these mechanisms align with those in the broader innovation literature, highlighting numerous opportunities for future research. These include deeper integration within and across four categories of mechanisms in strategic leadership literature, drawing insights from strategic leadership research to better inform future research on organizational motivations for innovation, examining top executives’ economic motivations for innovation, and elucidating how strategic leaders shape absorptive and economic capacities to innovate.

Factors Determining the Welfare of Family Circular Mobility of Labor from Nusa Penida in the Tourism Sector in Ubud

The main motivation for people to move from their area (rural) to urban is an economic motive. This motive developed due to economic inequality between regions. The most recommended condition is a rational consideration, where individuals mobilize to the city is the expectation of getting a job and earning a higher income than what is obtained in the village (Mantra, 1992). The purpose of this study is to determine the Determinants of Family Welfare of Circular Mobility Actors of Labor from Nusa Penida in the Tourism Sector in Ubud. The research method used is associative because it aims to find the influence of independent variables on one or more dependent variables. The results of the study concluded that: Employment status directly has a positive and significant effect on circular migrant remittances in Ubud District. Then skills, employment status and education level directly have a positive and insignificant effect on circular migrant remittances in Ubud District. Remitan has no positive and insignificant effect on circular migrant remittances in Ubud District.

The Dragon's Overwatch: Chinese Private Security Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean

This scholarly disquisition furnishes a comprehensive exploration of the burgeoning presence of Chinese private security companies (PSCs) across Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), delving into the strategic repercussions for regional security architectures and national sovereignty imperatives. Employing a meticulous qualitative methodology encompassing a thorough literature review, policy document analysis, and an examination of Chinese-language sources, the research elucidates the salient drivers catalyzing this phenomenon. These precipitating factors span cultural affinities, economic motivations, geopolitical ambitions, and the exigent security challenges besetting Chinese commercial entities operating within the LAC region. The operational modes of Chinese PSCs are subjected to forensic scrutiny, illuminating their diverse service offerings, geographical permeation across the region, and the obstacles they confront. Furthermore, the inquiry contextualizes the issue within the broader geopolitical milieu, accentuating concerns regarding transparency lacunae, regulatory deficiencies, and potential avenues for Chinese intelligence and military machinations, thereby potentially destabilizing the regional equilibrium. Ultimately, the research culminates in a series of substantive policy prescriptions aimed at mitigating risks, fortifying regional stability, and safeguarding national sovereignty through capacity-building initiatives, constructive engagement with Beijing, enhanced transparency mechanisms, and robust regional cooperation frameworks.

Socio-psychological Paradigms and Economic Metrics of the Beneficiary Farmers of Centrally Sponsored Agricultural Schemes: A Comprehensive Evaluation of PKVY, PMKSY and SHC in Maharashtra

The present study focused on assessing the socio-psychological constructs and economic variables of beneficiaries of centrally sponsored agricultural schemes namely Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), and the Soil Health Card Scheme (SHC). An ex post facto research design was employed in the present study. Amravati and Buldhana districts in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra was selected for the study. For the proposed study 60 beneficiary farmers were selected from Amravati districts and 60 beneficiary farmers were selected from Buldhana districts for each scheme. Thus, for the three schemes, a total of 360 beneficiary farmers were selected from seven selected talukas of two districts of Vidarbha for three schemes. Majority of the middle aged respondents (61.11%) having secondary school level of education (39.44%) received low level of training (59.00%), but PKVY beneficiaries received high level of training (73.33%). Majority of the overall respondents had small land holdings (40.28%) with 1.01 to 1.50 ha. of irrigation potential (41.39%) having biseasonal cropping system (96.94%). Beneficiary farmers had sound financial background with 35.83 per cent of PKVY respondents with annual income in the range of Rs. 2,07,901 to 3,35,301/-, 56.67 per cent of PMKSY respondents in an annual income range of Rs. 2,86,962 to Rs. 4,77,753/-, and 40.83 per cent of SHC respondents in the range of Rs. 2,10,101 to 3,29,701/- annual income respectively. In overall beneficiaries of centrally sponsored agricultural schemes, 63.89 per cent of the respondents had medium level of social participation, source of information (65.00%), innovativeness (58.33%), economic motivation (47.50 %) and benefits accrued (43.06%). The study revealed lower participation of older farmers, indicating a need for targeted outreach and simplified training. Educated farmers benefited more, suggesting their role in promoting new technologies. Local information sources, like friends and relatives, were crucial, emphasizing the need for Gram Sabhas and exhibitions to improve awareness and participation.

The target group of policy

ABSTRACT Policy is typically aimed at behaviour change within a target group. It is traditionally assumed that this target group makes an economic calculation and bases its decision on whether or not to comply. Previous research has shown that, in addition to economic motives, other motives also play a role in the considerations of the target group. However, previous research does not consider to what extent the target group actually acts compliant or non-compliant. This research not only examines the different motives, but also provides a picture of the actual level of compliance, in order to assess and explain policy effectiveness. It appears that motives alone do not explain the degree to which a target group actually acts compliant. This degree is rather explained by the target group’s assessment of current circumstances combined with underlying motives.

Motivation for Vietnamese Consumers’ Intention to Buy Second Hand Clothes

This article clarifies the impact of motivations on Vietnamese consumers’ intention to buy used clothes. Research using in-depth interview method with 2 groups of subjects, in which, the target of first group is used clothing businesmen, the second target group is consumers who have bought and used second hand clothes. The research was conducted first to: explore, detect and understand the nature and influence of the buying motives of used clothes on the purchase intention of consumers in Vietnam. Research results have shown that Vietnamese consumers have motives for buying clothes with four groups of motives: economic motives, personal enjoyment motives, social moral motives and fashion motives. Thereby helping businesses can segment the Vietnamese consumer market according to the motive of buying used clothes. In addition, helping state management agencies to see more accurately about consumers' attitudes towards used clothes, thereby having effective sanctions to manage this trade industry. results, ensuring the fair and sustainable development of the fashion industry.

Contributions of Ottoman Fatwā Collections to Inheritance Law: An Analysis of Legal Opinions by the 16th-Century Chief Muftīs

Abstract This article investigates the contributions of Ottoman fatwā collections to inheritance law, focusing on the 16th-century chief muftīs’ fatāwā. It emphasizes the significance of fatawa in understanding Ottoman inheritance law and explores various aspects of the division of estate, highlighting the socio-legal dynamics and the use of fatawa by individuals seeking legal advice. Within this framework, it examines why individuals preferred obtaining fatawa from chief muftīs for the division of the estate over other options. The methodology of this study involved a comprehensive analysis of fatwā collections from 16th-century Ottoman chief muftīs, focusing on categorizing and interpreting these fatawa to understand their impact on inheritance law. The study reveals that economic considerations, complex family structures, mathematical issues in estate division, and specific legal situations significantly influenced individuals’ preference for seeking fatāwā. Through analyzing fatwā collections, the study uncovers economic motivations behind this preference, revealing how fatāwā offered a cost-effective solution for heirs, alongside addressing specific legal challenges like ‘awl and munāsakha.

중국 4대 직할시 온라인 플랫폼 창업자의 창업동기, 개인역량, 창업환경요인이 창업행동에 미치는 영향 : 사업기회포착의 매개효과를 중심으로

With the technological advancements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, traditional manufacturing industries are transitioning to platform entrepreneurship utilizing AI and robotics technology. This shift contributes to national economic growth and job creation, aligning with the “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” initiative advocated by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang in 2015, which drives the development of the platform economy. This study empirically analyzes the impact of entrepreneurial motivation, individual competencies, and entrepreneurial environmental factors on entrepreneurial behavior, with a mediating effect of business opportunity recognition, based on data collected from 515 online platform entrepreneurs in China’s four major municipalities. Using SPSS V. 24.0 and Process Macro 4.0 for analysis, the results indicate that economic and non-economic motivations, interpersonal competencies, digital utilization competencies, entrepreneurial education, financial status evaluation, and entrepreneurial support programs positively influence entrepreneurial behavior, with business opportunity recognition playing a crucial mediating role. Among these factors, financial status evaluation emerged as the most significant variable affecting entrepreneurial behavior. This finding demonstrates that an entrepreneur's ability to identify and evaluate business opportunities significantly impacts their entrepreneurial preparation and execution. Conversely, problem-solving competencies showed no direct effect on entrepreneurial behavior nor a mediating effect through business opportunity recognition. The traditional Chinese culture emphasizing guanxi (relationships) highlights the greater importance of interpersonal competencies over problem-solving or digital utilization competencies in business success. Therefore, to promote online platform entrepreneurship, it is essential to provide systematic financial education and continuous entrepreneurial support, enable networking and interpersonal skill‘s development programs, and offer practical support measures considering the impact of entrepreneurial environmental factors such as financial status evaluation on entrepreneurial behavior.