Economic Institutions Research Articles

Agricultural land, governance, and institutional change: Evidence from a Bulgarian study

New Institutional Economics (NIE) uses solutions from law, economics and organization. The purpose of this article is to link in a single analytical approach the institutional environment, its change in the organizations uniting in one, what is happening in contracts with agricultural lands. The explanation of this type of governance means to integrate: theoretical definitions; formal rules (laws, court decisions and other legal acts); economic institutions—means and mechanisms of exchange; legal and economic forms in which, through governance of transactions property rights are transferred and protected. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to present the elements of the institutional matrix that are the cause of changes in subordination and coordination. Following the process of implementing an approach for reconciling the legal and economic nature of the contract forms and integrating the states, contract organizations and transaction costs in a common model. In order to solve the research problems tasks are adapted methods from law, economics, statistics. Such are: (a) positive legal analysis of legislation; (b) historical (retrospective) method of analysis of changes; (c) discrete-structural analysis to explain the process; (d) comparative-institutional analysis to clarify alternatives and an explanation of any of the effects; (е) regression analysis to model the relationships and present possible one’s scenarios to show the direction in which changes are needed. Changes in legislation, legal forms, mechanisms and the amount of payments create new behavioral patterns that change the contract. Therefore, in retrospect, we are witnessing how the number of changes in legal acts, the amount of fees; the number of participants-administrators of the processes; the number and registers - change the number of transactions; the duration of the actions in the contracts, which ultimately predetermines the different amounts of transaction costs for agricultural lands. This interdependence was established by constructing an econometric model. The analysis presents opportunities for change that would lead to scenarios with a reduced level of transaction costs, that is, improving governance and showing the way to improve the institutional environment related to agricultural lands in Bulgaria.

Losing consent – the evolution of the danwei management policies from a Maoist perspective

ABSTRACT The danwei (work unit) system is a unique political and economic institution in China; inside a danwei, all aspects of workers’ activities are taken care of. The transformations of the danwei system’s management have long been a hot topic in academia. Many scholars have shared their views on understanding the transformations of the danwei’s management. However, very few of them have understood danwei’s management transformations from the perspective of Mao Zedong. Mao, as one of the most important founders of the danwei system, had conducted numerous studies on Marxist theories and Soviet practices of socialist enterprise management and had formed a unique understanding of how a genuine socialist enterprise operates. By setting up a triangular comparison model, this article compares Maoist thoughts on management with danwei’s management policies before and after 1978. This article concludes that, from a Maoist perspective, the pre-1978 danwei system had set up a management system in which workers drew their ‘self-generated consent’ through democratic mechanisms. In contrast, the post-1978 danwei management has abnegated most of the democratic mechanisms and replaced workers’ ‘self-generated consent’ with cadre-controlled ‘manufactured consent.’ The entire danwei system is gradually ‘losing its consent’ from the working class unless multiple reform initiatives take place in the future.

The Role of Muhammadiyah in Education in Indonesia

Muhammad Darwis or better known as K.H. Ahmad Dahlan was the founder of Muhammadiyah on 8 Dzulhijjah 1330 Hijriah, coinciding with 18 November 1912, in the Kauman village of Yogyakarta. This research uses a qualitative approach to explore visual objects in the study area which, according to the views of local residents, have certain signs or symbols. Meanwhile, in the preparation the author used a type of research in the form of field research, with the aim of finding out real and specific phenomena that occur in society. In order for the data that the author describes to be academically accountable, a certain method is needed in conducting research. The results of the research explain that Muhammadiyah continues to increase its role and expand its work in improving and advancing Islamic education in Indonesia from time to time. A very real result is the creation of charitable efforts consisting of thousands of schools ranging from kindergartens to universities, hospitals, maternity centers, orphanages, nursing homes, social homes and economic institutions. With its educational potential, Muhammadiyah has made a very significant contribution to the development of national education in an effort to make the nation's life more intelligent. Muhammadiyah's educational contribution is quite proportional when compared to all privately managed education.

Not following the script: When institutional development is uneven

AbstractThree characteristics of developed twenty‐first century countries are high levels of state capacity, democracy, and economic freedom. This article compares countries that lack one of the characteristics with countries that have more even levels of institutional development. Countries which lack democracy use other means to secure political legitimacy, and those without strong states are geographically concentrated in Latin America and eastern Europe. Those without liberalised economic institutions are an idiosyncratic group that have unconventional historical paths. These findings speak to the prospects for development outside the liberal democratic path, the nature of development in the absence of a state, and unexplored determinants of economic freedom.

Digital literacy and financial inclusion in virtual economies: Analyzing the role of education in shaping attitudes toward cryptocurrencies

The development of cryptocurrencies has altered traditional economic institutions and financial inclusion. This study investigates the complicated relationships between education, digital literacy, cryptocurrency views, and financial inclusion in virtual economies, addressing a key gap in comprehending the disruptive dynamics of emerging financial technologies. Undergraduate, postgraduate, and PhD students from private universities in Delhi NCR were polled using a standardized questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. According to the study, higher education boosts digital literacy, cryptocurrency opinions and financial inclusion. Although education is critical for financial inclusion, the link between positive attitudes about cryptocurrencies and financial inclusion remains uncertain. As virtual currencies expand, these results urge policymakers and educators to concentrate on digital literacy and positive attitudes in order to promote inclusive financial ecosystems.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ ЛЮДЕЙ В РАМКАХ НЕОРТОДОКСАЛЬНОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ МЫСЛИ

This article examines the economic behavior of people from the point of view of unorthodox economic thought. Traditional economic theories often assume that people act rationally and seek to maximize their benefits. However, the real behavior of people is much more complex and multifaceted, which leads to the need to revise classical approaches. It also analyzes the basic principles and methods of unorthodox economic thought, such as behavioral economics, institutional economics, evolutionary economics, and others. The influence of psychological, social and cultural factors on economic decision-making is considered, as well as the role of irrationality and limited rationality in economic behavior. The author emphasizes the need to integrate these approaches into economic theory for a more complete and accurate modeling of economic processes.

The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Multipronged Approach to the Repression of Kurds

Since the establishment of the modern Iranian nation-state in 1923, successive regimes and governments of Iran have pursued an intricate policy of suppressing and persecuting its Kurdish people, presenting a significant threat to the Kurdish national identity, culture, and society. The successive Iranian regimes have, along with military means, employed the state’s cultural, educational, religious, and economic institutions to accomplish their goals of assimilating and conquering the Kurds. An examination of Kurdish history and politics in Iran reveals that while the international community has some knowledge of the Iranian state’s extensive deployment of military force and explicit militarization of Iranian Kurdistan (Rojhelat/East Kurdistan), the broader psychological and nonmilitary (soft power) practices employed to suppress the Kurdish movement, identity, and culture are lesser known to the outside world. By focusing on mass media and policies of “divide-and-rule” as measures and mechanisms used by the Iranian state to subdue its Kurdish citizens, this article aims to provide an analysis of the post-1979 state-Kurdish relationships in Iran.

Reputation System as a Digital Socio-Economic Institution: Willingness to Sell in Online Markets

This study examines the features and big data consisting of digital trace records from economic actions within Bukalapak's reputation system and their impact on the willingness to sell (WTS) electronic products. Digital mixed content analysis was used to analyze the rapidly evolving digital-social-based economic institution infrastructure. Data were collected, analyzed, and visualized using Python and analyzed using the concepts of new economic institutions and WTS. The findings indicate that the reputation system is a formal element comprising algorithms, rules, scripts, and patterns. This system facilitates social processes through feedback mechanisms in product descriptions, comments, reviews, ratings, and badges, which generate informal elements such as norms, trust, and symbolic values. These two elements are interconnected into an institutional framework whose function is to ensure that the market, characterized by high levels of anonymous transactions, uncertainty, and asymmetric information, can remain stable and meet the expectations of the actors involved.

An alternative organizational model for a more democratic and equitable digital economy: A systematic literature review on platform cooperativism through the lens of stakeholder theory. Competitive advantages and challenges

AbstractPlatform cooperatives, namely, businesses that sell goods or services primarily through a website, mobile app, or protocol and commit to the principles of democratic governance and shared ownership, have lately been proposed as a more sustainable, equitable and, under certain conditions, even efficient alternative to the organizational model of commercial platforms. Accordingly, they have been presented as economic institutions capable of involving all their relevant stakeholders in an extended and inclusive governance structure. Nevertheless, this emerging literature is still characterized by the lack of a holistic and analytic framework connecting the dispersed studies on the topic through the lens of stakeholder theory and detailing strategic complementarities between these different stakeholders. Related to this point, while dealing with the competitive advantages and challenges of platform cooperatives, little reference has been made to the existing debate in governance theory about the advantages and challenges of cooperative firms as compared to capitalist ones. These research gaps motivated our literature review, which is the first comprehensive systematic review specifically focused on this topic. Given the still‐emerging character of the research object, our work also makes way for future updates as new contributions are gradually published.

Economic Policies and Their Influence on Livestock Market Dynamics

Purpose: The general objective of the study was to explore the economic policies and their influence on livestock market dynamics. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to economic policies and their influence on livestock market dynamics. Preliminary empirical review revealed that fiscal policies, such as subsidies and tax incentives, play a crucial role in reducing production costs and stabilizing market supply. Likewise, monetary policies, including interest rate adjustments, influence investment and innovation within the sector. Trade policies, such as tariffs and free trade agreements, affect market competitiveness and access to international markets. Regulatory policies concerning animal health and environmental protection ensure product quality and consumer confidence. The study emphasizes the need for balanced and well-designed policies across all these areas to support the sustainable growth of the livestock industry. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Keynesian Economic Theory, Neoclassical Economic Theory and Institutional Economic Theory may be used to anchor future studies on economic policies and their influence on livestock market dynamics. The study significantly advances theoretical understanding by elucidating the intricate relationship between economic policies and livestock market dynamics. It recommends further exploration into the interplay of fiscal, monetary, trade, and regulatory policies to develop comprehensive models predicting market behavior accurately. Practically, the study advises livestock producers to adopt adaptive management practices, staying informed about policy changes and implementing flexible business strategies. Industry associations are urged to disseminate policy information and support farmers in navigating shifts. From a policy standpoint, coherence, targeting, and responsiveness to sectoral needs are underscored, advocating for a holistic approach to policy design. Fiscal policies should support short-term stability and long-term sustainability, targeting critical areas like feed costs and infrastructure. Monetary policies should balance investment stimulation with inflation control, while trade and regulatory policies should negotiate balanced agreements and stringent standards to ensure competitiveness and safety in the global market. Keywords: Economic Policies, Livestock Market Dynamics, Fiscal Policies, Monetary Policies, Trade Policies, Adaptive Management Practices, Industry Associations, Policy Coherence

ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT, INFORMATION, AND ARCHIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE ONBASE SYSTEM

Objective: The study aims to familiarize readers with the Onbase system for electronic document management. To highlight its key features and operational methods,to elucidate its functionalities. Theoretical Framework: Data were meticulously collected through document and record searches related to the Onbase system by accessing Hyland's official website, the system's designer, and various online platforms that provide discussions about the system. Method: We employed the descriptive method based on analysis to elucidate the operational methods of the Onbase document management system and to accentuate its components and distinctive features. Results and Discussion: The study has conclusively demonstrated that the OnBase system facilitates: Efficient management of an extensive volume of documents, files, and archives, the system strategically supports the digitization of documents and archives, as well as the overall digitization of business processes; these capabilities ensure reliable document access within the institution and support remote work, thereby redefining modern business and administrative operations. Research Implications: The implementation of an Electronic Document Management (EDM) system is crucial for institutions aiming to advance their digital transformation. These systems render information instantly available, thereby facilitating the daily operations of employees through the use of an assortment of digital tools and methods for creating, digitizing, organizing, indexing, classifying, searching, and archiving documents. This structured approach to information management via the OnBase system contributes significantly to the efficiency of administration within institutions. In the study, we presented a successful experience of the Marine Studies Laboratory and the Algerian Total Company in adopting the OnBase system. Originality/Value: This study will contribute to the literature by enhancing our understanding of the use, key features, and functionality of document management, information management, and archival systems. This information will be valuable for individuals interested in improving document and information management systems in economic institutions. It may contribute to making better decisions and enhancing efficiency and effectiveness in document, information, and archival management.

Structuring and Development of Poultry Sectors in Algeria: Limits of Modernization Policies: The Case of the “Turkey” Sector (2000-2020)

Background: The Algerian poultry industry has had the biggest growth in the country. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that the modernization of the poultry industry, driven by the policies pertaining to poultry that Algeria enacted between 2000 and 2020, did not result in the creation of governance structures that were in line with the demands of improving the performance of these industries. This theory is supported by the “Turkey” sector example. Methods: In order to explain Algeria’s poor governance of the poultry industry, the new institutional economy (NIE) invests within the framework of the “Sector” approach. The 1,288 units of turkey farms dispersed among 38 wilayas, or 80% of all the wilayats in the nation representing all possible production regions, were the subject of surveys conducted on turkey farms between 2015 and 2017. Result: The “atomized” breeding structures, the importance of “independent” breeding, the lack of economies of scale, the low level of development of integrated production and the absence of hybrid institutional arrangements are what set the “Turkey” sector apart, according to an analysis of its organizational structures. All of these things contribute to high production and transaction costs. Nonetheless, the “turkey” sector’s lack of coordination mechanisms continues to be a serious problem that causes abrupt changes and volatility in producer pricing, which in turn causes cyclical crises. These crises are a source of uncertainty and dangerous hazards, especially for small farms.

Improving the Organization of Quasi-Professional Activities of Masters of Adaptive Physical Education as a Guarantee of Increasing Professional Competence

Introduction. The article discusses the problem: what are the effective forms and methods of work of developing professional competence among masters of the department of physical education in the field of training “Physical education for persons with health problems (adaptive physical education)” of the Sevastopol Institute of Economics and Humanities (branch) of the Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the importance of organizational and methodological improvement of the quasi-professional sector of the educational process. Methodology. Using scientific methods of pedagogical observation, questioning, studying the products of pedagogical activity and pedagogical documents, the authors substantiate the role of inclusive competence as an integral part of professional competence, as well as the possibility of its optimal improvement at the quasi-professional stage of the educational process using special pedagogical technologies and methods, including conducting sociocultural inclusive events. Results. It was revealed that masters of the Faculty of Physical Culture have, in general, sufficient and strong theoretical knowledge in the field of inclusion. At the same time, masters who carried out educational activities in traditional forms and in standard organizational and methodological conditions demonstrated unstable, weak skills in applied, practical activities related to inclusive competence. Conclusions. The main reserves for increasing the inclusive competence of master of physical education lie in the quasi-professional sector of the educational process, and the task of increasing the level of inclusive competence of master of physical education, and therefore increasing their overall professional level, can be solved by intensifying and optimizing educational and applied activities at the quasi-professional stage formation of inclusive competence.

The Benefits of Sustainability Integration in Banking

Abstract This study investigates the way banks choose to implement sustainability, and shows the advantages and challenges that this integration brings. We used a methodology that combined bibliometric analysis and case studies that included the integration of sustainability in different banking institutions. What was observed as a result of the study is that a correct adoption of the principles of long-term sustainability have multiple benefits: - increasing operational efficiency - improving the image of banks; positive impact on society and the environment. Through this research we hope to add to the specialized literature, coming with clear evidence that the banking environment can contribute with a positive impact on sustainability. The decision-making factors in the management and the board of the banking institutions use these evidences as information that can later be transformed into performance indicators, indicators that will contribute through their results to encouraging the implementation of sustainable development within the banks. We know that the future comes with climatic challenges, or precisely a sustainable banking strategy that includes the analysis of all risks can generate a balance sheet behind anticipated. This integration of sustainability in the banking sector encompasses environmental, social and governance (ESG) principles; ESG has gained increasing attention in recent years. "Sustainable economic development has become an important factor on the agenda of various economic and business institutions, so banks and financial institutions are also an essential part of this trend" (Tarkhanova, 2018). Case studies from real institutions are included to exemplify successful implementations (BNP PARIBAS Personal Finance). Although it faces challenges and obstacles, the banking sector has much to gain by adopting sustainability from a social, corporate governance and economic perspective.

Enhancing Financial Security in the Digital Age: Mitigating Risks of Virtual Currencies Through Regulation and Institutional Mechanisms

Abstract The swift rise of virtual currencies (VCs) as financial instruments has raised concerns about their ability to increase risks in the global financial system, especially given the current geopolitical instability. This article examines the connection between virtual currencies and financial security, highlighting the importance of strong economic and financial institutions and mechanisms to ensure the reliability of digital assets. We investigate through an extensive literature analysis the various risks linked to VCs, including market volatility, regulatory inconsistencies, and security vulnerabilities, which are exacerbated by geopolitical conflicts. We then examine how institutions have responded to these concerns, focusing on the proactive actions taken by international organizations and national authorities to reduce possible disruptions. The focus of our paper is the Markets in Cryptoassets (MiCA) law, an innovative legislative framework created by the European Union to standardize VC regulation among member states. We analyse the goals and main provisions of MiCA to evaluate its ability to establish an international benchmark for overseeing virtual currencies, ultimately improving investor safety and market integrity. The paper concludes by discussing the changing role of VCs in the geopolitical sphere and supports flexible and cooperative regulatory strategies to balance the advancement of digital assets with financial security needs.

Innovation system in the structure of the institutional environment

Methods. The results were obtained by applying the methods of systems theory in its structural-functional version – to study the structure of the societal system as a basis for understanding the essence and structure of the institutional environment; concepts of logical and historical – when studying the process of transformation of elements of the societal system in the period of postindustrialism, as well as when establishing relationships between innovative and economic systems of society; the method of classifications – when distinguishing the main structural elements of the societal system; scientific abstraction – when formulating the essence of the category of «institutional environment». Results. It was established that there is no unified approach to the essence and structure of the institutional environment in modern scientific literature. It is proved that the definition of the structure of the institutional environment based on the selection of the main functions and the role of each of its elements allows to provide an essential characteristic of this concept. It was established that the main elements of the institutional environment are the socio-cultural system, the economic system, the political-legal system, the social system, the system of nature use, as well as the innovation system with its three subsystems: knowledge, information-communication and innovationtechnological. It is shown that each of the listed systems plays its own special role in the social system and has its own set of institutions at its disposal. Novelty. Based on the selection of the key parameters of the innovation system - its specific subjects, unique functions, original mechanisms and resources of self-development, as well as its specific institutions and organizations, it was possible to single out the innovation system into a separate element of society and separate it from the economic system. The analysis of the structure of the institutional environment made it possible to formulate the essence of this category as a set of basic economic, political-legal, societal, socio-cultural, ecological, and innovative institutions, that is, formal and informal rules, norms, procedures, restrictions, beliefs and customs that lie in value-cognitive, normative-legal and regulatory plane, and which in joint interaction determine the vector of socio-economic development of society. Practical value. Functional definition of the elements of the institutional environment and delineation of their spheres of competence allows for the development of effective mechanisms of influence on ensuring development goals with the help of specific institutions and mechanisms that each element of the institutional environment has at its disposal.

АНАЛИЗ ВОВЛЕЧЁННОСТИ ОБРАЗОВА-ТЕЛЬНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ СФО В ПРОЦЕСС ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ФИНАНСОВОЙ ГРАМОТНОСТИ

The question of leveling up the financial lit-eracy of the population is attracting increas-ing attention from economic institutions of the state. In recent years, the government has actively supported initiatives to develop financial literacy, recognizing the importance of this aspect for the economic development of the country. Higher education institutions play an important role in improving the finan-cial literacy of the population. However, the degree of their involvement in this process may vary. Some universities are actively introducing educational programs on financial literacy into the educational process, conducting seminars, lectures and master classes for students and the general public. Other schools may pay less attention to this topic or may not have specialized financial literacy courses. This article is devoted to the analysis of the involvement of educational organizations in the process of improving financial literacy. To assess the current level of involvement, monitoring of the websites of universities in the Siberian Federal District was carried out, since the level of financial literacy of residents of this territory can be considered as a problematic link that requires additional attention and effort on the part of educational institutions, government bodies and public organizations to increase the awareness and skills of the population in the field finance. The results of the study made it possible to assess the involvement of higher education institutions in the Siberian Federal District in the process of increasing the financial literacy of the population, identify the main problem areas in this area, and offer recommendations for increasing the degree of participation of educational organizations in increasing the level of financial literacy of the population.

Cocoa Farming Commercialization Level and Influencing Factors

Abstract Cocoa in Indonesia is an important agricultural commodity that plays a significant role in the national economy. As the main raw material for the industry, cocoa is recognized as a commercial commodity. However, at the farm level, the issue of subsistence in cocoa farming is believed to still be a current issue. This study aims to measure the level of cocoa farming commercialization and determine the factors influencing it. The research utilizes secondary data from a survey conducted in collaboration between the Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Economics and Management, IPB University, and Maastricht School of Management (MSM) in the Netherlands, under the Project NICHE (The Netherlands Initiative for Capacity Development in Higher Education) in 2016. A total of 270 cocoa farming units were selected from three provinces, namely West Sulawesi, Bali, and West Sumatra. The Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) method was used in this study. The results of the analysis indicate that the characteristics of subsistence cocoa farming are more dominant (54.45 percent) compared to the characteristics of commercial cocoa farming (45.55 percent). The factors influencing the level of cocoa farming commercialization are the characteristics of the farming system and the role of economic institutions related to cocoa farming. Personal characteristics of farmers were not confirmed as determinants of commercialization. The implication of these findings is that the level of commercialization is an outcome of the socio-economic environment in which cocoa farming operates.

Money laundering and terrorist financing risks and democratic governance: a global correlational analysis

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the association between money laundering (ML)/terrorist financing (TF) risks (hereafter, money laundering risks) and democratic governance across 117 countries.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional design was used to examine the association between ML risks and democratic governance by a quantitative approach. The findings are based on annual ratings of 117 countries on ML/TF risks and democracy while controlling for criminality and peace. The data was compiled from the Basel Anti-Money Laundering/Countering Financing Terrorism Risks Index, the Economic Intelligence Unit (Democracy Index), the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crimes (Criminality Index) and the Institute for Economics and Peace Index for 2020.FindingsA multiple linear regression model found a statistically significant negative association between democratic governance and ML risks (B = −0.354, t = −7.454, p = <0.001) and a significant positive association between criminality and ML risks (B = 0.242, t = 2.692, p = 0.008).Research limitations/implicationsA cross-sectional design cannot determine causal inferences and generalization (Levin, 2006). The study only used a year to examine the hypothesis of a negative correlation between ML risks and democratic governance, thus making generalization difficult.Originality/valueExtant literature examined ML, terrorism and AML diversely. There was a need to estimate the association between ML risks and democratic governance, especially globally, during a global crisis like COVID-19, when democratic principles, such as the rule of law, transparency and accountability, are challenged. Many personnel were laid off, thus limiting supervision for ML and TF. This study presents evidence of this association.

Blockchain Solutions for Authorization and Authentication

Recently, most people have been looking for smart services that allow them to do their daily services directly without having to visit local businesses and providers [1]. As observed in recent times, citizens can now apply to open their own commercial file or obtain a passport without having to visit the country's economic institution or the Immigration and Passports headquarters. Additionally, applying or opening accounts in virtual banks also added a lot of services and facilities for users and transactions between countries that can be rapidly provisioned with minimal effort [2]. All these transactions require the user's authentication and identity verification to avoid any personal fraud and save the user's rightsBlockchain technology stands out as one of the most secure technologies available enabling secure transactions without the need for a central authority. Starting in 2009 1, with Bitcoin leveraging blockchain technology, there has been an increasing number of blockchain technology-based solutions. The significance of this work compared to its predecessors is that it uses an existing product and technology to prove the solutions offered by Blockchain and find a solution for authorization and authentication.