Economic Growth Strategy Research Articles

Review Study on Current Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Production Status and Key Challenges for Potential Efficiency of Wheat Markets in Ethiopia

The main aim of this review study is to provide an overview of current wheat production status and the key challenges of future bread wheat marketing competence in Ethiopia. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a prevailing crop in temperate countries and is being used as one of a human sustenance. It is also an important basic food crop in Ethiopia. The success of wheat production depends somewhat on its adaptability and high yield potential, and also based on the gluten protein fraction, which confers the visco-elastic properties that allows its dough to be processed into bread, pasta, noodles and other food products. Improving bread wheat production and productivity as well as facilitating its marketing access is therefore one of a key part of the economic growth strategies in the Ethiopian government’s food self-sufficiency policy programs. The government’s policy interventions that aimed at improving bread wheat production or agricultural production for that matter, however, require involvements beyond the farm lands at the entire bread wheat value chains. Both local production and import are the two key sources of wheat grain supply to the Ethiopian bread wheat value chain have shown a substantial increase since the mid-1990s. So far, a steady increase in domestic wheat consumption has resulted in rising bread wheat and product prices over the forgoing two decades. For instance, bread wheat grain, wheat flour as well as wheat bread prices have all being more than doubled between 2000 and 2020. Using a qualitative survey of selected bread wheat value chain actors and a review of existing literature, this study provides an overview of the bread wheat value chain, institutional and marketing arrangements, and trader behavior of bread wheat value chain actors in Ethiopia. The bread wheat value chain consists of multiple actors that include several small holder farmers and the Ethiopian grain trade enterprise at the upstream and urban and rural consumers at the other end. The study stresses the need for formulation of bread wheat market-enhancing policies, such as quality control and dispute settlement mechanisms as well as better access to market information, to improve bread wheat productivity as well as marketing efficiency.

Green jobs and energy efficiency as strategies for economic growth and the reduction of environmental impacts

The supply of electricity from renewable energy sources (RESs) represent one of the key measures to reduce environmental impacts on the basis of the new decarbonization target set by the European Union. However, the expected benefits do not refer only to the decrease in fossil fuel demand and the reduction of environmental impacts. Among the social impacts, employment increase represents one of the most important benefits, especially in a period of crisis economy. This paper aimed to investigate the potential of investments in the energy sector in Italy through the application of the Input-Output analysis. The assessment outcomes were tested investigating the PNIEC (Piano Nazionale Integrato per l’Energia e il Clima) provided by the Ministry of Economic Development in 2020. Specifically, the power systems that PNIEC planned to install until 2040 were analyzed, focusing on wind, photovoltaic, hydroelectric and geothermal infrastructures. The results showed that RESs investments can have a strong positive impact on the Italian economy both directly and indirectly. Sensitivity analyses highlighted that the import share of primary components of RESs strongly influences occupational performance, particularly for PV systems.

МЕХАНІЗМИ РОЗВИТКУ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

Стаття присвячена актуальним механізмам розвитку економіки України в сучасних умовах. Наведено прогнози на майбутнє від датського Saxo Bank, журнала The Economist, газети Financial Times, німецького економіста Клауса Швабба та італійського публіциста Мауріціо Блонде. Проаналізовано огляд цифрової трансформації Microsoft CEE 2020 «Ключові галузі еволюції. Як інтелектуальні технології змінюють роздрібну торгівлю, виробництво і фінанси в Центральній і Східній Європі». Досліджено структуру видаткової частини Державного бюджету України за період 2014-2021 рр. Систематизовано дослідження щодо нового шостого технологічного укладу. Окреслено проблеми в українській економіці, що вимагають усунення в ситуації світової економічної кризи. Запропонований механізм надання дешевих кредитів виробничій сфері та Стратегія приватно-державного партнерства в Україні.

Technology for Development: Ten True Stories Revealing the Complexity of Replicating South Korean Success

<p>This essay comprises ten true stories presented to highlight personally observed problematic encountered by Asian developing country leadership who tried to replicate South Korean success in fostering technology innovation induced sustainable economic growth strategy without paying robust attention to the crucial role of creating an "innovation climate/culture" as necessary foundation for myriad development efforts. It seems to Sharif that the country leadership focused too much on the model mechanics, but did not have rigorous concern for the underlying principles of those models. To reveal validity of this assertion, Sharif presents ten true stories that he personally observed. The stories are: (1) True Story on Suspicion and Disrespect; (2) True Story on Mindset Constraint; (3) True Story on Caring for the Weak; (4) True Story of Super Achievers; (5) True Story on Failure to Follow Through; (6) True Story on "Turn Right" into the River; (7) True Story of Motherly Protection; (8) True Story of Supreme Commitment; (9) True Story of KIST and MOST Mirages; and (10) True Story on Plan Implementation.</p><p><strong>Key words</strong>: <em>technology for development, technology innovation, technology management</em></p>

IMPERATIVES OF INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE

The purpose of the article. Formation of effective state policy and mechanisms for managing innovative development of the agrarian sector in Ukraine is one of the priority tasks facing the state. In turn, the identification and analysis of factors hindering the implementation of the domestic state policy of innovation development of the agrarian sector is also a very important task. Methodology. In the course of the research general scientific and special methods of research were used, in particular: theoretical generalization, comparison and morphological analysis – in the process of formation of the conceptual-categorical apparatus of the research; Structural-structural-functional analysis - to justify the factors of the formation of the state policy of innovative development of the agrarian sector in Ukraine. Results. It has been established that in order to formulate the state policy of innovation development of the agrarian sector in Ukraine, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the structure of the innovative potential of the agrarian sector, the interrelations between its components, the system and factors that allow the most fully and effectively to implement in practice the opportunities laid down in it. In order to form an effective state policy for innovative development of the agrarian sector, a classification of the factors influencing it is proposed. Practical implications. The need to study the factors influencing the state policy of innovative development of the agrarian sector in Ukraine is primarily due to the substantiation of their content and possible forms of manifestation in the context of developing an effective system of state regulation aimed at activating innovation in the agricultural sector. In turn, the factors influencing the innovative development of the agrarian sector depend on the existing structural features of agrarian production, the level of scientific and educational and technical activities, etc. Value/originality. The proposed classification of factors that influence the formation of the state policy of innovative development of the agrarian sector in Ukraine: on the effectiveness of actions; by the nature of influence; on the structure of the infrastructure; by scale of influence. Based on the knowledge of the factors that significantly determine the dynamics of innovative development of the agrarian sector, it is possible to characterize its parameters and, on this basis, to develop recommendations related to the development of a sustainable economic growth strategy for the innovative development of the agrarian sector and the state as a whole.

Economic Vulnerabilities and Livelihoods: Impact of COVID‐19 in Fiji and Vanuatu

Economic Vulnerabilities and Livelihoods: Impact of <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 in Fiji and Vanuatu

Наследницы Ганди: от лесной сатьяграхи к Чипко

The article examines the role of the ideological successors of Mahatma Gandhi in the development of his teaching on spiritual resistance to violence – Satyagraha. Much attention is paid to the history of the transformation of Forest Satyagraha campaigns, which were characteristic of the period of the struggle of India for independence, into the Chipko social movement that arose during the period of Independence. The contribution of “two English daughters” of Gandhi, Mira Ben and Sarala Ben, and an Indian woman Vandana Shiva, in the formulation of new goals for Forest Satyagraha, is analyzed. Mira Ben states the need to stop cutting down the forests of the Himalayas due to the danger of flooding and causing economic damage to rural communities. Sarala Ben discusses the dangers of a modernizing development concept and opposes it to the thesis of the importance of maintaining the climatic balance in northern India to prevent droughts and floods. Vandana Shiva, summarizing the experience of Forest Satyagraha and the Chipko movement, speaks of the priority of sustainable development over the strategy of economic growth. The article shows that the creative development of Gandhi’s ideas in relation to the protection of Indian forests and the survival of rural communities, carried out by the three successors of Gandhi in India, is important for creating a sustainable world, especially in a highly integrated global economic system.

Is Tourism a Key Factor for Economic Growth? Fresh Evidence from South Europe Using Panel Cointegration and PVAR Analyses

This paper brings fresh empirical evidence on the relationship between tourism and economic growth for five South European countries over the period 2000Q1-2018Q4 within a multivariate framework. PVAR and panel cointegration analyses are employed to infer the causal relationship between tourism and economic growth. Heterogeneous panel cointegration test reveals a long-run relationship between real GDP, labour force, gross fixed capital formation and tourism. Granger causality validates the bidirectional and unidirectional causal relationship between tourism, labour and economic growth and physical capital and economic growth, respectively. Simultaneously, impulse-response functions of PVAR model highlight the fact that short-run innovations might have a smaller impact on economic growth against a permanent long-run augmentation of these variables. Our findings might leave ample room for government policies to stimulate strategies for higher economic growth.

A Welcome Shift Away from Shareholder Supremacy - Significance of the US Business Roundtable New Statement in August 2019

A Welcome Shift Away from Shareholder Supremacy - Significance of the US Business Roundtable New Statement in August 2019

Closed, Semi-Open, or Fully-Open? Towards an Intellectual Property Strategy Typology

The body of literature addressing different types of intellectual property (IP) strategies is large but fragmented. This paper develops an IP strategy typology from a sharing perspective and applies across formal and informal IP assets. The typology is based on four dimensions: (i) degree of openness, (ii) IP ownership rights concentration, (iii) access and (iv) commercial usage rights. We follow a multi-dimensional, theoretical approach integrating the literature on IP management, (open) innovation, licensing, physical property rights theory and economic goods. Along the degree of openness, the proposed typology distinguishes four IP strategy types with sub-types existing for each of them: private IP, club IP, common IP, and public IP strategies. The proposed types are described using case examples. We further discuss that actors not necessarily adopt one, but multiple IP strategies either sequentially adjusting their strategy over time along lifecycles (‘evolutionary’ model) or employ multiple IP strategies in parallel at the same time, e.g. with different actors in their ecosystem (‘co-existence’ model). An IP typology of this kind contributes towards the ontology and theory of the firm-level IP literature. It thus provides a structured framework to aid future studies on the role of IP strategies for business, economic and societal growth.

Regional policy on sustainable development of Ukraine in the context of European integration

The article analyzes the issues of regional development in the context of modern public administration. The study of regional development is actualized by the presence of the social order and the peculiarities of development in Ukraine. The experience of realization of social and economic development of regions is generalized on an example.&#x0D; The world experience of state regulation of regional development is largely differentiated due to the peculiarities and development of national economies, state system, political traditions and forms of international integration, and therefore it is almost impossible to identify the dominant model of regional development policy.&#x0D; The global trend of the modern world is the growing role of regions as units of the regional level of government, which can, on the one hand, reduce the burden on central government, taking over some of their powers, and on the other - take into account the needs of local decision-making. This process is the result of decentralization, regionalization, democratization and globalization.&#x0D; The long crisis period in Ukraine and the proclaimed European integration vector objectively require the implementation of a scientifically sound integrated state policy aimed at restoring economic growth and the economy to the level of global competitiveness. The regional aspect of the economic growth strategy has an exclusive role for Ukraine.&#x0D; Today it is necessary to implement its own scientifically sound and balanced regional policy, harmonization of the principles of interaction of the center with the regions in order to ensure the optimal combination of national and regional interests. According to the levels of economic, technological and social development, the regions of Ukraine are significantly differentiated and the problem of leveling these disparities remains relevant.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE ELABORATION OF INDICATORS FOR QUANTIFYING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF GOODS

The period of temporary economic isolation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the economies of all countries in the world. After quarantine and the gradual restoration of the activity of all economic sectors, competition in the world market will intensify. Countries will promote strategies for economic growth, improving economic security, increasing exports, and protecting domestic producers. Given the fact that resources are limited and exhaustible, it is necessary to correctly identify priority sectors when developing strategies. For this purpose, the competitiveness index can be used, since competitiveness is one of the main characteristics that allows anyone to determine its position on the market, and increasing competitiveness ensures victory in the competition. The novelty and purpose of the study is to develop two new integral indices, and to improve one symmetric index of comparative advantage developed earlier. Some of empirical and theoretical methods were used in this research: abstraction, the method of ascending from the abstract to the concrete, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, economic and mathematical modelling. To identify priority sectors, the author used the developed indices to assess the competitiveness of goods, not only on the foreign market, but also on the domestic market. This study can serve economists as a tool for assessing the competitiveness of goods, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the goods offered, in the context of developing measures to increase competitiveness, which will increase the profitability of entrepreneurship.

Wage-led demand as a rebalancing strategy for economic growth in China

Rebalancing growth in favor of domestic consumption has been an objective of Chinese policy makers for over two decades. However, until recently little progress has been achieved. This article argues that the nature of the demand regime is a major reason for the limited rebalancing operated thus far. Until the great recession (2008–09), Chinese growth was profit-led, which means that an increase in the profit share of income had a positive effect on investment and net exports that exceeded the negative effect on consumption. The fact that the profit share increased by 10 percentage points explains why the rate of growth boomed over the 1996–2007 period. We show that after the great recession, China’s demand regime turned wage-led, which means that an increase in the wage share results in a positive effect on households’ consumption which exceeds the negative effect on investment and net exports. The conclusion is that a pro-labor policy may now contribute to rebalance China’s growth and make it less dependent on exports, overinvestment and carbon-intensive industries.

ESTIMATION OF LOSSES IN UKRAINE DUE TO UNEMPLOYMENT

One of the most important criteria, which makes it possible to evaluate the consequences and prospects of the country's development positively, is the dynamic growth of its economy, which is initiated, first of all, by increasing the efficiency of utilization in the national production of human resources. However, their productive implementation is affected by many socio-economic problems, including unemployment. In the economy, unemployment is a reflection of the state of the labor market, which characterizes the balance of supply and demand for jobs, in the social sphere it is one of the main factors for obtaining a stable income. Loss of work leads not only to a decrease in the current material standard of living, but also to the appearance of uncertainty in the future, as well as to the emergence of feelings of inferiority. Because people who want to work but do not have a job, they are not able to contribute to the increase of production of goods and services. The number of unemployed in the country is another indicator of its economic disadvantage. Therefore, unemployment is constantly the focus of government regulation of the economy and the labor market, and the instruments of regulation and its consequences are evolving with the development of socio-economic relations. The aim of the study. This research article is aimed at determining the macroeconomic losses caused by unemployment, taking into account age and gender. This gives a clearer picture of the magnitude of the likely benefit from properly formed and effectively implemented investment in programmatic measures to reduce unemployment as part of the formation of national economic growth strategies. Methodology. The analysis uses a multiplicative model of economic growth that describes the dependence of GDP growth on exogenous factors – the growth rate of gross fixed capital formation and the growth rate of those employed in the economy over the same period. The differences in this part are the use of more accurate data on labor costs: the number of employees is adjusted by gender and age coefficients of labor productivity. Results. The dynamics of the unemployment rate in Ukraine over the last years in terms of gender and age and duration of unemployment are analyzed on the basis of statistics. Based on the constructed production function, the estimation of the potential level of GDP output and the magnitude of its non-receipt in Ukraine due to excess of actual unemployment above its natural level for the period from 2010 to 2016 was made. The resulting production function model can also be applied to predict future GDP values based on the expected levels of fixed capital and the number of employees by age.

Online Agricultural Extension Based on Internet Communication Principles

The important role agricultural growth plays in mitigating poverty, economic growth stimulation as well as development in emerging economies like Kenya cannot be over stated. Available literature shows that agriculture is a key driver of economic growth and development strategies in attaining sustainable poverty reduction. ICT acts as an enabler when addressing food security with such factors as legal framework, policy, knowledge, markets, technology, and research among others. Information and skills gaps have kept most subsistence farming systems to much less productive and lucrative than they could be. Further, extension services are always often faced with the problem of underfunding, weak link between farmers and agricultural research agencies as well as lack acceptable contact to farmers. The problem is exacerbated by lack of coordination along the agricultural value chain from farm inputs to food processing, which increases the cost of production and lowers farmers’ revenue. The aim of this paper is to investigate the perception stakeholders in agricultural value chain have on online agricultural extension services as well as the challenges associated with the same.

Importance of Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in Implementing the Circular Economy (CE) Model and the European Green Deal Strategy

The European Green Deal is the new strategy for economic growth adopted by the European Commission (EC) in late 2019. One of the most important tasks in the realisation of this strategy is the mobilisation of the industry for a clean and circular economy (CE). Currently, the European Union (EU) is in the process of transformation towards a CE model, which was announced in 2014. The CE assumes a transition from a linear model based on take–make–dispose to a circular model, in which waste, if it arises, becomes a valuable resource. At the same time, it is recommended to use raw materials (RMs) more efficiently and to recycle them. The EC underlines that both changes in the management of mineral resources in individual member states and their effects should be monitored. Therefore, in 2018, the EC pointed out issues related to RM management as important elements of the monitoring framework in transformation process towards CE. The paper presents strategic directions aimed at sustainable and circular RM management in the EU, with a strong emphasis on the key elements of sustainable development—environmental, economic and social. Moreover, the importance of mineral resources management in the EC in the context of transformation towards the European Green Deal and CE is presented, and the results of selected CE indicators related to the RMs, and indicators that present sustainable RMs management are discussed. The core of the paper is presentation of a set of recommended actions which should be taken in coming years with strong emphasis on the implementation of the sustainable development (SD) principles. RM management faces a number of challenges, primarily in achieving increased levels of critical raw materials (CRMs) recycling, as well as the greater involvement of stakeholders themselves and awareness raising in the field of SD and CE among enterprises operating in the RMs sector. Currently, all member states are working together to accelerate the transformation process in the area of CE and the European Green Deal, e.g., by implementing national CE programs. A great opportunity to accelerate the transformation process is the new financial perspective for projects under the balanced and circular management of RMs—Horizon Europe, which plans to finance the new projects on RMs management and recycling.

The Organizational and determinant model of the educational cluster of a Higher Education Institution

Strategies for sustainable economic growth of national states make the problem of training highly qualified personnel important in the cluster infrastructure of a higher education institution. The organizational and determinant model of the educational cluster “high school-higher education institution-science” devised in the course of the study is capable of influencing the level of academic continuity as the main mechanism for the reproduction of scientific personnel to solve modernization problems. In the course of the study the following methods were used: comparative analysis, content analysis, generalization, classification, synthesis, extrapolation, design and modeling. The authors of the paper have developed the concept of academic mobility of students under the conditions of the educational cluster “high school-higher education institution-science”. The methodology of the individual cluster follow-up and support for students has been substantiated scientifically. The results were tested in the research and educational activities of the affiliate of Russian State Social University in the city of Minsk, the Republic of Belarus, in the State Educational Institution “High school No. 1 of Minsk named after Francis Skorina”, the State Educational Institution “Grodno City High School”. The prospects for further research consist in developing the institutional foundations of cluster mechanisms for the union integration of science, higher and secondary education institutions of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. Innovative ideas of the clustering policy of higher education institutions in the framework of the Union State require informational support, the use of the resources of the Public Chamber of the Union State, the Russian Center for Science and Culture, and business communities of Belarus and Russia.

The Organizational and determinant model of the educational cluster of a Higher Education Institution

Strategies for sustainable economic growth of national states make the problem of training highly qualified personnel important in the cluster infrastructure of a higher education institution. The organizational and determinant model of the educational cluster “high school-higher education institution-science” devised in the course of the study is capable of influencing the level of academic continuity as the main mechanism for the reproduction of scientific personnel to solve modernization problems. In the course of the study the following methods were used: comparative analysis, content analysis, generalization, classification, synthesis, extrapolation, design and modeling. The authors of the paper have developed the concept of academic mobility of students under the conditions of the educational cluster “high school-higher education institution-science”. The methodology of the individual cluster follow-up and support for students has been substantiated scientifically. The results were tested in the research and educational activities of the affiliate of Russian State Social University in the city of Minsk, the Republic of Belarus, in the State Educational Institution “High school No. 1 of Minsk named after Francis Skorina”, the State Educational Institution “Grodno City High School”. The prospects for further research consist in developing the institutional foundations of cluster mechanisms for the union integration of science, higher and secondary education institutions of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. Innovative ideas of the clustering policy of higher education institutions in the framework of the Union State require informational support, the use of the resources of the Public Chamber of the Union State, the Russian Center for Science and Culture, and business communities of Belarus and Russia.

Blue economy discourses and practices: reconfiguring ocean spaces in the Philippines

Blue economy initiatives have emerged along marine and coastal areas, seeking to bring the green economy into a ‘blue world’. Often defined as a global policy agenda, blue economy discourses and practices aim to generate ‘blue growth’ by linking poverty reduction, social equality, and marine conservation. While global and national policies have spent decades addressing coastal resource management, broader blue economy discourses and practices seem, on the surface, to promote economic growth strategies for marine conservation. Increasingly, new market-oriented programs and projects aim to tap the financial value of the ocean’s ‘blue capital’, ostensibly fostering income generation and sustainable solutions for conservation finance. Drawing on critical discourse analysis and key-informant interviews across scales, we examine the meanings and practices of the blue economy in Southeast Asia and in the Philippines. As an archipelagic nation, millions of coastal dwellers in the Philippines depend on oceans as a major source of livelihood, food security, and well-being. We examine how multilateral institutions, bilateral organisations, state agencies, civil society organisations, and other key actors represent and enact the blue economy discursively and in practice. We find that oceans are being imagined as an open frontier that must be managed and utilised for both conservation and economic purposes. New territorialisation processes are creating new borders and management structures that often bypass social and environmental safeguards, posing a major threat to coastal dwellers. We conclude that by foregrounding economic development and coastal management, more socially just and environmentally sustainable governance approaches are neglected.

General government revenue in the system of fiscal regulation

The dynamics of socio-economic processes requires the general government revenue to be adapted to changes in financial and economic conditions. The study aims to improve the scientific and methodological approach to general government revenue in the system of fiscal regulation. The impact of general government revenue on economic growth was estimated using a correlation-regression analysis and the multiplier effect concept. The authors found out that, in order to ensure the macroeconomic stability and accelerate the economic growth in conditions of transformational changes, it is reasonable to increase the share of direct taxes in the general government revenue structure, to implement the prudential and coherent fiscal policy with the strategic goals of the countries’ social and economic development. The authors substantiated that the increased share of direct taxes of the consolidated budget of Ukraine in GDP by one percent causes the real GDP to grow by 2.94 percent, whereas the increased share of the indirect taxes by one percent causes the real GDP to decrease by 0.45 percent; for 2014–2018, 28 percent of taxes are on average withdrawn per unit of GDP growth. The study results indicate that effective fiscal regulation is ensured only by the synergy of its fiscal, regulatory, and incentive functions, the reconciliation of fiscal sustainability and tax neutrality principles. AcknowledgmentThe article was prepared on the subject of the GDR: “The Financial and Budgetary Strategy for Economic Growth” (No. 0119U100577).