Economic Functions Research Articles

HUBUNGAN KETEPATAN PENGELUARAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH BERDASARKAN FUNGSI ANGGARAN TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT DAERAH TERTINGGAL

One of the main problems in underdeveloped areas is the low level of social welfare. To overcome this problem, the government allocates expenditure funds as a funding instrument to improve people's welfare. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the accuracy of government budget spending by function in 122 underdeveloped regions in Indonesia with using the three indicators of the human development index (IPM) (indicators of health, education, and economy) as benchmarks for assessing people's welfare. According to previous studies, the variables of poverty and population growth are also included in this study as control variables. This research method is a multiple linear analysis with the selected model, namely the fixed effect model. The data used is panel data which consists of 122 data in underdeveloped areas over a period of 4 years. The results showed that the probability value of local government spending according to the economic function was 0.0473 bigger 5% with a regression coefficient of 0.003102. The results of these statistics conclude that there is a correlation between the accuracy of the economic function of regional government budget spending which is significant for the welfare of disadvantaged areas.

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ECONOMIC FUNCTION OF FORESTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE STATE FORESTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE 2030 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

The article shows the economic function of the State Forests in the context of sustainable development and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda goals. This theoretical and review article was developed on the basis of the literature analysis supported by statistical summaries illustrating the subject matter. The State Forest manages almost 77% of forest resources in Poland. Forest management conducted by the State Forests is based on a multifunctional model, resulting from the need to distinguish all natural functions performed by forests: ecological (protective), economic and social function. Forest management is conducted in a sustainable manner, ensuring the renewal of forest resources and the durability of natural processes, while ensuring the possibility of drawing financial benefits from resource management. The State Forests by employing over 25,000 people with an average salary higher than the average salary in the national economy by almost 60% (2021), transferring to the state budget almost 3 billion PLN in various taxes and by supplying local budgets with a forest tax with a total value of over 235 million PLN (2021).

Multi-objective optimisation for sustainable few-to-many pickup and delivery vehicle routing problem

ABSTRACT E-commerce is a continuously growing sector significantly affected by sustainability issues during the last few years. To deal with economic, environmental and social sustainability aspects, e-commerce platforms consolidate orders to pick-up several requests from the same location, defining the so-called Few-to-Many Pick-up and Delivery Vehicle Routing Problem (F-M VRPPD). The proposed contribution addresses the optimisation of this problem by developing a multi-objective simulated annealing algorithm distinguished by four tailored Local Search (LS) operators specifically developed to increase the probability to identify feasible solutions and decrease the computational time. This algorithm is validated with several instances of a case study e-commerce platform based in an European mountain region. Firstly, the original LS operators are compared to benchmark literature ones to solve identical problems, reporting better performance in 84% of these instances. Furthermore, for the most relevant scenarios significant results are presented and discussed concerning the economic, environmental and social performance of the defined solutions according to the characteristics of the instances, as the routes height profile and the drivers’ metabolic energy consumption. The tri-dimensional Pareto frontiers suggest how through a slight worsening in the economic objective function it is possible to improve the social one by up to 18.3% on average.

CV Juridical Review Of Legal Protection For Aspected Customers

Efforts to guarantee legal protection and certainty as well as to avoid conflicts of interest as a result of using banking services, especially in banking credit services that carry out economic functions through actions that are suspected of being a misuse of circumstances and can result in losses for consumers. The study uses an analytical method with an empirical juridical approach or legal sociology, privileges and commitments contained in Article 4 of the Shopper Security Act, as follows: 1) The option to solace, security, and wellbeing in consuming merchandise or potentially benefits; 2) The option to pick products and additionally benefits and acquire said products as well as administrations under the swapping scale and the circumstances and certifications guaranteed; 3) Right to right, self-evident and fair data in regards to the circumstances and certifications of merchandise or potentially benefits; 4) The option to have their perspectives and protests found out about the merchandise as well as administrations utilized; 5) The option to get legitimate backing, insurance, and endeavors to determine purchaser insurance debates; 6) The option to get direction and shopper schooling; 8) The option to be dealt with or served appropriately and truly and not biased; h. The option to get pay, pay, or potentially repayment if the products as well as administrations got are not by the arrangement or not as they ought to be; 9) The rights are managed in the arrangements of different guidelines and rules.

Random Forests Algorithm for Two Levels of Coral Reef Ecosystem Mapping Using Planetscope Image in Malalayang Beach, Manado

The coral reef ecosystem has a significant physical and biological function and is also one of the coastal ecosystem components apart from the seagrass and mangrove ecosystem. Besides their ecological function, the coral reef also has an economic function. The condition of the coral reef ecosystem in Malalayang Beach has been changing for years. The utilization of remote sensing images can monitor current conditions. This research aims to map the coral reef ecosystem mapping in Malalayang Beach, Manado and conduct a test for the accuracy of coral reef ecosystem mapping using field survey data as a classification and validation sample. PlanetScope multispectral image has four channels to detect underwater objects: red, green, blue and near infrared. PlanetScope level 3B image for the research has a surface reflectance value for its pixel. The image processing stages of this research consist of sunglint correction, water column correction, and then continue to classify the coral reef ecosystem using random forests algorithm. Classification and accuracy training sample data were obtained using the photo transect technique. The sunglint correction regression equation is between 0.27 – 0.38. The coefficient of attenuation ratio in B1 is 0.927797938, B2 is 0.168841585, and B3 is 0.29033029. This value then becomes the input for the Lyzenga formula. The classification accuracy for level one using random forests is 72,54%, and the accuracy for level two mapping is 37,61%.Keywords: Coral Reef Ecosystem, Planetscope, Random Forests

Dynamic Changes in Agroecosystem Landscape Patterns and Their Driving Mechanisms in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwest China: The Case of Central Guizhou

Puding County in central Guizhou is a typical karst ecologically vulnerable area integrating rural, mountainous, and ecological migration areas. It is essential to study the dynamic trajectory and direction of its agroecosystems (AESs) transformation to promote sustainable land use development in karst mountain areas. Based on high-resolution remote sensing images from 2004 to 2020, this study analyzes the transformation characteristics, typical landscape patterns, and their driving forces of AESs using the landscape pattern index, moving window method, and Geodetector model. The results show that: (i) The overall landscape pattern of AESs in the study area developed towards complexity and diversification from 2004 to 2020. The overall trend of woodland and grassland (WGL) is increasing, the slope cultivated land (SCL) is shrinking, the construction land (CL) is spreading and expanding along the vicinity of the town, and the economic and fruit forests (EFF) are increasing significantly. (ii) Three typical patterns are concluded according to the main transformation directions of AESs: WGL restoration type, CL growth type, and EFF growth type; middle and high mountains are dominated by the WGL restoration type with increased ecological functions, and the concentration of the new WGL increases with the increase in elevation; low mountain areas are dominated by the CL growth type with enhanced living functions, and the concentration of the new CL decreases with the increase in slope and elevation; valleys and hills are dominated by the EFF growth type with enhanced ecological and economic functions, and the concentration of the new EFF increases with the decrease in slope and elevation. (iii) Socio-economic factors are the dominant drivers of AES transformation. The WGL restoration type is dominated by slope and elevation, the CL growth type is mainly influenced by slope and urbanization rate, and the EFF growth type is primarily influenced by soil organic matter, slope, urbanization rate, and resident population. The study results have implications for rural land use, rural development, and ecological restoration of rocky desertification in karst mountain areas and other similar mountainous areas.

Small Innovative Enterprises and Modular Production Technologies

The main signs of the small and medium enterprises and also their classifications by the main criteria in various countries are considered. Features of innovative activity in small business, social and economic functions of small business are shown. Innovations become the driving force of social and economic development, a powerful factor of competitiveness of the countries, regions and enterprises. Dynamics of a share of small and medium business among the enterprises of the Russian Federation which are carrying out technological innovations by types of economic activity is considered. The comparative analysis of statistical information shows that most such organizations belongs to production of computers, to research and development, to production of electronic and optical products, machines and the equipment. The reasons of weak participation of small business in innovative activity, including lack of powerful production and experimental base, small number of highly skilled employees are established. Forms of participation of the small and medium enterprises in the technologies and productions constructed by the modular principle are shown. Inclusion in modular technologies allows to lower degree of uncertainty of areas of application of innovations, to cut down costs on production and product sales, more productively to use limited resources of the small and medium enterprises.

Marketing strategy as a tool for ensuring the economic security of the enterprise

It has been proven that the creation of a system of economic security and its effective management is necessary to counteract and fight against various threats and dangers. The place of the marketing component in the economic security of the enterprise is defined. The importance of an effective marketing strategy for ensuring economic security and successful functioning of the enterprise is considered. Marketing is defined as a management function that seeks to increase the target market, build long-term relationships, satisfy customers, ensure desired profitability and strengthen competitive advantage.
 Theoretical approaches to the implementation of anti-crisis management were studied, specific features of supporting the economic security of construction enterprises in the short-, medium- and long-term periods were determined. The main functional goals of economic security of the enterprise are highlighted. A brief description of individual stages of management of the enterprise's economic security system is provided. It is proposed to divide the process of managing the economic security of the enterprise into the following stages: setting and justifying goals for ensuring the financial security of the enterprise, identifying the problem, establishing restrictions to minimize the financial losses of the enterprise, developing a set of measures aimed at eliminating the identified problem, making the optimal decision regarding ensuring financial and economic security of the enterprise, coordination of the adopted decision with the management of the enterprise, ongoing monitoring of the implementation of the adopted strategy.
 Trends in the development of construction enterprises were studied, and their features were identified: phasing of construction works; diversity of industrial relations; duration of the production cycle; stationarity of the construction object; high manufacturability of modern construction production. It has been analyzed that any construction project can be divided into three stages: construction preparation, execution of construction works and commissioning of the finished construction object. The most important reasons for the bankruptcy of construction enterprises are given, which are as follows: ineffective marketing, ineffective policy of providing the opportunity to buy apartments in installments, increased production costs due to the use of outdated technologies.

Paradigms of Business Consulting Agreements

Abstract Business consulting represents one of the most important activities in the service economy, yet its contractual arrangements have rarely been analysed. Various scandals linked to professional consulting in recent times, such as the accounting scandal surrounding the German DAX-company, Wirecard, or the ‘Luanda Leaks’, give reason for a closer look at this activity, as well as the corresponding contractual agreements. Additionally, the regular functioning of consulting agreements is largely undiscussed. The aim of this contribution is (1) to highlight the essential problems of business consultancy contracts, namely the informational advantage of the consultant with regard to the quality of advice and price; structural conflicts of interest, especially in the case of business consultancy by auditors; the possibilities of abusing consultancy contracts for personal gain, as well as the liability of the consultant and the exemption of management from liability through the use of consultants; and (2) to propose solutions to these problems using the existing rules of due diligence and collateral duties, especially by applying general norms in the light of the economic function of management consultants as brokers for knowledge and know-how.

Analisis Kesehatan Ekosistem Mangrove di Kawasan Taman Nasional Bali Barat (TNBB)

Mangrove ecosystems are ecosystems located in coastal areas that are affected by tides and have many functions, namely ecological, physiological and economic functions. The purpose of this study was to determine the health condition of the mangrove ecosystem and the diversity of mangrove species in the West Bali National Park area. The technique applied in this study was a purposive random sampling method, with a total of 65 plots, and to determine the health condition of the mangrove ecosystem using the Hemispherical photography method. The mangrove species found at the observation site were Avicennia offinalis, Aegiceras floridum, Bruguiera cylindrica, Ceriops tagal, Lumnitzera racemose, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris. The value of mangrove health conditions is determined from several parameters such as canopy cover which has a range of cover values ranging from 51.35% - 66.67% with an average percentage cover of all data collection stations of 60.27%, density has a value range of 2100 trees/ha – 8867 trees/ha, with a diversity value of 0.97 in the low diversity category, and with an average environmental parameter value such as temperature around 28.1 ± 0.56?, while the average value of salinity is 22.3 ±3.27‰, and the average pH was 5.9±0.12, with sandy mud substrate dominating the entire observation area.

Review: Diving into the cow hologenome to reduce methane emissions and increase sustainability.

Interest on methane emissions from livestock has increased in later years as it is an anthropogenic greenhouse gas with an important warming potential. The rumen microbiota has a large influence on the production of enteric methane. Animals harbour a second genome consisting of microbes, collectively referred to as the "microbiome". The rumen microbial community plays an important role in feed digestion, feed efficiency, methane emission and health status. This review recaps the current knowledge on the genetic control that the cow exerts on the rumen microbiota composition. Heritability estimates for the rumen microbiota composition range between 0.05 and 0.40 in the literature, depending on the taxonomical group or microbial gene function. Variables depicting microbial diversity or aggregating microbial information are also heritable within the same range. This study includes a genome-wide association analysis on the microbiota composition, considering the relative abundance of some microbial taxa previously associated to enteric methane in dairy cattle (Archaea, Dialister, Entodinium, Eukaryota, Lentisphaerae, Methanobrevibacter, Neocallimastix, Prevotella and Stentor). Host genomic regions associated with the relative abundance of these microbial taxa were identified after Benjamini-Hoschberg correction (Padj<0.05). An in-silico functional analysis using FUMA and DAVID online tools revealed that these gene sets were enriched in tissues like brain cortex, brain amigdala, pituitary, salivary glands and other parts of the digestive system, and are related to appetite, satiety and digestion. These results allow us to have greater knowledge about the composition and function of the rumen microbiome in cattle. The state-of-the art strategies to include methane traits in the selection indices in dairy cattle populations is reviewed. Several strategies to include methane traits in the selection indices have been studied worldwide, using bioeconomical models or economic functions under theoretical frameworks. However, their incorporation in the breeding programmes is still scarce. Some potential strategies to include methane traits in the selection indices of dairy cattle population are presented. Future selection indices will need to increase the weight of traits related to methane emissions and sustainability. This review will serve as a compendium of the current state of the art in genetic strategies to reduce methane emissions in dairy cattle.

Research on Art Design of Urban Wetland Park Planning Based on the Concept of Sustainable Development

Abstract With the development of the social economy, the scale of cities has expanded rapidly, and the urban ecological imbalance has become increasingly severe, which has caused many urban problems. People gradually realise that cities and human beings develop more harmoniously and healthily by building and developing cities on the basis of natural ecology and seeking the harmonious coexistence of ecology and humanity. The results of the sustainable landscape ecological evaluation of Anhui Shilonghu National Wetland Park show that the park has good ecological, social, and economic benefits and functions. The urban ecological environment and social and economic development have a good supporting effect on the park, and its overall evaluation grade is good. Compared with other waterscape parks, the ecological function of urban wetland parks is the most basic and essential function of the landscape. It has multiple functions, such as popular science education and being close to nature and entertainment. Developing wetland ecological experience tourism activities benefits wetland protection and ecologically coordinated, sustainable development. It can also comprehensively improve wetland parks’ ecological, social, and economic benefits.

The effect of teak plantation growth on air temperature and oxygen level in green open spaces of the Research and Innovation Department of Perhutani Forestry Institute (PeFI)

Urban land utilization for urban facilities construction continues to grow and impact the urban heat island making the city uncomfortable. Green open space (GOS) is a space within a city with its function in ecological, social, economic, and architectural functions. The purpose of the research was to determine the characteristics of GOS and the effect of teak plantation growth on air temperature and oxygen (O2) levels. The research was conducted from May to November 2021 using an observational design with a purposive sampling technique, considering the variations in measured variables: number of trees, daily climate, micro-climate difference, O2 level, and wind speed. The research analysis used a descriptive study approach relevant to the observed conditions. The teak arboretum and teak hedge orchard were the GOS at the Perhutani Forestry Institute (PeFI). Arboretum had a lower temperature and higher humidity than teak hedge orchard, making the arboretum in the cool-climate category with an ideal temperature of 26.9° C and dry humidity category. This means that the PeFi office was categorized as comfortable. The oxygen levels in PeFI were between 20.9 to 21.1%, meaning that the oxygen in the PeFI environment is highly available with the presence of GOS from the observed sites.

الاعتبارات الاقتصادية والدستورية في تخصيص مسؤوليات الإنفاق في الدول الفدرالية

This study discusses the assignment of spending responsibilities in federal countries, taking into account both economic and constitutional considerations. According to the theory of fiscal federalism, the economic functions of governments contain resource allocation, stabilization, and redistribution. However, it is also important to consider constitutional considerations, as federal systems are based on constitutions and the distribution of power between government levels is influenced by political and historical variables. While economic considerations are vital for achieving efficiency and equity, constitutional considerations are crucial for determining functions and responsibilities and safeguarding the distribution of power consistent with federalism principles. Therefore, this study begins by questioning the best allocation of spending responsibilities in light of economic and constitutional considerations, and what methods can be used to solve conflicts that arise in government financial relationships. We assume that economic considerations alone are not enough to design the financial system, especially in federal countries. While they theoretically explain what needs to be done to achieve economic equity and efficiency, constitutional considerations explain the types of constitutions in terms of details of power distribution in general, including financial matters and functional responsibilities for both central and regional governments. We concluded that there is no one-size-fits-all approach for all federal countries to distribute powers, as federal states operate in different political and historical settings, and the nature of intergovernmental fiscal relations are constantly changing.

Optimal future energy mix assessment considering the risk of supply for seven European countries in 2030 and 2050

The scope of energy system modeling is to support policy-makers in the definition of an effective energy strategy to achieve key targets (emissions, energy security, affordability, etc.). The aim of this article is to study the future optimal energy mix needed to reach European energy targets by also containing the risk of supply for seven European countries in 2030 and 2050. The considered countries are the following: Spain, Italy, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden. EPLANopt which couples the deterministic simulation model EnergyPLAN developed by Aalborg University with a Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm built on the Python library DEAP is used for this analysis. The multi-objective approach allows for the assessment of the optimal future scenarios considering both an economic and environmental objective functions. Moreover, the security of supply is evaluated for each optimal solution. The results obtained in terms of variable renewable energy penetration, taking into account ground-mounted, rooftop photovoltaics, onshore and offshore wind power, are compared to the penetrations obtained from the scenarios of ENTSO-E. The results show that the decarbonization process represents an opportunity because it improves the security of supply while decreasing CO2 emissions.

Spatial Dynamics Evolution of Land use for the Study of the Local Traditional Living Changes

Land use data can be used to understand patterns of economic behavior, such as the relationship between land use and property values or the impact of land use on environmental factors like air and water quality. The combination of land use data with other data sources and analysis methods can yield significant insights into economic growth and behavior. In this study, the land use and land cover (LULC) were classified using multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imagery (2019 and 2021) and random forest through the Google Earth Engine platform (GGE) with an overall accuracy of more than 89.79%. According to the results of the change detection analysis, there was a 16.96% increase in miscellaneous surface areas and a 15.50% increase in artificial surface areas. These disclose confirm that the sea salt farm, which are the traditional economic function, are losing 37.40%. Furthermore, the CA-Markov model was utilized to predict alterations in land use patterns in the year 2023 through the extrapolation of existing trends. The predicted LULC map of 2023 publicizes the trend of the sea salt farm decreasing, contrasty the artificial surface areas are increasing. In summary, this research reveals the evidence that LULC is strongly related to traditional living changes, and spatial analysis techniques are reasonable and committing tools for study.

Population Sociological Analysis of Social Relationships in the Arisan Group Residents of Pai Village, Biringkanaya Sub-district, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The Arisan group used as an analysis uses sociological, economic, and cultural concepts that are collaborated to find out the activities that exist in the Arisan group. This Arisan group has existed since 1994, and the number of members and the nominal amount of contributions are constantly changing in each round. This research is exploratory because there has been no previous research and uses a qualitative approach with a phenomenological perspective. The research took place in the Bulurokeng Permai housing complex, RT 004/RW 007, Pai Village, Biringkanaya District, Makassar City. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Informants were selected by purposive sampling as many as 7 (seven) people with the consideration that they had been members of the Arisan since the formation of the Arisan group in 1994. The results of the study showed that the purpose of forming an Arisan group was to foster togetherness, and unity, to become a place for saving, a place to share information, foster harmony among neighbors, and help each other. Arisan has a social function, economic function, and cultural function.

Sosialisasi Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Petani atas Ketersediaan Lahan Pertanian di Indonesia serta Sebagai Wujud Menciptakan Ketahanan Pangan Daerah

Issues of legal protection for farmers, food security and availability of farmland have strategic social, economic, and religious functions for Indonesian agricultural society. The unpredictability of land-use change threatens the resilience, independence and food sovereignty of farmers and communities. Therefore, government policy to protect sustainable farmland will continue to explore whether legal protections are needed for existing farmland as well as farmers to become permanent farmland. The purpose of this activity is to make farmers understand that they have the right to live a decent and prosperous life through the availability of the land itself, and the method is the preparation stage, the implementation stage, and the reporting stage. consists of During the implementation phase, non-profit activities such as demonstrations of socialization techniques, tree planting, and production of organic pesticide fertilizers were carried out. Socialization occurs through the engagement of performance goal partners and actively and interactively between resource personnel and participants. The official stressed that the availability of agricultural land is a fulfillment of rights that communities and the state must acquire, in which case local governments have an obligation to make efforts. The demonstration introduced the technology of producing organic pesticide fertilizers to increase the fertility of agricultural land in community service areas. This inaugural event went according to plan.

KOMPOSISI JENIS MANGROVE DI DUSUN DOKYAR, DESA KAIBOBU KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT

Abstract Background : Mangrove is a complex ecosystem that is unique and has a large enough carrying capacity for the surrounding environment. Mangrove ecosystems have ecological and economic functions. The ecological function is to protect the coastline, habitat, feeding ground, spawning ground and nursery ground for aquatic biota as well as controlling the microclimate. Meanwhile, its economic function is to produce raw materials for charcoal and medicines. Mangrove ecosystems have high biological productivity, but about 5% are consumed directly by terrestrial animals, and as much as 95% as debris from litter or leaf fall. In the Dokyar Hamlet area of Kaibobu Village, the mangrove forest ecosystem plays a very important role in maintaining the environmental balance in the area, because it is close to the villages. This area has unspoiled mangrove forests. However, there is no information regarding the types of mangroves in Dokyar Hamlet, Kaibobu Village, so it is necessary to conduct research on an identification of mangrove species found in the waters of Dokyar Hamlet, Kaibobu Village. Methods: This research was conducted in October 2020 with a sampling location taking place in Dokyar Hamlet, Kaibobu Village, Kairatu District, West Seram Regency, Maluku. The observation method used in the research and the sampling of mangroves used the line transect method, while the identification of mangroves was by observing the roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Results: Mangrove found 7 species from 6 genera: Bruguiera gimnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizhopora mucronata, Sonneratia alba and Xylocarpus granatum Conclusion: The results of research in the mangrove ecosystem area of Dokyar Hamlet, Kaibobu Village, found 7 mangrove species belonging to 6 genera. Keywords: ecosystem, identification, mangroves

Event-triggered economic MPC with relaxed contractive constraints

This paper proposes a novel event-triggered economic model predictive control (EMPC) scheme of constrained nonlinear systems. Some auxiliary positive-definite functions at economic optimal equilibrium points are defined for economic performance functions that are generally non-convex and non-positive-definite. The optimal value function of the auxiliary function is used to design an adjustable stability constraint which is imposed on the original EMPC optimization problem. The design of the contractive constraint can avoid Zeno behaviors during the triggered process. Especially, the event-triggered condition is designed by relaxed contractive constraint and the updated control laws. Sufficient conditions guaranteeing the recursive feasibility and stability of the EMPC are derived. Finally, the effectiveness of the obtained results is illustrated by a simulation example of a continuously stirred tank reactor.