Economic Functions Research Articles

Функціональний базис аграрного маркетингу

The article is examined key principles, func­tions, systems and methods that allow ensuring market orientation of the production and sales activities of the enterprise, where effective management decisions are based not only on the capabilities of the manufacturer, but also prima­rily the needs of the agro-industrial market, existing and potential needs of consumers and buyers of agricultural products. It was the first time to propose a definition of the functional basis of agricultural marketing – it is a system of organizational, economic, technical, financial and commercial functions of enterprises, united by a synergistic effect, and aimed at optimal and adaptive satisfaction of consumer demand for agricultural products and food security. It has been established that agricultural marketing can be implemented in mechanisms of mutually beneficial exchange between various market subjects, create conditions for identifying con­sumer requirements and determining the possibi­lities of their satisfaction, which will provide an opportunity to study the agricultural market and forecast its dynamics, form demand for the products of this market and stimulate it distribution The main aim of the research is to offer the author’s interpretation of the concept of "agricultural marketing" and to determine of the functional basis of agricultural marketing in the conditions of martial law. The main hypothesis of the research is to prove the effectiveness of the functional basis of agricultural marketing in the conditions of a full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine. It has been proven that for effective planning and management of agrarian business of the national economy in the conditions of a full-scale invasion, as well as taking into account the existing conditions (alienation of territories, damage and occupation of part of the land), entrepreneurs are forced to effectively and quickly implement agricultural marketing in its economic activity for researching consumer needs, forecasting demand, studying assortment policy and developing a production program, studying channels of goods movement and organizing safe sales.

The development of polysubcentric network in the context of metropolitanization: evidence from Poland

ABSTRACT This study examines the patterns of suburban development in major Polish agglomerations with the aim of uncovering uneven suburban growth and the consequent emergence of a polycentric arrangement against the backdrop of metropolitanization. Out of 17 agglomerations, six representative ones were selected for in-depth analysis. Uneven growth has delineated hierarchical levels in five of the six chosen agglomerations, laying the foundation for polycentric development. However, the disparities between cores and suburban municipalities are so substantial that a more precise approach lies in considering the development based on multiple sub-centres (Polysubcentric), rather than polycentric. These sub-centres exhibit an upswing in population and a relative share compared to the core’s size, alongside an increase in inbound to outbound commuters (and consequently, an augmented economic function). They also evolve into important nodes for commuting. The study classifies sub-centres into two types based on achieved functional shifts (SUB-C, SUB-R). The differences among agglomerations underscore the distinctive nature of each local environment. In certain cases, sub-central networks develop successfully, although the process is selective and intertwined with geographical location, economic factors, and the condition and capacity of transport infrastructure.

An investigation of the Catholic Church’s viewpoint on miraa production and consumption in Igembe Deanery, Meru Diocese

The study sought to investigate the Catholic Church’s viewpoint on miraa production and consumption in Igembe Deanery, Meru Diocese, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design. Data were obtained from oral interviews, focus group discussions, questionnaires, primary and secondary sources, and participant observation to ensure the study's validity and reliability. The study was based on the Structural-Functionalism and Social Conflict theory in order to establish the viewpoint of the Catholic Church on miraa production and usage in Igembe Deanery despite the CC policies on drugs of all kinds except on therapeutic grounds. A sample of 348 of the 3614 church members in Igembe Deanery was chosen for the study. Ten (10) priests, eight (8) catechists, ten (10) elders, ten (10) farmers, ten (10) traders and three hundred (300) church members from sampled parishes of Igembe Deanery were used as key informants. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, tables and the mean were used in analysing data. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 27.0 was used to analyse the data. This study’s findings were that the Catholic Church in Igembe Deanery, Diocese of Meru, views miraa as the main source of livelihood for Christians, and miraa's economic, socio-cultural, religious, and educational functions are the main reasons for the Catholic Church in Igembe Deanery to accept Khat's production and consumption. This study recommends that the church in Africa needs to enhance efficient and effective Christianity by enhancing the inculturation of Christianity in Africa.

The Bretskyan hierarchy, multiscale allopatry, and geobiomes—on the nature of evolutionary things

AbstractThe process of evolution and the structures it produces are best understood in the light of hierarchy theory. The biota traditionally is described by either the genealogical Linnaean hierarchy or economic hierarchies of communities or ecosystems. Here we describe the Bretskyan hierarchy—a hybrid eco-genealogical hierarchy that consists of nested sets of different-sized, usually polyphyletic communities of interacting individuals separated from other such communities in space and time at multiple scales. The Bretskyan hierarchy consists of elements that have both genealogical and economic properties and functions—situated between, and connecting the elements of, the economic hierarchies (Vernadskyan) and the genealogical (Linnaean) hierarchy. The described hierarchy at lower tiers is populated by holobionts, individuals composed of multiple polyphyletic lineages integrated by functional interactions or biotically fabricated structures, such as membranes. At larger spatial tiers and longer time scales, the members of the Bretskyan hierarchy are of a more diffuse nature, partially due to the small size and relatively short duration of us as observers of larger and longer-lasting structures, here described as geobiomes. Their individuality is externally forced and directly tied to the spatial and temporal physical structures of our planet. These are sub-bioprovinces and bioprovinces—large and effectively isolated spatiotemporal structures of biota integrated internally by coevolution and individuated externally by a hierarchy of barriers. Gaia is here understood as the largest eco-genealogical individual compartmentalized by the outer space of the Earth and integrated at long time scales by biotic interactions and plate tectonic mixing of biota. The existence of a hierarchy of barriers and multilevel allopatry suggests that geographic isolation takes part not only in individuating species lineages, but also in producing coherent complexes of separate lineages forming bioprovinces at multiple space and time scales. The sizes, configurations, and durations of Bretskyan units are directly tied to geodynamics, demonstrating the central role of the physical planet in the processes of individuation and merging of geobiomes and the control of coevolution, and all its ramifications, at multiple space and time scales. The Bretskyan hierarchy also allows the integration of previously unconnected themes—“egalitarian” major transitions in individuality (e.g., eukaryogenesis) and some of the megatrajectories in the history of life—into a single theoretical framework of spatial and temporal scaling of eco-genealogy. The pervasive scaling of geodynamical processes and the direct connection of geodynamics to the dynamics of Bretskyan units allows us to formulate conjectures on the scales and limits of spatial and temporal contingency and competitiveness of biotas in evolution.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ВИВЧЕННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА

The article examines the essence and historical development of social entrepreneurship to solve and mitigate social problems, proposes its functions, and outlines the differences between social entrepreneurship and socially responsible business. It is proposed to distinguish the following functions of social entrepreneurship: social function, economic function, innovative function, mobilizing function, and motivational function. The five components of social responsibility of business are summarized: a responsible producer, a responsible employer, a responsible participant in social relations, a responsible participant in economic and political relations with the state, and a responsible business partner, and the essence of each of them is revealed. Several advantages arising from the implementation of social responsibility are emphasized, among them: increasing the reputation of the organization as socially active, increasing the level of public trust in the activities of the organization and its products, increasing the professionalism of the company, and preserving the personnel potential; increase in the level of loyalty of the company's employees; creation of a safe environment for the operation and development of the company; compliance with global standards of business activity; formation of partnership and trusting relations with the authorities, public sector and mass media. The difference between social entrepreneurship and the social responsibility of business is substantiated. It is noted that the social responsibility of business is expressed in the implementation of the main activity of the enterprise, taking into account social and environmental aspects. In contrast, social entrepreneurship's social goal is the basis of its existence. The main goal of socially responsible enterprises is to make a profit, and for social enterprises, it is to solve social problems with the help of the obtained profit. In addition, the percentage of profit spent on social goals within the social responsibility framework can vary within individual decisions or commitments. In contrast, this percentage is clearly defined and fixed in social enterprises.

Pengoptimalan Mangrove dalam upaya peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat Desa Pasar Rawa Kecamatan Gebang Kabupaten Langkat

The preservation of mangrove forests must always be maintained, because mangrove forests have biological, ecological and economic functions which are of course very beneficial for the survival of every living creature. Optimal use of mangrove forests will bring many benefits to the lives of communities around the coast of Pasar Rawa. Success in mangrove management will improve the welfare of the community around the coast of Pasar Rawa. In implementing this program, the method of giving lectures about optimizing mangroves is used in an effort to improve the welfare of the people of Pasar Rawa. The aim of this program is for partners to be able to improve the welfare of the people of Pasar Rawa.

Functions of Agrarian Families in the Prevention of Stunting: A Literature Review

Aims: This research aims to identify factors related to the functions of agrarian families in rural areas that can contribute to the prevention of stunting. Methods: This study employs a literature review design with keywords "family" "agriculture or rural" and "stunting." The selection of articles follows the PRISMA approach. Articles were selected using three search engines: PubMed, Sage Journals, and Google Scholar. Results: This review summarizes eighteen articles. Nine articles discuss income and economic limitations within a family, ten articles explore food practices and dietary diversity (protein sources), three articles examine family size, four articles address maternal education and knowledge, three articles focus on exclusive breastfeeding, and two articles discuss parenting styles and early marriage culture, both considered influential in stunting within agrarian families in rural areas. Conclusion: Results Optimizable family functions in stunting prevention include economic, healthcare, reproductive, and socialization functions. Affective functions were not consistently found in the reviewed articles, possibly due to the limited use of three search engines by the researchers. Future researchers are encouraged to explore similar research themes using other journal search engines to enrich the study.

Analysis of Forest Fragmentation and Connectivity Using Fractal Dimension and Succolarity

Forests around the world, vital for ecological, economic, and social functions, are facing increasing threats such as deforestation and habitat fragmentation. This study introduces “succolarity” to analyse forest connectivity and fragmentation directionally in the Romanian Carpathians from 2000 to 2021. Besides traditional indices such as the fractal fragmentation index (FFI), the fractal fragmentation and disorder index (FFDI), the local connected fractal dimension (LCFD), and succolarity, two novel indices are proposed: potential succolarity and delta (Δ) succolarity, which provide nuanced insights into environmental changes and human interventions in forests worldwide. The succolarity tests showed invariance at the image scale and sensitivity to the obstacles in different image scenarios. The combined analysis of succolarity and fractal indices reveals dynamic patterns of connectivity, fragmentation, and spatial disturbance. The directional insights of succolarity highlight and enhance understanding of deforestation patterns. The FFI and FFDI show different levels of fragmentation across mountain groups, while the LCFD details local connectivity. The adaptability of the method makes it globally applicable, supporting biodiversity conservation and landscape management. In conclusion, the integration of succolarity and traditional fractal indices provides a robust methodology for the comprehensive analysis of forest fragmentation. This advancement not only supports the sustainable management of the Romanian Carpathians but also represents a versatile approach applicable to ecosystems worldwide, ensuring the long-term resilience of forested regions.

Research on Land Use Versatility Evaluation, Spatiotemporal Coupling, and Influencing Factors Based on Multimethod Integration

Land use multifunctionality research is important for the efficient use of land resources and the resolution of land use conflicts. With the use of methods such as the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) model, coupling coordination model, and geographical detector, the land use multifunctionality level, spatiotemporal coupling, and influencing factors in the Sichuan Province of China from 2000 to 2020 were systematically analyzed in this paper. It was revealed that, from 2000 to 2020, the comprehensive land use functionality in Sichuan Province was continuously improved with increasing economic, social, and ecological functionality levels. The comprehensive land use functionality in each city (prefecture) exhibited a positive development trend. The coupling coordination degree of the land use multifunctionality in Sichuan Province has been continuously improved, undergoing an evolutionary process from the brink of disarray to barely coordinated, then to primary coordination, and finally to medium coordination. The spatial differentiation of land use multifunctionality coupling coordination among cities (prefectures) was notable, showing center–periphery spatial distribution characteristics. The average slope and employed population density exhibited the highest explanatory power for the spatial differences in land use multifunctionality coupling coordination. The interaction between any two factors exerted a greater impact than any single factor on the spatial differentiation of land use multifunctionality coupling coordination. Based on the regional development characteristics, region-specific strategies should be adopted to enhance the land use multifunctionality level in Sichuan Province.

Mangrove Ecotourism Development to Improve Coastal Community’s Welfare in Sedari Village, Karawang Regency, West Java

Coastal regions in Indonesia grapple with high poverty rates. The prosperity of coastal communities hinges on the utilization of coastal natural resources. Mangroves, flourishing in these areas, play diverse roles in supporting the well-being of coastal communities, as illustrated comprehensively through their ecological and economic functions. A concrete implementation of this is the development of mangrove ecotourism, contributing to the economic and social value of the community. This article aims to explore the role and potential of mangrove forest ecotourism development in enhancing the well-being of Sedari Village’s communities. The methodology involves a literature review and structured interviews with key informants. The analysis shows that mangrove ecotourism in Sedari Village can contribute to: 1) a increasing Sedari Village’s income, potentially exceeding Rp. 100,000,000 annually, 2) Enlarging job opportunities for reducing the communities' reliance on sea catches, and 3) Improving the social and environmental value with active participation in managing the mangrove forest ecotourism area.

Whole genome sequencing and annotation of Daedaleopsis sinensis, a wood-decaying fungus significantly degrading lignocellulose.

Daedaleopsis sinensis is a fungus that grows on wood and secretes a series of enzymes to degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and cause wood rot decay. Wood-decaying fungi have ecological, economic, edible, and medicinal functions. Furthermore, the use of microorganisms to biodegrade lignocellulose has high application value. Genome sequencing has allowed microorganisms to be analyzed from the aspects of genome characteristics, genome function annotation, metabolic pathways, and comparative genomics. Subsequently, the relevant information regarding lignocellulosic degradation has been mined by bioinformatics. Here, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of D. sinensis for the first time. A 51.67-Mb genome sequence was assembled to 24 contigs, which led to the prediction of 12,153 protein-coding genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database analysis of the D. sinensis data revealed that 3,831 genes are involved in almost 120 metabolic pathways. According to the Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme database, 481 enzymes are found in D. sinensis, of which glycoside hydrolases are the most abundant. The genome sequence of D. sinensis provides insights into its lignocellulosic degradation and subsequent applications.

Optimal Energy Configuration of Integrated Energy Community Considering Carbon Emission

An integrated energy community with a distributed utilization of renewable energy and complementary electricity–gas–cold–heat integrated energy will play an important role in energy conservation and emission reduction. In addition, compared with traditional thermoelectric power equipment, solid oxide fuel cells have many advantages, such as a high energy utilization rate, good waste heat quality, and low carbon emissions. Therefore, the SOFC-based multi-energy and energy storage sharing operation model of an integrated energy community with an electricity–gas–cooling–heat integrated energy system is constructed, and a bi-objective optimal configuration model considering the carbon emission index is established. Considering the economic objective of the smallest annual total operating cost as the most important objective in optimizing the planning model, the ε-constraint method is used to transform the environmental objective function with the smallest annual total carbon emission into a constraint condition under the decision making of an economic single objective function, and then the planning model is linearized and solved by using the Big-M method and the McCormick relaxation method. By calculating and analyzing the energy allocation results in five scenarios, the effectiveness and rationality of the model built in this article are verified. At the same time, the calculation example analysis results show that as the ε value decreases, the energy configuration of the integrated energy community will shift from natural gas to clean energy. From this perspective, the energy equipment configuration and operating costs will increase. However, the heat storage system and power storage system sharing can effectively reduce the energy allocation capacity and costs.

Single Mom: Pemenuhan Fungsi Afeksi dan Ekonomi pada Anak

This research aims to analyze the fulfillment of economic and affectional functions for children carried out by single mothers who work as small traders in the Tamin market, Bandar Lampung city. This research is important to carry out so that single mothers continue to provide affection and economic functions even though they come from incomplete families. This research was carried out using a qualitative approach to analyze in depth the phenomena related to single mothers as well as the fulfillment of the affection and economic functions carried out by single mothers for his children. The research informants were 5 people who were single mothers who worked as small traders. Data collection techniques include observation, in-depth interviews and documentation. Data analysis was carried out in stages of reduction, data presentation and data verification. The research results show that the economic function carried out by single mothers who work as small traders is by doing side jobs, extending working hours, asking family members for help, borrowing, saving money and taking advantage of assistance from the government. Meanwhile, the affection function is carried out by spending time, controlling relationships, providing religious knowledge, giving advice

Започаткування та розвиток тюремного піклування в Херсонській губернії (1828-1857 рр.)

The purpose is to study the specifics of prison care in the Kherson province in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. The research methodology is based on the principles of a specific historical approach or historicism. The study uses historical and genetic, historical and comparative, periodisation, and descriptive methods. The scientific novelty of the study is that it is the first attempt to form a holistic view of the origins of prison care in the Kherson province, in particular in such cities as Kherson and Alexandria. The study analyses for the first time the formation and activities of the Kherson Prison Care Committee, and examines its work in modernising the prison system. At the same time, the first attempts to establish trusteeship committees in the county towns of the province are studied. In turn, the activities of the Kherson Committee of Trustees were examined in the context of the formation of prison care in the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire. Conclusions. It has been established that the Kherson Prison Trusteeship Committee emerged after the construction of the Kherson prison castle, which was a typical phenomenon in the Ukrainian provinces of the empire. The development of its activities, like most regional committees, can be divided into two stages. From its foundation in 1835 to the 1840s, the committee introduced significant changes to the prison regime and prisoners' living conditions, trying to organise the functioning of the provincial prison on the basis of the Prison Instruction of 1831. During the 1840s, until the reform of prison care in 1851 and the provincial audit, the committee's activity declined and it performed exclusively economic functions. The reason for the passivity of local elites in promoting prison reform is associated with the lack of educational and ecumenical ideals inherent in the organisers of prison reforms in Western Europe and the capital of the Russian Empire..

Crises of the welfare state, resilience, and pessimism of the intellect

AbstractThe crises faced by welfare states have now endured for significantly longer than the counter‐period of stability, calm and cooperation between the 1940s and 1970s. Systemic crisis of welfare states tied to the contradictions of capitalism, and the exogenous crises for the welfare state that have afflicted its expansion have, however, been met by faith in its resilience evidenced in its economic functions and popularity. We question the basis for optimism by examining the ‘state of the welfare state’ in the context of the social goals envisaged in the 1940s and the extent to which these are evidenced in contemporary social policy arrangements. We present a case for more ‘pessimism of the intellect’ in assessing welfare futures to better underpin welfare state scholars' tendency towards ‘optimism of the will’.

PASAR MODAL SYARIAH

This research aims to find out about the sharia capital market. This research method uses a literature study approach sourced from books according to the topic and focuses on research. The results of the literature review in this research conclude that the Islamic capital market is a capital market whose entire activity mechanism, especially regarding issuers, the types of securities traded and the trading mechanism is in accordance with sharia principles. The capital market or stock exchange has been around since the Dutch colonial era and to be precise in 1912 in Batavia. The capital market plays a role in carrying out two functions simultaneously, namely an economic function and a financial function. Legal entities in carrying out sharia capital market activities are regulated by Bapepam-Lk.

The Influence Of Economic Factors On HDI In Lampung Province In 2018-2021

Lampung Province is adjacent to the major entrance to Sumatra Island, however its HDI has not yet caught up to those of the other provinces on Sumatra Island. This reveals that, in comparison to other provinces on the island of Sumatra, Lampung Province has strategic potential for advancing the welfare of its citizens that has not yet been fully achieved. Examining the effects of economic growth, life expectancy, GRDP, health infrastructure, education infrastructure, and spending for health and education services on HDI in Lampung Province is the goal of this study. This study uses secondary data sources from the djpk.kemenkeu.go.id website and the Lampung Province Central Statistics Agency (BPS) website. The methodology of this study is quantitative, and it analyzes 15 districts and cities utilizing Eviews 13 software by employing the "random effect model" or REM method. According to the study's findings, HDI in Lampung Province increased between 2018 and 2021 as a consequence of improvements in GRDP, life expectancy, educational infrastructure, and health function spending. Meanwhile, the variables Economic Growth, Health Infrastructure, and Education Function Expenditures did not influence the HDI in Lampung Province in the same period.

IMPLEMENTASI PENERAPAN FUNGSI NONLINER DALAM MATEMATIKA EKONOMI PADA KEHIDUPAN SEHARI-HARI

This research aims to dig deeper into the implementation of nonlinear functions in economic mathematics in everyday life. Nonlinear functions in economics have become an increasingly popular research topic in recent decades, with wide applications in various fields, including macro and microeconomics, finance, and business. This research uses qualitative methods with literature review techniques. In this method, data is collected from various related literature sources such as books, journals and online articles. The research results show that nonlinear functions play an important role in various aspects of daily life. From personal financial planning to macroeconomic policy, a good understanding of nonlinear functions and their application to mathematical economics can provide significant benefits to individuals and society as a whole. In addition, this research also highlights the importance of economic mathematics education in helping people understand and apply these concepts in everyday life

Efficient management of HVAC systems through coordinated operation of parallel chiller units: An economic predictive control approach

In developed countries, air conditioning systems have become major contributors to energy consumption in buildings. Cooling installations made up of independent chiller units connected in parallel pose a challenge in finding the most energy-efficient management strategy. This article proposes a novel economic model predictive control strategy to optimize the operation of multiple-chiller HVAC systems according to an economic cost comprising energy consumption as well as a thermal comfort index. Provided that the gradient of the economic cost function can be calculated or estimated, the proposed controller only entails the solution of a single quadratic programming (QP) problem at each sampling period, reducing computational requirements and thus facilitating the deployment on commercial embedded HVAC management platforms. The proposed controller improves economic performance. As our numerical analysis shows, optimal sequencing is achieved for the case of dual-chiller plants. Moreover, the controller adapts to possible variations in the economic criteria, enabling the system to respond to changes in electricity price and user preferences. A realistic case study, using a high fidelity model of a building simulated in TRNSYS, demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. In particular, the proposed controller demonstrates to be more efficient than state-of-the-art QP-based economic predictive controllers in achieving a reduction of the energy consumption up to 5.19%, which is in line with the targeted reduction of 7.9% by 2030 in the EU Green Deal's ‘Fit for 55’ package.

Between ‘The Character of the Athenian Empire’ and The Origins of the Peloponnesian War (and beyond)

Abstract This article discusses the fortune of Geoffrey de Ste. Croix’s famous article ‘The Character of the Athenian Empire’, and reassesses its basic thesis that the Athenian Empire was popular among the lower classes of the allied cities in the light of recent developments in the field. After surveying the article’s immediate and more recent reception, and discussing its relation with The Origins of the Peloponnesian War and The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World, it isolates four key new trends in Greek history that, while going against some of Ste. Croix’s basic convictions, end up reinforcing his overall case. These are: a renewed attention to the mass and elite dichotomy, with recent work interpreting Greek oligarchy as a fundamentally reactive and anti-demotic regime; the recognition of the continued relevance of Persian meddling in the later fifth-century; a sea-change in Attic epigraphy which has led to the post-dating of several ‘imperial’ decrees; the new recognition of the dynamism of the Greek economy, and of the economic function of the Athenian Empire itself. Finally, the article addresses the paradigm of class struggle and stresses how democracy and economic dynamism, to which the Athenian Empire contributed, fostered the growth of slave markets and worsened the exploitation of ‘marginal’ regions as slave suppliers.