Trend Of Economic Development Research Articles

Assessing the role of digital economy agglomeration in energy conservation and emission reduction: Evidence from China

As an important economic phenomenon and development trend, it is meaningful to understand the impact of digital economy agglomeration (DIAGG) on energy conservation and emission reduction to achieve the dual carbon target in China. Using the panel data of 285 cities in China from 2011 to 2018, the study comprehensively investigates the influence mechanism, nonlinear effect, and spatial spillover effect of DIAGG on energy conservation and emission reduction by employing multiple econometric models. The results show that the DIAGG is beneficial to promote energy conservation and emission reduction by the mechanisms of the innovation effect, structural effect, and scale effect. However, the threshold model shows that DIAGG has a non-linear impact on energy conservation and emission reduction. When the DIAGG exceeds 0.083 and 1.194, respectively, the impact of DIAGG on emission reduction changes from inhibiting to promoting, while the marginal effect on energy conservation decreases. In addition, there is a significant positive spatial spillover effect of DIAGG on energy conservation and emission reduction, which inhibits energy conservation and emission reduction in surrounding cities. This spatial spillover effect decreases in the maturity period. This study provides policy insights for promoting energy conservation and emission reduction to achieve sustainable urban development.

Fatigue properties of OSD in large cantilever cable-stayed bridge on highway-railway layer

To enhance the understanding of fatigue issues in orthotropic steel deck (OSD) bridges with cantilevered steel-box girders on highway–railway layers and ensure the fatigue life of similar bridges, this study focused on the OSD fatigue characteristics of the Jinhai Bridge, the world's widest dual-use–cable-stayed bridge for road and railway transport. The fatigue-stress distribution characteristics and variation rules were investigated using a full-scale fatigue test model. Four U-ribs were subjected to four million loading test cycles, and the OSD fatigue performance was evaluated using the nominal stress method. The results indicated that the stress-influence range of the crossbeam U-rib in a large cantilever steel box girder was approximately nine U-ribs wide and three crossbeams long, significantly exceeding that of a conventional closed-box steel girder. The stress difference in the crossbeam opening bottom-edge detail in the box girder with and without a cantilever was 85.4%. Along the transverse bridge, the most unfavorable stress amplitude difference among similar fatigue details in different regions reached 57%. After 4 million cycles, the crack length was 90 mm. The fatigue cracks had a minimal effect on the overall deformation performance of the model. Combining the traffic volume statistical data and damage accumulation, the estimated fatigue life of the crossbeam opening detail was 103.55 years. According to JTG-D64–2015, this satisfies the recommended fatigue design life requirement of 100 years for the crossbeam opening details of large cantilever steel box girders. However, the economic development trends and increasing traffic volumes necessitate further research.

Total Electricity Consumption Forecasting Based on Temperature Composite Index and Mixed-Frequency Models

ABSTRACT The total electricity consumption (TEC) can accurately reflect the operation of the national economy, and the forecasting of the TEC can help predict the economic development trend, as well as provide insights for the formulation of macro policies. Nowadays, high-frequency and massive multi-source data provide a new way to predict the TEC. In this paper, a “seasonal-cumulative temperature index” is constructed based on high-frequency temperature data, and a mixed-frequency prediction model based on multi-source big data (Mixed Data Sampling with Monthly Temperature and Daily Temperature index, MIDAS-MT-DT) is proposed. Experimental results show that the MIDAS-MT-DT model achieves higher prediction accuracy, and the “seasonal-cumulative temperature index” can improve prediction accuracy.

Impact of ecological conservation policies on land use and carbon stock in megacities at different stages of development

Urban expansion, especially the construction of megacities, increases carbon emissions and adversely affects the carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems. However, scientific land-use management policies can increase carbon storage. This study takes two megacities at different stages of development, Beijing and Tianjin, as examples to explore the impact of different ecological conservation scenarios on both urban land use and carbon storage to provide recommendations for the construction planning of large cities with low-carbon development as the goal. Furthermore, we coupled the patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model with the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model to simulate land use and carbon storage under a natural development scenario, a planned ecological protection scenario (PEPS), and a policy-based ecological restoration scenario (PERS). From 2000 to 2020, both cities had different degrees of construction land expansion and carbon loss, and Tianjin's dynamic degree of construction land was 0.94% higher than Beijing's, with a carbon loss 183,536.19 Mg higher than Beijing's; this trend of reducing carbon reserves will continue under the natural development scenario (NDS). Under the PEPS and PERS, the carbon stock of both cities increases, and the impact on Tianjin is greater, with an increase of 4.51% and 8.04%, respectively. Under PERS, the carbon stock increases the most, but the dynamic degree of construction land use is negative for both cities. Beijing's carbon stock is 0.40% lower than Tianjin's, which deviates slightly from the trend of urban economic development. Megacities in the rapid development stage can refer to Tianjin, strictly following the ecological protection land planning scope and vigorously implementing ecological restoration policies to effectively increase regional carbon stock. Megacities in the mature stage of development can refer to Beijing, and flexibly implement ecological restoration policies to increase regional carbon stock without affecting the city's economic development.

Improving the standardisation of oil product losses

The effectiveness of standardisation as a form of regulation of processes and results of activity in all spheres of production-technical, commercial-economic, social and other relations is confirmed at the international and regional levels, in the scope of standardisation work in countries with a developed market economy. World and domestic experience has revealed a wide range of problems and tasks that can be solved with the involvement, and sometimes exclusively, by means of standardisation, as well as various forms and methods of solving these problems, which are determined by the state and trends of economic development, conditions and factors of its functioning. The level of scientific and technical progress in many sectors of the world economy, the growth rates of international trade pose new challenges to standardisation. In these conditions, standards become the main economic tool for rationalisation and harmonisation of international trade as an integrated expression of the effective economic development of the country. Harmonisation of domestic standards with international and regional standards creates the necessary conditions for the creation of competitive products based on the updating of the current stock of state and interstate standards; development of technical legislation (technical regulations) regulating issues of safety of products and services for life and health of people, environment; formation of a system of standards of information interaction, in which electronic means of communication make it possible to strengthen international technical cooperation in all spheres of human activity. Certain aspects of improving the quality and competitiveness of products, including by means of standardisation, have been considered in the works of domestic and foreign scientists. However, there are practically no scientific works devoted to ensuring the competitiveness of processes of transportation and storage of petroleum products by means of harmonisation of national standards. The importance of the considered problem and its insufficient development for the economy of Ukraine, its industries and enterprises determine the relevance of the research topic. In this scientific work the analysis of different approaches to the determination of the loss of petroleum products was carried out with the help of regulatory documents approved at the state level. A comparative analysis of the document used for a long time in the post-Soviet space and the document that replaced it in Ukraine was carried out. The approach to determining the loss of organic liquids from tanks of various designs in the USA was analysed, in particular, the possibilities and limitations of using the functions of the TANK 4.0 program to calculate the loss of oil products by evaporation from tanks were studied

ANALYSIS OF THE FATE OF INDONESIA' S ECONOMY IN THE FUTURE

Court Developing countries tend to experience inflation, countries with inflation below 3% are still on the normal threshold for a country (stebisgm, 2015) but conversely a country with high and unstable inflation is a reflection of economic instability which results in a general and continuous increase in the level of prices for goods and services in a country and results in higher levels of poverty and unemployment. In this study we used a quantitative method using time series data from 2015 to 2021 and carried out statistical calculations using SPSS.. Results According to the study, the inflation rate is 3532 > 2306. The significance level is 0.039 <0.05, which means that inflation affects Indonesia's economic growth/gross domestic product (GDP). Even though the management of the state's economy cannot be separated from the state, including Indonesia from the countries affected by the state. However, the monetary and fiscal policies implemented in each country vary depending on economic conditions, direction and development goals to be achieved. The economic growth of a country, including Indonesia, is inseparable from the monetary and fiscal policies implemented by each country. However, monetary and fiscal policies differ from country to country Actual economic conditions, development trends and goals that can be achieved. An important function of financial management and financial management is to control inflation rates, cash flows and control additional costs in the company. The purpose of this study is to analyze the situation of the Indonesian economy for the next five years and to analyze the government's role in controlling inflation, monetary policy and fiscal policy and their impact on the economy. Macro - for economic analysis (Sutiono M.Kom., M.T.I, 2019) mi law near and far. The method used is a literature survey methodology and the data used is secondary data which is consistent with various relevant literature. To overcome inflation, monetary policy, and taxation, the government must implement performance-related macroeconomic policies. Measures of inflation and economic growth. Therefore, all countries must maintain economic stability is threatened. Inflation is one of the most important factors in the economy. The inflation rate is caused by many changes regarding major economic changes such as economic growth and unemployment. Thus, expansion is a variable that is often observed and tested both theoretically and empirically. Economic growth can only be successful if it is supported by sustainable growth, which then must improve people's welfare. Growth recovery refers to the rate at which growth returns to balance after a shock. In addition, this research examines sustainability factors in various regions in Indonesia. To measure the sustainability of inflation, this study uses the univariate autoregression (AR) model.. According to the results there are eight, namely:
 (1) provinces/cities in East Java experienced higher growth rates during the study period. The highest elevation is in the town of Probolingo and the lowest in the town of Madiun. The things that contribute the most to growth are made from staple foods like eggs, rice, chicken, tomatoes, beans and beef. and others
 (2) According to our findings, the increase in inflation in the eight provinces/districts of East Java was high enough to attract editorial attention. high inflation expectations also lead to persistent inflation. Based on this information, the government needs to formulate a strategy to control inflation that is sustainable and measurable, such as strengthening the role of groups. Regional Inflation Monitor (RPID). Unemployment and inflation are two important issues in any country. The difference between these two variables remains a subject of research among economists as evidenced by the Phillips curve theory.

The Research of the Evolution and Development Direction on Chinese Innovation Policy under the New Economic Momentum

The Chinese government has been pursing upgrading its position in global industrial chain and supply chain system to enter a higher stage since the opening policy, even though the external environment is deteriorating constantly. And this intention is more obvious and accelerating without any stop in recent years. Objectively say this is one of the most exact and direct reasons why relationship of China-US is falling and is fulling of conflicts. Since March 2018, the US government has successively initiated and signed trade sanctions against China, what is indifferent from the past, those sanctions which essence is to suppress the ambition and plan of China's at the high-end manufacturing industry through trade and investment barriers, to curb China's rise. Meanwhile, various risks are emerging in the world, and the uncertainty factors brought about by the war are rising significantly, and public health security is still a potential threat to the world economy in the post epidemic era. In this context, in the face of the constant conflict between China and the United States in trade, Chinese enterprises can only transform and upgrade their innovation capabilities to become the best way to escape from vicious competition. Therefore, this paper through conducts a horizontal comparative study of China's innovation policy system since the reform and opening by using the trichotomy method, with reference to the research on the development process of innovation policy systems of major innovation countries in the world. At the same time, it objectively analyses and evaluates the achievements and problems of China's current independent innovation policy in practice. Furthermore, when China's economic momentum entered the critical period of transformation, that is, under the background that China will leap over the middle-income trap and enter the ranks of moderately developed countries, the paper analysed and concluded the core position of innovation in China's future economic momentum transformation and development, thus making a rational prediction of China's future economic development trend from the analysis of international economic trends against the critical moments of increasing global instability.

Economy of the Future Through the Eyes of Futurologists. Positive Changes Journal Expert Discussion

Leading economists and futurologists met at the session organized by the Positive Changes Journal and devoted to the main topic of the special issue — the economy of the future. Will there be an increase in prosperity and where will it lead? What are the trends in economic development? What should be envisaged while building an economic development scenario? Will the economy of the future become human-centered? Are the fears of artificial intelligence justified? How will space be explored? What do we need to do to bring the kind of future we like closer? The panelists discuss this and much more. The conversation was facilitated by Vladimir Vainer, director of the Positive Changes Factory. The editorial staff publishes a transcript of the conversation.

THE FORMATION OF A CONCEPTUAL AND CATEGORICAL APPARATUS FOR RESEARCH ON THE MANAGEMENT OF THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF AGRARIAN ENTERPRISES

Initial conceptualization of economic security issues, its systematization, and logicization with the help of basic conceptual structures creates prerequisites for understanding the principles and methods of analysis of manifestations, resource base, and trends of economic security development. Within the framework of various economic paradigms, they are developing their approaches to the content and technology of the cognitive process, its capabilities, and reliability. Taking into account the geostrategic tasks of Ukraine, the experience of implementing the state food security strategy, it is essential to rethink the concept of Ukraine’s national interests in the economic sphere, assess new challenges and threats to economic security and, on this basis, prepare a new state strategy, as well as a mechanism for its implementation. The systems of economic activity, management, and compliance with the economic security of subjects of economic relations differ functionally and spatially. A significant part of economic phenomena, processes, several business entities, and economic relations are beyond the influence of the elements of the economic security system. All this actualizes the problem of analyzing information at the “output”, primarily indicators of the effectiveness of the functioning of enterprises, organizations, individual industries, the quality and standard of living of employees, and the population as a whole, since these indicators act not only as indicators of social and economic well-being but also as criteria, by which it is possible to judge the level of internal threats to ensure sustainable and safe economic development. In the conditions of free market relations, the process of decentralizing the state management system in ensuring economic security, the role of economic managers of agro-industrial complex enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership, vast and medium, is increasing. The content of this type of management, its functional, technological, and other features, is primarily determined by the state of the country’s economy and its industries as an object of management. Ensuring the economic security of enterprises in the agrarian sector of Ukraine depends on the constituent structures of the agricultural sector since the agrarian sector is closely connected with the entire agrarian complex of the country.

Development of the credit market of Ukraine under macroeconomic instability

The development of Ukraine’s credit market occurs under periodic economic crises. Available destructive processes inhibit the development of credit relations, negatively affecting the lending of economic entities and restraining the development of the national economy. This study aims to highlight the basic transformations in the development of the credit market of Ukraine, which are formed in macroeconomic instability. The economic development trends in Ukraine were assessed using classical statistical methods. The correlation regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of macroeconomic parameters (exchange rate, average salary, and cost of loans) on the volume of bank lending. The results show that the national economy of Ukraine during 2005–2021 developed in the conditions of periodic macroeconomic instability, and the pre-crisis (an indicator of 2013) parameters of bank lending volumes have not restored within the credit market. The paper stresses the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: in 2020, the volume of bank lending decreased by 10.38 billion USD. Moreover, the econometric analysis of the influence of specific macroeconomic parameters (exchange rate, average salary, and cost of loans) on the development of bank lending in Ukraine demonstrated that the stability of the national currency exerts the greatest influence on the lending processes of economic entities in Ukraine. Its provision in the long term allows the creation of favorable conditions for the credit market functioning after the shock periods. Acknowledgment This study is conducted within the framework of the scientific project “Transformation of the households’ behavior in the financial services market in the context of digitalization” with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.

Domestic and Foreign Trade Container Generation Measurement Based on GCM & RM Model

As a country's economy continues to develop, the supply of materials required for the development of the country's major industries increases, and many of the products produced need to be exported abroad, which leads to greater demand for foreign trade. The increasing demand for foreign trade has led to a great development of the country's logistics industry and has also put pressure on the basic transport conditions. As domestic and international trade becomes more frequent, the domestic industry is boosted, and it is a question of how to accurately calculate and forecast the volume of containers generated for external and domestic trade. In this paper, the generation coefficient method is applied to calculate the volume of domestic and foreign trade containers generated in the study area, taking the countries of the West African region as an example, to determine their logistics needs. On the basis of this, a regression model is used to forecast the future container volumes of West African countries in conjunction with economic development trends. The forecast results can be used as a reference basis for the construction of transport infrastructure, port development and further logistics planning in the study area.

CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURES ON INNOVATION ACTIVITIES OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

Modern trends in economic development, such as globalisation of markets, intensification of competition, changes in consumer demand, shortening of life cycles of goods and technologies, increasing requirements for their quality, and rising costs of used resources, require leaders and managers to find effective methods of managing the company's activities. Ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises in such conditions is impossible without the introduction of the latest management concepts, which requires changes and development of functional management, one of which is the management of costs based on the definition of new criteria for their classification. Classification of costs for management purposes should meet the main requirement – it should be based on characteristics that allow differentiation of costs for their management in various aspects. It creates conditions for determining the level of costs according to the scope of their management, organisation of planning, accounting, control and analysis. The purpose of the article is to consider the accounting, analytical and management tasks of cost classification in industrial enterprises and its improvement. Methodology. The methodological basis of the thesis is a set of methods and principles of scientific knowledge, general and special methods and techniques used in research. The theoretical basis of the study is the scientific work of domestic and foreign scientists on issues of cost management, organisation of information systems, management accounting of costs, methods of cost management. The legal basis of the study consisted of the current legislative and regulatory documents regulating the formation of costs of enterprises in Ukraine. The information base included official statistical data, reporting and accounting information of enterprises, Internet resources and publications, as well as the results of own research. In order to achieve the set goal, the methods of system approach (to study and characterise the theoretical basis of cost classification) and structural-logical analysis (to determine the criteria for classification of costs of an industrial enterprise) were used when writing the article. Practical implications. The obtained results and the developed recommendations constitute a methodological basis for the improvement of the management of costs for the innovative activity of industrial enterprises based on the definition of new criteria for their classification. The most practical results are: the study of the similarities and differences in the approaches to cost classification of industrial enterprises, the definition of the objectives of cost classification, the consideration of cost classification by cost items, the need to distinguish additional features of cost classification. Value/originality. The classification of costs for the innovative activity of an industrial enterprise has been improved and extended with additional criterion features (possibility of management, accounting and reporting, the principle of accepted obligations, the place of formation, according to the stability factor), due to the need to determine the relationship between the size of the enterprise 's costs and the possibilities of exercising managerial influence on them by managers of different levels, which makes it possible to optimise the composition and structure of costs, which are reflected in various methods of cost management and are the basis for their choice of coordination.

МОЖЛИВОСТІ ГАРМОНІЗАЦІЇ ПЛАТІЖНОГО ПРОСТОРУ УКРАЇНИ: ІНСТИТУЦІЙНИЙ АСПЕКТ

Досліджено особливості й суперечності cashless-економіки в інституційній інтерпретації, проаналізовано світовий досвід її розбудови в контексті гармонізації процесів створення cashless-економіки в Україні. Для досягнення поставлених цілей охарактеризовано сучасний стан розвитку цифрового фінансового сектору України, показано особливості циркуляції ліквідності за воєнного стану і на цій основі зроблено висновок, що, незважаючи на формування в Україні надсучасного платіжного простору, в кризових умовах можливим є повернення до архаїчних механізмів розрахунків, здатних підтримати цілісність економічної системи. Інституційний аналіз дозволив зробити висновки, що цифрові фінансові послуги є суперечливим явищем, яке, з одного боку, може частково компенсувати брак ринкових інститутів і цінностей (особливо в окремих країнах залежного розвитку), а з іншого – не дозволяє формуватися повноцінному суспільному попиту на ринкові інститути. На основі аналізу світового досвіду впровадження принципів безготівкової економіки показано, що, хоча обсяги безготівкових розрахунків зростають, вони не переважають серед пріоритетів європейських платіжних стратегій і не домінують у виборі суб’єктів ринку як у розвинутих країнах, так і в країнах, що розвиваються. Досвід формування cashless-економіки в країнах, що розвиваються, доводить, що навіть за авангардного розвитку мобільних фінансових послуг можуть виникнути умови для повернення до активного використання готівкових розрахунків. Зважаючи на те, що в ситуації зростаючої невизначеності трендів політичного, економічного, соціального розвитку безготівкові розрахунки не можуть забезпечити фінансової усталеності, сьогодні важливо використовувати модель портфельного підходу до ліквідних активів, яка передбачає раціональну пропорцію між картковими і готівковими розрахунками суб’єктів.

In-Depth Analysis of the 2008 Financial Crisis

The financial crisis began in the 19th century. The international financial crisis has the remarkable characteristics of wide scope and great impact. Almost no nation in the world is untouched by the global financial crisis after it starts, and the losses incurred can take a long time to fully recover from and even continue to have an impact on the world economy. This paper chooses the most significant 2008 financial crisis as the study object and conducts a thorough analysis of it based on the basis in fact of the 2008 financial crisis brought on by the global financial crisis in the United States. The 2008 financial crisis was the worst crisis the world economy has encountered since the Great Depression of the 2030s. The global credit market and capital market have received an unprecedented and violent impact, and the economic development of many countries around the world has stagnated or even declined. By studying the causes, consequences and corresponding adjustments and changes of the 2008 financial crisis, we can grasp the international economic environment more scientifically and analyze the trend of world economic development after the financial crisis from a more targeted perspective.

Специфика стратегического развития крупных городских агломераций

The social and economic development of the country largely depends on the level of social and economic development at each level of the budget system, especially at the level of municipalities as basic administrative territorial units. The article is aimed at studying and systematising specific features of strategic development of large urban agglomerations. The research involves methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, and induction. The article analyses academic and normative approaches to the use of terms “strategic planning,” “strategic management,” “strategic development,” formulates the structure of the relationship between concepts, reflects the system of documents, on strategic development at each level of the budget system. As a result of the analysis, the article reveals the problem of identification of the concepts of “strategic management” and “strategic development.” The author specifies the concept of “strategic development” and establishes the structure of the relationship between concepts. The article describes a complex of factors that influence the social and economic development of a large urban agglomeration, substantiated the existence of the relationship between factors of internal and external influence, analyses the main strategic documents, identifies the main directions of strategic management and development. The article identifies the role of the municipal budget in social and economic development, describes trends in economic development, the level of financial independence of large cities, interrelations between economic and strategic development. The article studies characteristics and tendencies of development of large urban agglomerations, identifies strengths and weaknesses, formulates measures aimed at improving the quality of management of social and economic development. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of its application by local governments of large urban agglomerations in the decision of strategic development issues.

The Evolution of Chevrolets Corvette Sports Car in the US from the Economic and Financial Strategy Perspective

Under the trend of economic development, market competition is becoming fiercer than before. All walks of life are focused on introducing new technologies to increase the competitiveness of their own brands. Currently, the revolution of technology in the automotive industry is faster and more innovative. More and more auto parts have been replaced, and more advanced model designs have been constantly updated. Brands occupy market share by increasing the technological level of their products and setting more strategic pricing. Moreover, due to the impact of Covid-19, the price of chips required for automobile production has also enhanced significantly, and the purchase price of related products has also increased by different ranges. Affected by Covid-19, the primary target for brands in the automobile field is to maintain and attract customers. This paper mainly studies the price changes and market strategies of Chevrolet's Corvette during the epidemic, by consulting relevant literature and news. This paper finds that even in the context of the impact of the epidemic and the shortage of chips, the Corvette C8 has successfully ensured its market share, and the reasonable pricing adjustment based on market fluctuations makes it a leader.

Research on the Efficiency of Cross-Region Scientific and Technological Innovation Resources Allocation in Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle

Analyzing the efficiency of cross-region scientific and technological innovation resources allocation in Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle is helpful to understand the achievements in the construction of economic circle and development trend, and it is great significance to important growth pole for promoting the high-quality development of Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle. Applying the method of three-stage DEA, combined with the input-output data of scientific and technological innovation resources in 44 regions of Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle from 2014 to 2019, this paper studies the allocation efficiency and influencing factors of scientific and technological innovation resources in this region during this period. Results indicate that: Firstly, after excluding the influence of external environmental factors, the average allocation efficiency of scientific and technological innovation resources in Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle changes little from year to year and is at a low level. The allocation efficiency composition of each region is generally characterized by high pure technical efficiency and low scale efficiency. Secondly, the improvement of the degree of opening to the outside world and the level of education investment is conducive to the improvement of the allocation efficiency of scientific and technological innovation resources, while the improvement of the level of economic development and the adjustment of industrial structure have not effectively driven the improvement of the allocation efficiency of scientific and technological innovation resources to a certain extent.

Exploring the Path and Methodology for Establishing a Sound Regulatory Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting

In recent years, as international market exchanges have accelerated, the concepts of sustainable development and social responsibility for enterprises have gained traction. In China, these concepts have also become increasingly important, as the country seeks to align itself with the international community. However, despite several years of development, the disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports in China still lags behind. This can be attributed to several factors, including the relative lack of laws, regulations, and systems, weak awareness among corporate entities, and low quantity and quality of report releases, resulting in a poor impact. To address these issues, the author conducts a vertical comparative analysis of system evolution, highlighting various problems in the practice of CSR reporting in China. Additionally, by drawing on the experiences of other parties, the author proposes measures to improve relevant legislation and systems. Ultimately, the author hopes to explore a feasible path for CSR reporting in China that responds to national conditions and aligns with economic and social development trends, through the regulation of non-financial information disclosure systems.

State wartime budget: 2022

Introduction. Increasing the quality level of implementation of the State Budget of Ukraine requires a systematic approach in view of the importance of the development and adoption of mutually agreed decisions of financial and bud­getary institutions under martial law. Problem. It is important to ensure dynamic budget balance, take into account the principles that determine the basic model of the budget regulation mechanism in the conditions of large-scale military operations, which significantly influenced the change in the trend of economic development. The aim of the paper is to identify the main principles of implementation of the State Budget of Ukraine under martial law. Methods. Complex analysis, scientific gene­ralization, comparison and analogy; specifica­tion, generalization of theoretical and practical material, sampling; scientific abstraction, induc­tion, deduction and dialectical, abstract-logical, economic and statistical methods were used in the paper. Results. The role of the State Budget of Ukraine in ensuring the financial and budgetary security of the country was defined. The peculia­rities of the budget toolkit were revealed. An ana­lysis and assessment of revenues and expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine was carried out. The author developed approaches to the use of financial and budgetary tools and substantiated strategic directions of the budget policy of Ukraine under martial law. Conclusions. An effective revenue mobili­zation mechanism is an important prerequisite not only for increasing budget revenues, but also for restoring economic balance in the country. At the same time, under martial law, considerable attention should be paid not only to the task of ensuring an effective mechanism of revenue mobilization, but also to the obser­vance of the principles of fairness of taxation, related to the rational redistribution of the level of tax burden among taxpayers. Important tasks of budget policy are to increase the efficiency of budget expenditures and ensure a balance between financing the most critical items of the state budget and stimu­lating the recovery of the economy.

Evaluating the Current Energy-Cleanability Position and its Impact on the Economic Sustainability

The transition from traditional to sustainable energy is nothing without easy access to clean energy. Therefore, different economies have made smooth transitions but still there is gap in energy cleanability across the world. Here, this study adopted two stage-analyses; initially it presents an overlook of energy cleanability transition through applying Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with entropy weightage in low middle & upper middle income countries. Therefore, the fallout of TOPSIS discloses the outcomes and found more divergence trends in lower middle income countries. Furthermore, the current study examined the impact of energy cleanability gap on economic development in selected panels from 2000 to 2019. Then, unclean energy is to blame for the declining trend in economic development. Furthermore, sustainability in the energy transition is more required as it has its costs and benefits and needs more government commitment and regulatory changes. So, avoiding such vulnerabilities requires massive financing to tackle it and improve flexibility to economic development.