Economic Development Programs Research Articles

Structural Transformation Options of the Saudi Economy Under Constraint of Depressed World Oil Prices

We implement the hybrid (energy-economy) recursive-dynamic multisector IMA-CLIM model with important adaptations to Saudi macroeconomics. We design two scenarios reflecting both the Saudi Vision 2030 economic development program and Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to greenhouse gas mitigation: Continuity of previous plans to expand energy-intensive activities under maintained energy-pricing policies, versus Transformation by economic diversification away from hydrocarbon-related activities and fiscal and energy-pricing reforms. We show that, compared to Continuity, Transformation improves activity, employment and public budget outlooks, while considerably abating the energy intensity of GDP and total CO2 emissions. Our results thus point at the relevance of economic diversification as both a hedging strategy against international climate change mitigation depressing oil markets and a national climate mitigation strategy for Saudi Arabia. However, the successful advancement of the reforms necessary for diversification remains conditional to setting a suitable institutional framework for a competitive economy.

Impact of a livelihood promotion program on income generation and food consumption among ultra-poor households in rural Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Background Bangladesh has achieved notable economic progress in recent decades while economic inequality increased. Special attention is warranted on the ultra-poor population of the country. An 18 month-long economic development program, designed based on an ultra-poor graduation approach, was implemented to alleviate poverty and improve child nutrition in rural Bangladesh. Objective The study examined the impact of livelihood components of an economic development program on outcomes related to poultry/crop production, consumption, and income generation among the ultra-poor throughout quarterly follow-ups. Methods This secondary data analysis used the monitoring records of 2960 poor or ultra-poor households receiving assets of (1) 9–26 ducks (n = 2125), (2) 11 chickens (n = 872), and/or (3) vegetable seeds (n = 2407). Data measuring the production of assets, income generation, and consumption of assets were collected quarterly throughout 2019. To examine a one-year-long trend in participation, production, income generation, and consumption of assets, a one-way analysis of variance was conducted across the follow-ups. Additional analyses of annual income and consumption comparing duck and chicken groups were performed using linear regression models. Results The number of poultry assets per household decreased between the April– June and July–Sep follow-ups, while consumption of poultry and vegetable assets increased during the monsoon season (p < 0.001 for all). The vegetable production reflected seasonal fluctuations, where the lowest production and income were reported during the monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. We observed increasing voluntary adoption of poultry farming among the non-asset group for both duck and chicken over the follow-ups (p < 0.001 for all). The households provided with duck assets gained a greater mean annual income compared to the households provided with chicken assets. Conclusions Our findings highlight opportunities for strengthening the ultra-poor graduation approach on livelihood promotion in future scale-up in rural Bangladesh.

OUTDATED HOUSING STOCK AS AN OBJECT OF COMPLEX RECONSTRUCTION PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF KYIV)

There are almost 18% of housing stock in Kyiv, that have exhausted their operational resource and do not meet the current requirements for comfortable and energy efficient residential buildings. A significant part of such a stock is represented by the residential buildings of the mass series of the first period of industrial construction, the life span of which cannot exceed 50-70 years. European countries have accumulated quite a wide experience in solving this problem, but in Ukraine, it has not been properly implemented. &#x0D; The paper presents the results of a study of the existing buildings of Kyiv as a potential object of programs and projects for complex reconstruction of outdated housing stock, which has exhausted its operational resource and does not meet modern requirements for comfort and energy efficiency. &#x0D; Based on the Address list of residential buildings for complex reconstruction of blocks, formed by state administrations of each Kyiv district, materials of the Program for economic and social development of Kyiv for 2021-2023 and statistical data on the city of Kyiv, an analysis of the volume of housing stock, which can be classified as outdated, was made. Based on the analysis, the authors proposed a typology of outdated housing stock, namely: historical type buildings (cultural heritage monuments, background historical buildings), barrack type buildings, “stalinka” type buildings (ordinary, “nomenclatura”-intended), houses of the first period of industrial housing construction – “khrushchevka” type buildings (panel and brick). Both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of each type of buildings, as well as the total amount of outdated housing stock in the city of Kyiv are given. Differentiation of buildings will allow more efficient use of various methods of outdated housing stock reconstruction, from complete demolition to compaction, modernization, reconstruction and restoration. The analysis of spatial localization of outdated residential buildings in the context of administrative districts of Kyiv was carried out with the distribution of their volume by type.

The Assistance Model of the Baitul Mal in Promoting The Community of Home Industry

Baitul Mal as an institution for collecting and distributing zakat, infaq, and shadakah among Muslims, has not yet developed community economic programs, especially home industries. Although the community economic development program has been implemented, the assistance model provided so far has not been able to provide increased income for the community. This article responds to the view that Baitul Mal in carrying out its programs is only consumptive in nature and has not been able to develop productive programs related to the community's economy by providing venture capital for home industry players. This qualitative research in finding a model of Baitul Mal assistance was done through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data obtained is used to strengthen the research objectives in supporting the assistance model for the assistance of Baitul Mal Aceh. This study found that the Baitul Mal Aceh program was more dominant in the field of consumptive zakat, while the assistance model of Baitul Mal assistance in the form of productive zakat had not been able to provide maximum results for the economic development of the community, especially in the home industry sector. So in the future, there needs to be an improvement, as an initial solution in introducing the Baitul Mal Aceh assistance model to the community.

Hydrogen economy – opportunities and prospects

The article examines the relevance of the use of hydrogen as an alternative fuel, analyzes the state and trends in the development of the hydrogen economy, during which a number of features are identified that allow assessing the prospects for its growth. In the process of solving the task, methods of analyzing scientific literature sources in the field of hydrogen economics, retrospective analysis, scientific classification, modeling and a method of generalizing the information received were used. The article analyzes the global trend towards the transition to a green economy. The types of hydrogen according to the methods of its production are considered. The most environmentally friendly and effective methods of obtaining hydrogen by steam conversion of hydrocarbons and electrolysis of water are substantiated. The prerequisites for obtaining green hydrogen on an industrial scale are revealed. It is shown that Russia has a number of important advantages in the development of hydrogen energy, in particular, these are huge reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials and developed electric generating capacities. The article also describes the raw material potential of the Orenburg region for the possible production of hydrogen. At the same time, taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian economy, the prospects for the development of a hydrogen economy can be formed under the influence of factors of technological development and long-term demand, as well as stimulating investment activity in this sector. The materials of this article can be used in the process of developing and implementing regional programs for sustainable economic development, as well as in the educational process at universities in economic specialties.

Demographic processes and the economic activity of the population in the formation of depressed areas

Subject. This article deals with the issues of economic polarization of areas and problems of agricultural development, considering the Amur Oblast as a case study. Objectives. The article aims to highlight the peculiarities of depressed area formation in the event of crisis and reduction of public support for the development of agriculture. Methods. For the study, we used case, computational and analytical, abstract-logical, and statistical methods, and a comparative analysis. Results. The article finds that the migration outflow of the able-bodied part of the rural population and the deterioration of its demographic structure are among the most important factors in the formation of depressed rural municipal areas. Conclusions. Special sections on transformations in depressed areas should be included in the programmes of economic and social development of the Amur Oblast.

Measuring the knowledge about science in student’s learning achievement

Since 2000, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) has been aiming to provide understanding of students’ learning achievement within the wider educational community [2]. In order to achieve the goal, they have defined that scientific literacy consists of “Knowledge of science” and “Knowledge about science”. The latter refers to the knowledge of the skills (scientific enquiry) and the goals (scientific explanation) of science. This article introduces how we used probability and statistics to assess the knowledge in order to provide a general direction for policy makers in educational systems.

Does the Running Variable Matter? A Second Look at Discontinuity Designs for Evaluating Regional Economic Development and Business Incentive Policies.

In recent years, a growing number of studies have applied regression discontinuity designs (RDDs) to the analysis of prominent regional economic development and business incentive policies. As a result, impact evaluations of these policy interventions are being increasingly commissioned under the assumption that local linear regressions have superior impact identification properties in the cases in which an eligibility boundary, geographical border or application cutoff is identifiable as a source of treatment assignment. This paper shows that in a number of frequently encountered cases, however, economic development and business incentive programs pose peculiar impact identification conditions in terms of violations of main assumptions for the validity of RDDs and of running variables that have little or no influence of the outcome variable. Under these circumstances, that bear generalizable relevance also for the analysis of other public programs at large, no adequate testing to support the internal validity of the applied discontinuity design is often performed in the literature and the use of local linear/polynomial regressions, or cross-border comparisons, becomes an inadequate choice. When these conditions apply, adopting instead other quasi-experimental methods to achieve an actual adequate treatment-control balance of the relevant baseline characteristic will often be a better approach.JEL classification; O1; R5; C23.

Place Marketing Strategy of Latgale Region Development

In this paper the author has developed place marketing strategy model for Latgale region that could be used as the base for working out programs of social and economic development. The author defines essence and specific of the marketing places conception, analyses Latgale region as marketing object based on segmentation and research of target markets. Interrogatory methods were used to investigate target audience of the region. The results of analysis of Latgale region and the results of the research of its target markets became empirical base for Latgale region place marketing strategy model. The developed place marketing strategy for Latgale region is based on regular and systematic investigation of the condition of the territory and its development tendencies in order to take rational decisions and to choose the priority development directions in the conditions of limited resources in accordance with real or potential demand of the target markets and to allocate the existing resources for its satisfaction.

CIVIL SERVICE AS A CATALYST FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

The primary function of the civil service is formulation and implementation of governmental policies in line with the welfare of the citizens, sustainability of the state, regulating commercial operations, and providing social service. Civil service plays a crucial role in any country's economic development, particularly in Nigeria where the public sector is directly involved in national development. It serves as a pivot for design and execution sustainable economic development programmes. This necessitated the civil service to adopt more management methods, develop the necessary managerial abilities, and adopt a new strategy that includes project management in order to secure and ensure sustainability. This study explored the role of the civil service as a contributor to Nigeria’s sustainable economic development. The methodology adopted was a documentary review and contextual analysis of past and current literature on the impact of civil service on sustainable economic development in Nigeria. The inefficiency and incompetency of the Nigerian civil service are evident due to the poor execution of the national budgets and public policies geared towards economic development. Furthermore, the unpredictability of the Nigerian political and economic sector and the high cost of doing business which is undermining investors' confidence is another important negative effect on Nigerian civil service performance in promotion of sustainable economic development. Therefore, for the Nigerian civil service to contribute to sustainable economic development it must be made more appealing and supported, modern equipment and technologies should be introduced across all levels of the civil service, continuous professional development should be made mandatory in the civil service, and appointment and promotion in the civil service must be based on merit and qualifications.

Планування діяльності автотранспортного підприємства. Методичні аспекти.

The purpose of research is to analyze and summarize the main scientific and methodological aspects of planning socio-economic activities of motor transport enterprises. The article analyzes and summarizes the main scientific and methodological aspects of planning socio-economic activities of motor transport enterprises and substantiates the dependence of effective functioning of motor transport enterprises on a properly formed development plan in the short and long term. The scientific and methodological tools for planning the socio-economic activities of motor transport enterprises are generalized. A number of methods are described by which the activity of motor transport enterprises can be planned. In particular, the methods are analyzed: extrapolation, scenario creation, mental attack, factor analysis, forecasting by models of time series and leading indicators, methods of multifactor forecasting, expert evaluation, building a "tree" of decisions. The scheme of planning the program (project) of social and economic development of motor transport enterprises is offered. Stages of planning are presented, including: planning of works on improvement of separate kinds of activity, definition of interested parties, identification and analysis of potential problems, formulation of vision, formation of a map of results, formation of a framework of results. The documentation of each stage of planning is shown, including: drawing up of the plan (schedule) of works, schemes of interested parties, the list of priority problems, a tree of problems, the concept of vision of each of priority problems, maps of results on each of priority problems. enterprises. Since the stages of formation of the map of results and the general table of results of the project lay the foundation for the creation of a system of further monitoring of socio-economic development of the transport enterprise, the article pays special attention to these stages. Modern approaches to planning provide clarity of transformations of a single enterprise aimed at ensuring sustainable and dynamic development. Thus, the planning of the development of the motor transport enterprise provides an important mechanism for regulating socio-economic processes at the macro level.

DEVELOPMENT AND RECOVERY OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY: GLOBAL EXPERIENCE OF USING THE CLUSTER APPROACH IN THE CONDITIONS OF ACCELERATED EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The article examines the peculiarities of using the cluster approach for the development of the national economy, which is especially relevant when planning the post-war recovery of Ukraine's economy. In particular, it was determined that the main direction of innovative development of the market economy in today's conditions is innovative cluster development. It is substantiated that innovative improvement occupies a prominent place in the development programs of economic associations of most states. It has been proven that innovation clusters are gaining wide popularity in many countries of the world, in regions with different indicators of the level of economic stability. The conditions for creating a regional innovation cluster have been analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the clusters ensure the creation of a modern innovative program of economic development, which is characterized by a high level of competitive advantages in the world market and investment stability. By summarizing literary sources, the thesis that clustering is characterized by territorial and institutional-structural aspects has been substantiated. In addition, it was found that, according to the opinion of the world community, innovative clusters with the cores of high-tech enterprises of priority branches of the regional economy will be the basis and driving force of the innovative development of the region and the country, as well as a way to increase their competitiveness. There are only a few such enterprises in the regions, so it is advisable to combine them into a cluster at the interregional level. The views of the scientists were summarized, as a result of which it was found that the essence of the innovative cluster strategy lies in the development of the information space in today's conditions, which depends on obtaining privileges over competitors and the growth of profit indicators, not so much on the directions of the cluster's functioning– price policy, marketing, advertising, permanent renewal of the nomenclature, new product sales segments, how much due to the integration and attraction of various regional resources. This made it possible to come to the conclusion that in the conditions of the postwar recovery of the economy of Ukraine, the creation and development of innovative clusters in the state should become an integral part of the development program of each region.

The Role of Technical and Vocational Education in Social Reintegration: Insights from Colombian Ex-Combatants

Reintegration programs for ex-combatants around the globe promote their technical and vocational education and training (TVET). The aim is to help them develop skills, assume new social roles, and gain community acceptance, yet the experiences and perceptions of the ex-combatants who participate in these programs have been little explored. Thus, it is not known whether this group finds access to TVET useful in building new social networks, which is a critical factor in preventing further violence and achieving social cohesion. This in-depth interview study with female and male ex-combatants from Medellín, Colombia, who are at various stages of TVET engagement examined their perceptions of whether and how TVET contributed to their social reintegration. The findings illustrate that some forms of TVET promoted psychosocial recovery and build social bonds, whereas other types reinforced isolation and segregation. This study also found that the TVET programs overlooked the ex-combatants' limitations on socializing that were imposed by their violent environments and feelings of stigmatization. These findings suggest a need to complement education programs for economic development with approaches that help develop social bonds and trust between ex-combatants and their communities.

АНАЛІЗ ОСНОВНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ТЕХНІЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ УКРАЇНИ

The implementation of Ukraine's social and economic development program requires significant funds. Domestic sources of funding are very limited and improve the economy to support vital areas of society. Therefore, the Government of Finance of Ukraine pays special attention to finding sources of economic development. One such source of funding is international technical assistance, the main task of which is to promote economic and social transformation in countries with economies in transition, including Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main indicators of international technical assistance to Ukraine. The article is devoted to the analysis of the main indicators of international technical assistance to Ukraine. In the article, the authors analyze and provide the number of international technical assistance projects by development partners. The article presents statistics on the number of international technical assistance projects by sector, namely law enforcement reform, energy efficiency, agriculture and land market development, education and science reform, judiciary, health care and reform, ecology and household waste management, development democracy and the electoral process, deregulation and development of entrepreneurship, development of trade and export potential. In the article, the authors examined the amount of international technical assistance provided by sector in accordance with the estimated cost of projects. In the article, the authors consider the amount of funds used for international technical assistance in the framework of existing projects in 2020 by development partners, namely from the European Union, Great Britain, the United States, Germany, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the United Nations , Canada, Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, European Investment Bank, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Japan, Denmark. The article presents statistical data on the amount of international technical assistance provided by forms of assistance, namely the purchase of vehicles, equipment, communication services, rent, software, business trips, conferences and media events, trainings, construction work, repairs, information services and consultations.

ВПЛИВ ВАЛЮТНО-ФІНАНСОВИХ ТА КРЕДИТНИХ ІНСТИТУЦІЙ НА РОЗВИТОК СУЧАСНОГО МІЖНАРОДНОГО БІЗНЕСУ

The influence of monetary and financial and credit institutions on the development of modern international business, the conditions, and methods of business financing in the countries of the world are analyzed in the article. The relevance of the topic is due to dynamic processes in the world, globalization, as well as the creation of a single economic and information space, which require appropriate management of the financial resources of countries and thus deepen the role of credit institutions on the world stage and their influence on the development of international business. The study of the influence of monetary and financial and credit institutions on the development of modern international business is relevant, and its research is of significant scientific and practical interest. Business is recognized as the most important engine of economic development, a provider of income, jobs, goods, and services in countries around the world. International credit and currency organizations play an important role in supporting the private sector in countries around the world. In most countries, international monetary and financial institutions play an important role in the social and economic development programs of developing countries and countries with economies in transition. The author of the article considers the main directions of financing and support of international business by international monetary and financial organizations and credit institutions. A functional analysis of the activities of the main credit and currency organizations and the influence of credit institutions on the development of private business, which has a direct impact on the development of modern international business in general, was carried out. The article indicates the main credit and currency organizations that have the most significant influence on the modern economy, considers the reasons and corresponding consequences of investments of credit institutions in the private sector of countries. Monetary, financial and credit institutions must solve all the tasks of supporting world well-being in the conditions of unstable development of the world economy, global globalization, prevention of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 and numerous military aggres- sions taking place in the modern world in the conditions of the Russian Federation’s invasion of Ukraine.

Strategic Planning of People-Centered Socio-Economic Development of Khmelnytskyi Region

The article with the use of a memoir-analytical review of scientific and public activities of Doctor of Economics, Professor Vasyl Ivanovych Pyla reveals the formation of a system of strategic planning of socio-economic development of Khmelnytskyi region. The methodological provisions of the Concept of Human Development present the global Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for the period up to 2015 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the period up to 2030, localized at the level of Khmelnytskyi region. The information and methodological aspects of economic and statistical assessment of the MDGs and the SDGs with the help of indicators of national methods (2001 and 2012) of the Regional Human Development Index (RHDI) are considered. The organizational and economic essence of strategic planning of socio-economic development of the region is defined as the planned activities of regional authorities to change the negative trends of indicators of RHDI indicators to positive ones by implementing appropriate measures. Particular attention is paid to preventing the goals of socio-economic development of regions from the strategies and policies of socio-economic development of the state as a whole. Based on the forecast calculations of 33 indicators of RHDR of Khmelnytskyi region for 2016–2020. identified strategic priorities for socio-economic development, formulated 2 new strategic goals and clarified 4 existing ones, which were provided by the Regional Development Strategy, developed in 2010–2011. Structures of the first in Ukraine Regional program of human development of Khmelnytskyi region and 6 programs of social and economic development of the region for 2016–2020 are revealed. The conceptual provisions of the experiment «State regulation of regional human development in the administrative region» with the definition of the powers of the regional state administration and the regional council in the context of decentralization. The introduction of the Forecasting-Programming-Budgeting (FPB) system in the activities of regional authorities is focused on the use of the provisions of budgetary federalism of the unitary state (in the order of setting). The use of the components of the organizational and methodological mechanism of strategic planning is focused on achieving coherence between the Center and the Regions as a single socio-economic system. Keywords human development, human-centered approach, socio-economic development, regional development strategy, regional program, indicators, Millennium Development Goals, Sustainable Development Goals, budgetary federalism of the unitary state.

Experiences of the Hungarian EU funding in the 2014-2020 budgetary period

The aim of the paper is to analyse the implementation of Hungarian EU funding in the most recent budgetary period which ended in 2020. The research examines the intervention fields aimed by the operational programmes and the statistics of grant applications as well. In addition, the study gives a detailed analysis about the economic development programme compared to the one in the previous financial cycle. Overall, the aim is to seek the funding practice in Hungary regarding to the sectoral priorities and the characteristic of regional allocation.

TRENDS IN UKRAINE'S INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The country's investment attractiveness is one of the determining factors in attracting investment into the economy. The study emphasizes the relevance of research in this area. The article considers the dynamics of foreign direct investment in Ukraine's economy as one of the determining indicators of investment attractiveness. The place of Ukraine in the "pandemic" period in the rankings of various world institutions whose activities are related to research in the field of investment is analyzed. Low ratings of Ukraine are established, the factors which have caused such results are defined. Despite the generally negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the socio-economic system of the country, it was concluded that in such conditions, certain industries, including agriculture, construction, IT industry, transport, and logistics, have received prospects for their development. The article identifies positive trends in the institutional sphere, in particular, the adoption of a number of important bills that will facilitate business in Ukraine, resume cooperation with the International Monetary Fund, adoption of economic development programs, including the National Economic Strategy until 2030. This will stimulate investment in Ukraine's economy.

THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS

Environmental impact assessment as a tool to prevent the negative impact of economic objects was initiated in response to the challenges that arose in the «nature-society-economy» system (NSES). Today, the interaction of society and nature is manifested through the economy, in particular, in construction, reconstruction, technical retrofitting, expansion, redevelopment of various economic facilities, which is inevitably accompanied by changes in parameters, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the environment. Afterwards, it could potentially cause damage to the environment. This makes environmental safety, environmental protection, rational use and reproduction of natural resources necessary.&#x0D; Understanding the system as interconnected components that acquire the characteristics of the whole, as opposed to a set of components, determines the need to consider the environmental consequences of the activity from the perspective of the system, which is formed on the basis of natural resource potential. Consideration of issues related to the process of economic activity, the peculiarities of the functioning of economic facilities from the standpoint of the prospects of socio-economic development of the region, country or through the prism of economic indicators was disadvantageous. Economic indicators served as a basis for the analysis of the relationship in the «society-economy» system and were assessed at the level of meeting the needs of the population through the category of demand and efficiency of the factory that provided supply. However, the environmental aspects of the factories' activities were removed from the equation, especially in the absence of legislative regulation of the decision-making processes on economic activities that may have a significant impact on the environment, taking into account governmental, public and private interests.&#x0D; Systematic analysis as a category is reflected and applied in science, economics, management (when making decisions based on the fundamental concept of «system»). The founder of the general theory of systems K.L.von Bertalanffy defined a «system» as a set of interacting elements that are in a certain relationship between themselves and the external environment. The interaction between the system and the external environment is realized through input and output streams, which combine nature, society and economy (production, economics). Thus, systematic analysis in the process of environmental impact assessment is a set of methods, means of implementing a systematicatic approach in the preparation and justification of decisions on the implementation of planned activities.&#x0D; Today, systematic analysis most fully determines the activities of authorized government authorities. EIA department employees of regional administrations analyze project materials for compliance with the requirements of the latest environmental legislation and thus ensure compliance with the commitments of the state regarding «nature» and «society». To this end, the Law of Ukraine on EIA also provides for public participation, which can influence decision-making through comments and suggestions on planned activities.&#x0D; To implement a systematic approach in the NSES EIA employees of regional administrations analyze project materials from the standpoint of balance of environmental and economic interests, so only on the basis of systematic analysis decisions can be made on the introduction of planned activities that will ensure the implementation of the goal of environmental impact assessment.&#x0D; Economic agents are less likely to implement a systematic analysis of the planned project for many reasons. This state of affairs is the result of consideration of the project by the economic agents at the level of the «economy» component outside the NSES. The project of the planned activity pursues private economical interests which can even be in a fairway of programs of regional social and economic development of the region, but at the same time neglects balance of economic and ecological interests. The latter provides for the minimization of damage to the environment, the rational use of natural resources of the territory during the implementation of planned activities, which requires consideration of the relationship between the economy and nature in the NSES. Environmental interest also includes the need to ensure a safe environment for living and health while carrying out the activities.&#x0D; Key words: environmental impact assessment, planned activity, system, systematic approach, systematic analysis.

Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment

Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment