Economic Development Practice Research Articles

Analysis of the correlation between ecology and economy in Dianchi Lake Basin

Whether the ecological environment of Dianchi Lake Basin can run well or not is directly related to the smooth implementation of the sustainable development of Kunming City and even Yunnan Province. Without a benign ecosystem in the Dianchi Basin, there would be no rapid socio-economic development in Kunming. This paper analyses the relationship between social and economic development and ecological environment in Dianchi Lake Basin, and explores the relationship between them, which will be helpful to the theory and practice of economic development and ecological construction in Dianchi Lake Basin.

Innovation Clusters Revisited: On Dimensions of Agglomeration, Institution, and Built-Environment

Innovation clusters have been the key concept underlying economic development theory and practice since the concept was re-energized in the 1990s. Worldwide efforts promoting cluster development are supposed to be informed by research on cluster dynamics. The plethora of articles and reports on this globally hyped concept often add to the confusion, calling for a systematic synthesis. In academia, the discussion of innovation clusters is characterized by separate literature dealing with agglomeration, institution, and built-environment. This literature review addresses each of those three dimensions, respectively, by discussing both classic perceptions and potential directions for future research.

Economic Development: What Everyone Needs to Know

The practice of economic development has undergone significant transformation over the past decade, due to globalization and democratization. While beneficiaries previously held little sway in the way international economic institutions delegated funds for projects, today it would be difficult-if not impossible-for the average government or for the average multilateral organization to build a road, reform an education curriculum, or sign a mining concession without, at a minimum, a process of consultation with those affected. This change has created a greater demand for development knowledge. Economic Development: What Everyone Needs to Know provides a clear and concise introduction to the development problems that policy-makers, professionals, development agencies, NGOs, charities, and private citizens face. Beginning with the basic concepts that inform the practice of development, this wide-ranging book addresses the major challenges that shape the field, highlighting the doubts, trade-offs, and dilemmas. Drawing on his more than twenty-five years of experience working in development in the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Latin America and Africa, Marcelo Giugale illustrates his chapters with real-life examples from all over the globe. He looks at a host of topics including the reasons why seemingly obvious reforms never happen, power dynamics between governments and beneficiaries, government corruption, state violence, natural resources, globalization and trade, anticipating global crises, measuring equity, ending poverty, the new poor, gender, indigenous peoples, children, health care, food prices, and technology. While development is a complex area in which there are no definitive answers, Giugale highlights the very real challenges that face the profession now and will continue to face development practitioners in the years to come.

Which hospitals participate in community building? What medical anchors spend on community economic development

ABSTRACTPlace-bound anchor institutions provide unique resources and institutional capacity to community and economic development. As such, these “eds and meds” play an increasingly important role in community economic development research and practice. Positive assessments of anchors’ contributions, however, remain limited to single-site case studies of specialty hospitals and universities with extensive resources. To deepen inquiry into anchors, we use new data, available due to recent U.S. health care policy changes, to test the impact of hospitals’ service missions and revenue sources on community economic development spending. We identify 4 basic types of hospitals: large comprehensive, specialty, neighborhood continuum of care, and regional continuum of care. Our statistical tests suggest that anchor institution activity—operationalized as community economic development spending—arises predominantly from larger, teaching-intensive hospitals. Hospital characteristics, rather than urban socioeconomic context, provide the strongest predictors of community economic development spending. These results suggest that a narrower range of urban hospitals performs community economic development. However, we discover a significant amount of hospitals in one city (Baltimore, Maryland) invested heavily in community economic development. We conclude by investigating that city’s “anchor plan” policy, which appears to have successfully channeled investment from its anchoring hospitals.

Theory and practice of economic development of rural administrative units with support of regional centres.

The paper proposes the social potential of rural areas. It gives the comparison of the quality of the population life of different countries through the criterion of expenditures and consumption of home economics. It also compares the rates of introduction of residential houses and improvement of housing stock, which demonstrated the growth of indicators in rural areas, as an evidence of their social potential growth. It states the theoretical substantiation of the necessity of attracting additional resources for the development of the socio-economic potential of the rural area and its structure. The motivation of the necessity of active involvement in the development of the territory of public organizations and the economic management system is also given here.

The Policy and Practice of Local Economic Development in Ghana

Local economic development (LED) has gained prominence as a feasible option to top–down development approaches that have generally been unsuccessful in generating significant and sustainable development at the local level. While LED has proven to be an attractive local development strategy, very little attention has been devoted to the policy and practice of LED in Ghana. This article fills this gap and contributes to the discussion and evidence of LED in sub-Saharan Africa. The article is the output of an examination of documentary sources on LED policies, practices and case studies in Ghana. We argue that while LED policy and practice in Ghana has been in existence for several years, local areas are still building their impetus for the initiative of their own economic development and find practical solutions that make sense in their milieu. It is crucial for local governments to develop LED actions plans, ensure effective participation of stakeholders, build in value chain and reduce politicisation.

Improvisation, therapeutic brokerage and antibiotic (mis)use in India: a qualitative interview study of Hyderabadi physicians and pharmacists

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely reported to be a rapidly escalating global health threat. Investigations into the social dimensions of AMR have tended to focus on economically wealthier nations, even though economically poorer countries are a site of considerable and often increasing antibiotic (mis)use. Understanding the global and local dynamics of antibiotic resistance, we propose, requires critical sociological investigation at the nexus of economic development, structural constraints, cultural norms, and infection-management practice. Here, to begin to unpack these intersections, we draw on qualitative interviews with physicians and pharmacists in Hyderabad to explore their accounts of the social dynamics of AMR in India. In particular, we focus on their accounts of practices of improvisation and self-medication with antibiotics; the nexus of informal and formal pharmaceutical economies and the vested interests therein; and the everyday brokering of antibiotics. We posit that responses to AMR need to be deeply embedded in the specificities of everyday practice, local market forces, and regulatory (im)possibilities with attention paid to the locally prevailing cultural norms.

Institutionalising local economic development practice in Ghana

In recent times, the term ‘local economic development’ has been conceptualised and introduced as a bottom-up participatory development strategy in Ghana. It is intended to be implemented at the district level to facilitate the revitalisation of the local economy and create jobs for local residents. Using in-depth interviews and the analysis of relevant policy documents, this paper evaluates efforts aimed at institutionalising the practice in local institutional frameworks and development planning practice in the country. The paper found out that processes aimed at institutionalising contemporary local economic development practice in Ghana are not making any meaningful impact. Institutional frameworks such as the structuring of development policymaking and planning in the country are still rigid and promote bureaucratic top-down development decision-making processes. Similarly, the promotion of a meaningful bottom-up decentralised planning system is only a well-packaged talk by policymakers in the country. Evidence shows that there is a clear lack of political will to implement reforms, particularly the new decentralisation policy that seeks to make District Assemblies in Ghana responsive to local economic development promotion. There is the need for a conscious effort towards making local economic development practice matter in national and local development endeavour in Ghana.

Changing International Law for a Changing Climate

After more than two decades of inadequate international efforts to address climate change resulting from rising greenhouse gas emissions, the 2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement shifted gears. That agreement advances a “bottom-up” model of global cooperation that requires action commitments from all national governments and acknowledges the important role that cities, states, provinces, and businesses must play in delivering deep decarbonization. Given the limited control that presidents and prime ministers have over many of the policies and choices that determine their countries’ carbon footprints, the Paris Agreement missed an opportunity to formally recognize the climate change action commitments of mayors, governors, and premiers. These subnational officials often have authorities complementary to national governments, particularly in federal systems (including the United States, China, Canada, and Australia). They therefore possess significant independent capacities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through their economic development strategies, building codes, zoning rules and practices, public transportation investments, and other policies. Likewise, the world community missed an opportunity to formally recognize the commitments of companies to successful implementation of the Paris Agreement and thereby to highlight the wide range of decisions that business leaders make that significantly affect greenhouse gas emissions.

Double First-class Construction and China's Contribution to Economics Development

As the crown of social sciences, the discipline construction of economics is of great significance to China's double first-class construction, especially the world first-class discipline construction, and also provides important reality guidance for comprehensively deepening the reform in China to achieve the modernization of state governance. This paper firstly analyzes the matching of the world first-class economics discipline construction with the double first-class strategy orientation, then explores the difficulties and breakthroughs China's world first-class economics discipline construction suffers, and elaborates China's contribution to economics development and innovation. It argues that China's world first-class economics discipline construction needs to conduct the evaluation in accordance with academic standards of international counterparts, and research issues including China should be the concern of international counterparts, so it needs to improve the evaluation system of the discipline classification, strengthen the original research and gather high-level talents to make a breakthrough. Meanwhile, aiming at the development and innovation of economics in China, it points out that there are three directions in which China's economics academia can and should make great contributions, namely the exploration of historical endowments and modern value of China's traditional economic thought, the innovation of original theoretical and methodology research and theoretical abstraction & sublimation based on the practice of China's economic reform development.

How does local economic development in cities affect global GHG emissions?

City governments are increasingly taking an active role in economic development. Urban leaders around the world have different resources, strengths and priorities, but cities focus on creating an attractive environment to live, work and grow businesses, and they often invest in enhanced infrastructure and improved public services. As economic hubs, cities also have a crucial role to play in mitigating global climate change. Cities at all levels are pursuing climate action, and many of the measures they are choosing have also been shown to have broader economic and social benefits. This paper looks at this issue in the other direction, examining the potential GHG impact of policies and actions that are already widely used by cities to advance economic development and competitiveness. We find that there are several instances where local economic development practices can also reduce global GHG emissions, including compact development, mass transit and non-motorized infrastructure, expansion of renewable electricity access, and improvements to waste and water utility infrastructure, under certain conditions. In contrast, a continuation of car-centric, sprawling development could fail to realize the economic efficiency of compact forms and tend to lock in a higher trajectory for carbon emissions, rendering future mitigation more challenging and costly.

Koperasi Pesantren Bir Aly Sebagai Sarana Pemberdayaan Ekonomi (Studi Kasus Pondok Pesantren Robithotul Ulum Jatirejo Mojokerto)

Koperasi Pesantren Or abbreviated to Kopontren BIR ALY is one means learning for Robithotul Ulum boarding school students in order to foster an entrepreneurial spirit that is reliable in order to face the future life after they graduate from the school. As well as to foster independent spirit of entrepreneurship. In addition to being a place for moral development of students piety and learning Islamic sciences, pesantren should need also diversified specialty and featured scientific or practical expertise specific to diversify. That is, each boarding schools need to make the benefits (plus) certain that distinguish schools with each other pesantren, for example by increasing excellence in science expertise such as excellence expertise in the study of hadith, or discipline specific religion, or it could be in the form of practical skills other for example language skills, agricultural skills and other practical skills. The purpose of this study was to describe the role and functions of the Cooperative Pesantren Bir Aly As a Means Economic Empowerment in Robithotul Ulum Islamic Boarding Jatirejo Mojokerto. This study took place in the village of Jatirejo kec Jatirejo mojokerto kab. Jatirejo area known as agricultural areas, as well as many emerging companies and rock miners, many pesantren stand, a region still dominated rural areas. Economic development practices in boarding schools in order to sharpen practical skills for students, still need support from other parties to support, either from the government, private sector and society in general. Comparison between Turus and Pesantren Pesantren Baitul Hamdi in this case study is not intended as an effort to show which one is better, but rather as an attempt to describe variations in economic enterprise started piloted in boarding schools. Each has advantages and disadvantages that can be used as an ingredient to learn from each other. From this research, we can conclude several steps that can be done in the development of the economy in order to empower schools. Among the local authorities and the schools need to do (1) joint identification of potential schools and regional problems. Identification is required so that it develops economic activities in accordance with the carrying capacity of the environment; (2) establishing economic commodity that fits in a religious boarding school in accordance with the needs of the market that can be used to improve the common welfare; (3) develop a joint program that is based on empowerment schools, may be useful.

Koperasi Pesantren Bir Aly Sebagai Sarana Pemberdayaan Ekonomi (Studi Kasus Pondok Pesantren Robithotul Ulum Jatirejo Mojokerto)

Koperasi Pesantren Or abbreviated to Kopontren BIR ALY is one means learning for Robithotul Ulum boarding school students in order to foster an entrepreneurial spirit that is reliable in order to face the future life after they graduate from the school. As well as to foster independent spirit of entrepreneurship. In addition to being a place for moral development of students piety and learning Islamic sciences, pesantren should need also diversified specialty and featured scientific or practical expertise specific to diversify. That is, each boarding schools need to make the benefits (plus) certain that distinguish schools with each other pesantren, for example by increasing excellence in science expertise such as excellence expertise in the study of hadith, or discipline specific religion, or it could be in the form of practical skills other for example language skills, agricultural skills and other practical skills. The purpose of this study was to describe the role and functions of the Cooperative Pesantren Bir Aly As a Means Economic Empowerment in Robithotul Ulum Islamic Boarding Jatirejo Mojokerto. This study took place in the village of Jatirejo kec Jatirejo mojokerto kab. Jatirejo area known as agricultural areas, as well as many emerging companies and rock miners, many pesantren stand, a region still dominated rural areas. Economic development practices in boarding schools in order to sharpen practical skills for students, still need support from other parties to support, either from the government, private sector and society in general. Comparison between Turus and Pesantren Pesantren Baitul Hamdi in this case study is not intended as an effort to show which one is better, but rather as an attempt to describe variations in economic enterprise started piloted in boarding schools. Each has advantages and disadvantages that can be used as an ingredient to learn from each other. From this research, we can conclude several steps that can be done in the development of the economy in order to empower schools. Among the local authorities and the schools need to do (1) joint identification of potential schools and regional problems. Identification is required so that it develops economic activities in accordance with the carrying capacity of the environment; (2) establishing economic commodity that fits in a religious boarding school in accordance with the needs of the market that can be used to improve the common welfare; (3) develop a joint program that is based on empowerment schools, may be useful.

Modeling the state of agritourism in the Malopolska region of Poland

ABSTRACTThe Malopolska region of Poland is highly representative of the current state of agritourism in Poland. The level of agritourism services in this region is very high relative to the national average, the result of environmental and cultural values being incorporated into social and economic development practices. Based on evidence from 1259 agritourism-oriented farms collected from municipal and regional government bureaus, web-published data, and survey data from 575 farm owners in the Malopolska, this paper analyzes the spatial distribution of such farms and the relationship between agritourism and ‘regular’ rural tourism. The Malopolska Voivodeship is strongly diversified in terms of agritourism development. The largest number of agritourism farms is in mountain, piedmont, and upland areas. Research has shown that agritourism is pursued by farmers who own small farms and produce food only for their own use. However, 60% of agritourism farms were found not to engage in any agricultural production. The research also identified basic tendencies of agritourism development in the region. The following basic trends were observed – a shift from agritourism to rural tourism, an increase in the number of agritourist farms offering 10 or more beds, and an expanded service offering – yielding a targeted offering for a specific customer and an increase in the quality of services. This indicates that agritourism owners engaging in this form of business are investing to create more usable space for tourists. The authors’ findings and conclusions also cover the concept of a functional model of agritourism in the Malopolska region. This model shows the relationship between environmental value and the nature of agricultural production and type of tourism in rural areas as well as the diversity of tourist offerings. The model also shows the transition from agriculture and its close relative, agritourism, to regular tourism in rural areas.

Development Economics and the issues of poverty and social inequalities

Development economics emerged as a separate discipline of economic science in the 1950s but it wasn’t until the 1960s and mid-1970s that it began to draw serious attention. Gradually, an extensive literature concerning economic development was built up. In the 1980s it turned out, however, that despite some successes, the economic growth in most of medium and less developed countries was not as high as expected. During the 1980s and 1990s, the so-called Washington Consensus dominated the theory and practice of economic development. This notion covered the whole range of activities that were to lead the developing countries to improved welfare and prosperity. It included strict fiscal and monetary policies, deregulation, foreign trade and capital flow liberalisation, elimination of government subsidies, moderate taxation, liberalisation of interest rates, maintaining low inflation, etc. Based on the developmental experience of over past ten years, a new paradigm of development is emerging, the elements of which can be described as follows: (1) the basic economic environment should encourage the long-term investment in (2) the economy should have a high sensitivity to market stimuli (3) human capital must complement physical capital (4) due to the fast flow and absorption of information in the rapidly changing world, the key role is played by institutions and mechanisms that jointly respond to stimuli (5) wherever market failures occur, an intervention of the state should be market-friendly 6) social equality must be guaranteed if the economic development is to take place on a sustainable basis.

Questioning Neoendogeneity: Cases of Community Economic Development Practice from Atlantic Canada

Neoendogenous approaches to community economic development have risen to prominence in recent years. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has described such approaches as nothing less than “the new rural paradigm.” But is this paradigm reflected in practice? This research examines the community economic development landscape—from the perspectives of federal and provincial funders to that of community-based groups—through two Atlantic Canadian case studies (Marystown, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Montague, Prince Edward Island). Governmental funders are found to prioritize economic and business development objectives above social, cultural, and community-oriented ones. These preferences shape the types of projects that are funded and the community groups that propel them, undermining the adoption of truly neoendogenous, community-driven practices. Dans les dernières années, les approches néo-endogènes envers le développement économique communautaire ont cru en importance. L’Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OECD) a décrit ces approches comme entraînant ni plus ni moins qu’un « nouveau paradigme rural ». Mais la pratique reflète-t-elle ce paradigme? Cette étude examine le contexte pour le développement communautaire économique—du point de vue des subventionneurs fédéraux et provinciaux et de celui des groupes communautaires—au moyen de deux études de cas menées dans deux villes des provinces de l’Atlantique (c’est-à-dire Marystown, Terre-Neuve et Labrador, et Montague, Île-du-Prince-Édouard). Il se trouve que les subventionneurs gouvernementaux donnent la priorité aux objectifs de développement économique et commercial aux dépens des objectifs sociaux, culturels et communautaires. Cette priorité a un impact sur les types de projets subventionnés et sur les groupes communautaires qui les appuient, entravant ainsi l’adoption de pratiques véritablement néo-endogènes dans les communautés.

PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI DAN LINGKUNGAN BERKELANJUTAN BERBASIS REFORMA AGRARIA DI BEBERAPA NEGARA DAN INDONESIA KEKINIAN

This paper intends to discuss the theoretical discourse and practice of Agrarian Reform in various countries of the world. By exploring the concepts and theories of Agrarian Reform, Economic Development and Sustainable Environment and practices in various countries through literature studies, it is expected to contribute as an elaboration which may be important as a comparison in the implementation of sustainable development in Indonesia especially in the implementation of Agrarian Reform for economic welfare, Environmental sustainability, and minimization of social conflict of kekininian.

Cities, municipal solid waste management, and climate change: Perspectives from the South

AbstractClimate change is arguably the most debated and contentious environmental issue today. Hitherto neglected, the role of cities is beginning to attract attention particularly within the academic milieu. Cities are acknowledged as development drivers but also considered major drivers of climate change as a result of activities associated with the release of harmful substances such as carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is noted as a major contributor to climate change due to the release of harmful substances during waste treatment and disposal activities. MSWM remains a challenge across the globe but particularly in the South where many cities lack regular waste collection and disposal services. The paper addresses the gap between the North and South through a critical analysis of the current global debate on cities, MSWM, and climate change. The paper reports that there are major differences between the North and South in almost all components of MSWM, from waste generation to treatment and disposal. A notable difference is that the shift in priority from local burdens to the global concern for climate has occurred mainly in the North. Furthermore, the priorities and needs of cities in the South are largely neglected in the global debate. A major example is the failure to acknowledge the role of the Informal Waste Sector even though it is a prominent feature of MSWM systems and a notable contributor to resource recovery in cities in the South. Lessons from the South suggest that climate change cannot be treated in isolation. Recognition of the role of the Informal Waste Sector is crucial because it introduces other important issues such as urban poverty, local economic development, urban governance and exclusionary practices, and citizenship rights. The paper suggests the need for a more inclusive approach if we are to have a truly global solution to climate change.

The Triple Bottom Line and Sustainable Economic Development Theory and Practice

The triple bottom line refers to economic, environmental, and social value of an investment and is related to the concept of sustainable development. The triple bottom line is increasingly salient to economic development related disciplines, yet the topic has received little attention within the field of economic development. This study offers three substantive responses to that gap. First, triple bottom line economic development is introduced and defined. Second, research regarding whether and how practitioners prioritize and engage in triple bottom line economic development is presented. Third, implications for the field are considered, including the centrality of the concept to economic development and recommendations to advance theory and practice in this regard.

Assaltando a pobreza: política e doutrina econômica na história do Banco Mundial (1944-2014)

O artigo discute como o Banco Mundial vinculou o debate e as práticas de desenvolvimento econômico à ideia de pobreza. Para isso, analisa a história da instituição levando em consideração a economia política internacional em que operou e sua interface com o pensamento econômico. Nele, explica-se quando e como surgiu a política de “assalto à pobreza extrema”, que instrumentos o Banco Mundial utilizou para levá-la adiante, que argumentos serviram de sustentação e que limites enfrentou nos anos 1970. Argumenta-se que essa política foi retomada e adaptada no final dos anos 1980, no bojo dos programas de ajuste estrutural, e culminou na consolidação de um novo modelo de política social ao longo dos anos 1990, sintonizado com a liberalização econômica e baseado na quantificação da pobreza e na prestação de mínimos sociais. Depois do 11 de setembro de 2001, o Banco Mundial combinou liberalização econômica e combate à pobreza com a guerra contra o terrorismo e a construção e reconstrução de Estados.