Economic Development Of Germany Research Articles

Friedrich List and the Historical School in German Economics from 1871 to 1914

Following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, more than thirty independent states were formed in Germany, each with its own customs system. Following this event, the German economy stagnated and there were sharp differences among its states over the leadership of Germany. During this period, a prominent thinker named Friedrich List appeared in Germany. By forming a historical school in economics, he wanted to unify the states of this country through the formation of a customs union. This union was finally established by List's many efforts in 1834. The list later described the stages of economic growth and development in his historical school and explained the factors that caused the economic development of Germany in his book. Finally, Germany was able to unite in1870 under the leadership of Prussia and through Bismarck and inspired by the ideas of the historical school. After the unification of this country, Bismarck, through the ideas of List and the historical school, made several reforms, including pension and health insurance premiums, along with the strengthening and expansion of industry and trade; the result of which was the increasing economic development of this country. After taking power, Wilhelm II wanted to promote Germany as a great economic and military power in the world. Therefore, according to List's theories, he started to strengthen the military and especially the naval power of Germany so that he could own several colonies on the other side of the seas and by means of new markets that were created from these colonies, it increased its economic power and competed with Britain and America. In this way, according to the recommendations of the List, the German rulers tried to develop the economy and industry of Germany. As a result of their efforts, German industries were able to take second place after the United States in terms of the economy by 1914, behind Britain.

Friedrich List and the Historical School in German Economics from 1871 to 1914

Following the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, more than thirty independent states were formed in Germany, each with its own customs system. Following this event, the German economy stagnated and there were sharp differences among its states over the leadership of Germany. During this period, a prominent thinker named Friedrich List appeared in Germany. By forming a historical school in economics, he wanted to unify the states of this country through the formation of a customs union. This union was finally established by List's many efforts in 1834. The list later described the stages of economic growth and development in his historical school and explained the factors that caused the economic development of Germany in his book. Finally, Germany was able to unite in1870 under the leadership of Prussia and through Bismarck and inspired by the ideas of the historical school. After the unification of this country, Bismarck, through the ideas of List and the historical school, made several reforms, including pension and health insurance premiums, along with the strengthening and expansion of industry and trade; the result of which was the increasing economic development of this country. After taking power, Wilhelm II wanted to promote Germany as a great economic and military power in the world. Therefore, according to List's theories, he started to strengthen the military and especially the naval power of Germany so that he could own several colonies on the other side of the seas and by means of new markets that were created from these colonies, it increased its economic power and competed with Britain and America. In this way, according to the recommendations of the List, the German rulers tried to develop the economy and industry of Germany. As a result of their efforts, German industries were able to take second place after the United States in terms of the economy by 1914, behind Britain.

Metaphorical representations of the “German economic miracle” in the prose of Bernhard Schlink

This article discusses the difficult postwar years of Germany reflected in the works of B. Schlink, as well as assesses the impact of economic circumstances upon the formation of German collective consciousness. The object of this research is the novels “The Justice of Selb”, “The Deceit of Selb”, “The Farewell of Selb” by B. Schlink. The subject of this research is the artistic peculiarities of representation of the “German economic miracle” in the prose of B. Schlink. The writer had a critical attitude on idealizing the results of Germany's rapid economic development. He believes that mythologization of the positive results of economic development is only one side to a coin. A profound analysis of the listed novels by B. Schlink, dedicated to the theme of postwar restoration of Germany, gives a better perspective on the writer’s role in the German literary process during the late XX – early XXI centuries, which defines the relevance of this research. The goal of this article lies in studying the importance of mythological representations associated with the rapid recovery and economic development of Germany in the consciousness of the German nation, as well as their reflection in the works of Bernhard Schlink. In his novels, B. Schlink not only mentions the return of former Nazis to public and civil posts, but also draws the images of the prosperous postwar existence of German industrialists, whose factories used to supply the needs of the Reich. Depicting the conflict between the characters, the writer destroys one of their pleasant elements of the myth of “German economic miracle”. The hero – Detective Selb – reflects on the ethical questions pertinent to economic development. The life-changing event in national history, which allowed Germany to regain its rightful place among the European nations, is linked by the author with a range of negative consequences, such as development of the psychology of “consumerism” in the society, concealment of the German national past, detection of significant environmental problems, and escalation of radical moods among German youth.

The Rule of Law and its Social Reception as Determinants of Economic Development. A Comparative Analysis of Poland and Germany

The Rule of Law and its Social Reception as Determinants of Economic Development. A Comparative Analysis of Poland and Germany

The Long-run Relationships between Number of Patents and Economic Growth

Purpose: The aim of the article was to determine whether there was a long-term relationship between the level of economic growth and development of Germany and the number of granted patents and the so-called valuable patents. The empirical analysis was based on available statistical data for the period of 1872–1913. Econometric methods were used, including stationary test using ADF and KPSS tests, Johansen cointegration test. Findings: The research results showed that all analysed time series were non-stationary, and were integrated of order I(1). The Johansen’s test results excluded any long-term relationship between the growth and economic development of Germany, and the number of granted patents, including valuable patents. Practical Implications: The adoption of the patent law by the Reichstag (1877) was an important step in the protection of intellectual property of the united Germany, so it was reasonable to determine whether there was a correlation between the analysed variables. The hypotheses about long-term interdependence could not be confirmed, which may have an impact on further studies of the factors of economic growth in the Second German Reich. Originality/Value: It was particularly important to examine whether the number of granted patents (including valuable patents) had a positive effect on Germany’s long-term economic growth and development (and the other way around). The obtained results are an extension of the author’s research to date, in this respect by providing some contribution to the development of cliometrics (not very popular in Europe). The research results will allow, in the next stage, to further search for determinants of Germany’s economic growth, including determining interdependence in the short term, using the impulse response function.

Elements of economic culture as informal institutions in the economic development of Germany

Motivation: The author is interested in the problem of the economic development of a state wherein economic capital is described as a set of elements creating economic culture and informal institutions. Aim: Identification of the operational conditions and manifestations of institutional economics in Germany may obtain an accurate picture and understanding of the functioning their counterparts in Poland. Article is also a proposal for the development of research in the field of institutional economics and economic culture. Results: Putting the thesis that the German economy belongs to the group of the strongest in the world, the study revealed a pattern of results where the institutions were proposed as part of institutional economics, which determine economic development.

Do the regional growth effects of air transport differ among airports?

This paper empirically studies the contribution of air transport to regional economic development in Germany. We find that the scale and direction of output effects of air services and airport infrastructure differ among airports. These differences are driven by ‘opportunity costs’ of airport capital and by positive output effects from air transport connectivity. We argue that the latter impacts potentially depend on traffic characteristics.

Intellectual property and economic development in Germany: empirical evidence for 1999–2009

The study analyses the relationship between the development of registered intellectual property and economic development in Germany. It shows a differing evidence for specific categories of intellectual property, indicating that not all intellectual property rights show a significant impact on the German Gross Domestic Product. Positive impacts have the stocks of patents, trademarks and designs. Applications for utility models surprisingly have a negative impact, what challenges developments of the economic theory. The empirical results delight also the specific structure of the technological and innovation system in the German economy, showing a national intellectual property profile with three key factors: product differentiation, complex technologies and design development.

Antisemitic Elements in the Critique of Capitalism in German Culture, 1850–1933 (review)

Reviewed by: Antisemitic Elements in the Critique of Capitalism in German Culture, 1850–1933 Hartmann Tyrell Antisemitic Elements in the Critique of Capitalism in German Culture, 1850–1933, by Matthew Lange. German Life and Civilization Vol. 46. Bern: Peter Lang, 2007. 348 pp. $83.95. In the second half of the nineteenthth century, from the point of view of modernization theory, Germany has primarily been confronted with two problems: on the one hand nation and state building and on the other hand industrialization. Both problems are to be seen in an international framework: within the European system of states on the one hand and within the increasingly global economy on the other hand. Today historians talk about the "first globalization." Georg Simmel, the great sociologist and theorist of monetary [End Page 188] economics, in his essay "Das Geld in der modernen Kultur" (1896), illustrates this economic globality with his statement "that in Berlin I can achieve earnings from American railways, Norwegian mortgages and African gold mines. This 'tele-controlling' form of possession, which we take for granted today, has only become possible since money—separating and connecting—stepped between possession and possessor." The situation of the Jews in Germany has been problematic on both counts: in regard to nation building and to global economics. The internationality of the Jewish diaspora, but also the idea of the one "Jewish Nation," was not compatible with the German form of "nation building" (and not only with the German one). The more the "delayed Nation" (Helmuth Plessner) wanted to be a "National Community (Volksgemeinschaft)," the more it rejected its Jewish population, especially after World War I. Racially charged antisemitism, which existed not only in Germany, had its effect of exclusion, too. The main concern of Matthew Lange's book reviewed here is Jews and economic development in Germany before and after 1900. The book, however, does not deal much with global economic interdependencies. The author has opted for "Capitalism" as his title, setting the focus on a term which, beyond Germany, has been shaped and established above all by Werner Sombart (since 1902). Lange's book reports and documents the history of the coalescence of anti-capitalistic and antisemitic resentments in the period between 1850 and 1933. He demonstrates that in Germany antisemites constructed "the Jew" as homo oeconomicus judaicus (Sombart's phrase) and denounced him as totally controlled by "capitalistic spirit." It is noticeable that Jewish religious content played only a subordinating role in this context; but it is also noticeable that German Catholicism, which for its part, however, was involved in the Kulturkampf, fostered anti-Jewish/anti-capitalistic resentment and wanted to see the Kulturkampf move in this direction. Nevertheless, it was not the capitalism of work and production, not industrial capitalism, but rather financial capitalism, the "commercial" capitalism of the banks, the stock exchange, and the shares, that fostered resentments. It was, in always new varieties, the "differentiation between productive (schaffendes) and grasping (raffendes) capital," helping "to distinguish between 'German' and 'Jewish'" (p. 28) and in doing so to outclass morally the Jewish part. It held true for the "Jewish economy," as it was said antisemitically in 1878: "It does not itself work, but rather allows others to work for it; it trades and speculates with the intellectual products of others. Its center is the stock market. . . . As a foreign tribe it is opposed to the German people and sucks out its marrow" (p. 108). In this, the ethnic-economic syndrome is obvious: the Jews are strangers, they do not work like we do, their "monetary economy" [End Page 189] (Geldwirtschaft) is obscure, but they rip us off! Matthew Lange, speaking too generally about "capitalism," has not elaborated sharply enough on this point. But in his book it becomes even more clear that it was the Gründerkrach, "the great swindle and the great crash" of 1873, which helped antisemitism to find open ears and a reception reaching a large audience. In Lange's study there are above all three particular issues. First: it proceeds strictly chronologically with the presentation of antisemitic/anti-capitalistic texts, among which the novel "Soll und Haben" by Gustav Freytag (1855) represents the main point of...

Freiheit in Deutschland: Wettbewerb der Staaten, Einfluss der Kirche, amerikanisches Erbe – Versuch einer historischen Erklärung – / Freedom in Germany: Interjurisdictional Competition, the Influence of the Church, and the American Heritage – Sketch of a Historical Explanation

Zusammenfassung Der Aufsatz versucht das schwierige Verhältnis der Deutschen zur Freiheit mit ihren historischen Erfahrungen und den geographischen Gegebenheiten zu erklären. Wenn die Freiheit, der wissenschaftlich-technische Fortschritt und die industrielle Revolution in Europa - kurz: “das europäische Wunder” - auf die politische Fragmentierung und den Wettbewerb zwischen den Herrschern zurückzuführen war, würde man erwarten, dass dieses “Wunder” vor allem von Deutschland - dem am stärksten fragmentierten Sprachraum - ausgegangen wäre. Führend waren jedoch zumeist andere Länder. Der Aufsatz zeigt, dass der Wettbewerb der Fürsten auch in Deutschland der Freiheit und der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung förderlich war; gleichzeitig gab es jedoch Sonderfaktoren, die retardierend wirkten. Dazu gehörte die prekäre Lage in der Mitte des Kontinents und der Mangel an natürlichen Grenzen, welche viele verlustreiche Kriege zur Folge hatten. Je zersplitterter die weltliche Macht, desto einflussreicher ist überdies die Kirche. Das Verhältnis der Kirche zur wirtschaftlichen Freiheit ist ambivalent. Was die Deutschen von ihren Nachbarn unterscheidet, ist daher der tiefe Zwiespalt zwischen den freiheitlichen Anforderungen der äußeren Verhältnisse und ihren historisch geprägten Wertvorstellungen. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg übernahm (West -) Deutschland von den Amerikanern zahlreiche Elemente einer freiheitlichen Wirtschaftspolitik. Die Analyse zeigt, dass das amerikanische Erbe nur in zwei dieser sieben Politikbereiche bewahrt wurde.

The Demographic Dilemma: Fertility, Female Labor Force Participation and Future Growth in Germany 2007-2060

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to show possible consequences of changesin labor force participation of women and the connection between fer-tility and labor force participation on the future demographic and eco-nomic development in Germany. For this purpose a projection modelbased on micro-data covering the population development as well asthe development of the labor force is computed for di erent scenarios,varying in the extent of changes in female participation rates. Theresults point to a sharp decline in size of the total population andlabor force as well as on negative e ects of demographic developmenton growth, mediated through incompatibility of fertility and partici-pation. It is argued that this incompatibility leads to a demographicdilemma, imposing negative e ects on growth either in short or in longterm. Keywords: Demographic forecast, labor supply, fertility, economic growthJEL Classi cation: J11, J21, O40 Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, e-mail: christian.dudel@rub.de. I would like to thankJorg Althammer, Kevin Folger, Sebastian Jeworutzki, Katharina Lerch, Dominik Libuda,Patrick Neuhaus, Ulrich Potter and Gotz Rohwer for helpful comments and suggestions.All errors remain mine.

A statistics-based method for cluster analysis of the forest sector at the national and subnational level in Germany

The cluster concept in economics contributes to new research on the forest sector's role in national and regional economies, yet incompatible cluster definitions and a variety of methodologies impede an objective comparison of findings. However, governmental statistical reporting systems are not well suited for a direct assessment of the forest sector due to classificatory and methodological shortcomings. This research presents a more standardized approach in the form of a statistics-based method for forest sector benchmarking and monitoring. The specification of the method included an extended cluster definition based on the Classification of Economic Activities in the European Union (NACE) and the validation of two suitable national statistical reporting systems. Testing the method in a case study for Germany demonstrates its capacity to provide consistent socioeconomic information on forest and wood-based industries in a sectoral, spatial and temporal dimension. In 2004, the German forest cluster accounted for 100,000 companies, 150 billion Euro gross turnover and over 900,000 employees (approximately 3.5% of the national economy) and ranked among the strongest manufacturing sectors. Individual wood-based industries indicated regional concentrations in federal states of Germany. Over the past decade, the forest sector was marked by considerable losses in turnover and employment, which increasingly deviated from the overall economic development of Germany. The research contributes to a more standardized, empirical understanding of the forest sector's role in national and regional economies, supporting rational decision making in cluster policy and management.

The rise and fall of Weimar democracy

In this analysis of the Weimar Republic, Hans Mommsen surveys the political, social and economic development of Germany between the end of World War I and the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933. Mommsen argues that the rise of totalitarianism in Germany was not inevitable but was the result of a confluence of specific domestic and international forces.

Has the public debt blocked or promoted economic development in Germany?

Has the public debt blocked or promoted economic development in Germany?

A Disaggregated Econometric Model Based on Flexible Functional Forms

This paper introduces an econometric input—output model for Western Germany in a disaggregation of 12 commodities and sectors. The ‘Jorgenson’-type equilibrium model is based on flexible functional forms on the supply and on the demand side of the commodity markets. For intermediate demand, the relationship between the translog function and its special cases—the Cobb-Douglas function— is exploited. Prices and production are endogenized by market-clearing conditions. The fully integrated model also endogenizes capital accumulation, a rudimental govern-ment budget and income distribution, as well as wages and labour demand on rationed labour markets. The results of a dynamic ex post simulation show that the model is able to depict the sectoral economic development in Germany in the sample period from 1970 to 1986.

Regional Economic Development in Germany before 1914: The Case of the Eichsfeld

Regional Economic Development in Germany before 1914: The Case of the Eichsfeld

Government Policy and Economic Development in Germany and Japan: A Skeptical Reevaluation

Recent studies, when taken together, suggest that the bureaucratic elites of nineteenth-century Germany and Japan were much less successful in stimulating economic development than has been traditionally asserted. Direct government investment was neither extensive nor successful. Government-sponsored institutional change, notably in financial structures, had little if any beneficial impact. Development in both nations resulted from the gradual emergence of a commercial culture, and on world factors exogenous to government policy. The bureaucratic elites failed to adjust to changed circumstances, instead leading both nations into disastrous wars. These results call into question development strategies based on central government control.

Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany During the Nineteenth Century. By Frank B. Tipton Jr. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1976. Pp. xiv, 270. $22.00.

Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany During the Nineteenth Century. By Frank B. Tipton Jr. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1976. Pp. xiv, 270. $22.00. - Volume 38 Issue 2

Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany during the Nineteenth Century. Frank B. Tipton, Jr.

<i>Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany during the Nineteenth Century</i>. Frank B. Tipton, Jr.

Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany during the Nineteenth Century

Regional Variations in the Economic Development of Germany during the Nineteenth Century