Economic Development Of Country Research Articles

Identifying Influential Variables on Health Expenditure of the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Countries.

Health expenditures of countries have an increasing trend in general and identifying variables affecting health expenditure is an important step toward budget planning for financial sustainability. This study aimed to examine the health expenditure of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and identify influential variables. The data for the years 2000-2018 of OECD countries' current health expenditure (% of GDP) and economic, demographic, and health variables, considered to affect the health expenditure, to include in the analysis were extracted using the World Bank database (World Bank 2021). Data analys using Chi-Squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) decision tree technique. Fifteen variables in economic, demographic, and health categories are selected to build the CHAID decision tree. As a result of CHAID analysis, five variables are identified as influential on current health expenditure, which are gross domestic product per capita, life expectancy at birth, death rate, out-of-pocket expenditure, and fertility rate. Thirty-seven OECD countries are classified into eleven groups by the decision rules in terms of the current health expenditure. The high value of the correlation coefficient between the predicted values and the actual values of health expenditure of countries indicates good prediction performance. Moreover, the regression models built using the identified influential variables as explanatory variables give good forecast accuracy. As an effective tool, the CHAID decision tree technique provides a rule-based model in the form of a tree with nodes and branches, illustrating the splitting process graphically with identified variables and their cut-off points for classification and prediction.

The Second Session of the 14th National People's Congress: Outcomes of China's Legislative Development in 2023

The regular (second) session of the 14th National People's Congress (NPC), held in March 2024, summarized the key outcomes of China's socio-economic and legislative development in the second year following the 20th CPC National Congress (October 2022). According to established tradition, the third plenum of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC should have been held on the eve of the parliamentary session, with its decisions typically focusing on the country's economic development. In turn, the decisions of the NPC are based on the work of the plenum, often taking the form of laws. However, in 2024, although the plenum did not take place, the NPC session proceeded as scheduled, with no changes to its working agenda. In the report of the State Council’s Premier, it was noted that China's GDP growth reached 5.2 %, one of the highest figures among both developing and developed countries. In the legislative sphere, in 2023, the Chinese parliament, represented by the Standing Committee of the NPC, passed a number of important laws for the country's legal system, and several existing laws were amended. Of particular note are the Law on Foreign Relations, which outlines the key principles of China's foreign policy, and the Law on the Immunity of Foreign States, which replaced the previously existing principle of "absolute immunity" with "limited immunity." In the fight against corruption, significant changes were made through the 12th amendments to the Criminal Law of the PRC. Additionally, legislative decisions focused on developing a mechanism to counter growing challenges and threats to Chinese statehood, finding adequate responses to sanction policies, implementing measures to create a stable financial and banking system, and strengthening the military amid rising tensions in the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea.

Analyzing key health factors influencing life expectancy using machine learning

With the rapid development of global medical technology and the steady improvement of social living standards, life expectancy per capita has become one of the most important indicators of a country or region's level of development. It not only reflects the quality of life and health of the local people, but also profoundly affects the economic growth and social stability of the country. In underdeveloped countries, life expectancy at birth is generally lower than in more developed countries due to resource constraints and poor medical facilities. This phenomenon has triggered extensive research interest in whether there is some correlation between life expectancy per capita and economic growth, and how improving life expectancy can contribute to a country's economic transformation and development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of life expectancy per capita on economic growth and how to promote the economic transformation and development of countries by increasing life expectancy. Through a comparative study of Asian countries such as China, Singapore and Japan, this paper analyzes the impact of different factors on life expectancy through technical methods such as visual analysis, hypothesis testing, regression modeling, and decision tree modeling, and explores how these factors play a role in economic growth. The results of this study may have some guiding significance for improving life expectancy.

Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory 2022–2023: Methods

The Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory (CMII) was created in 2015 to track, compare, and map trends over time related to the availability, distribution, technical specifications, and use of advanced imaging equipment in Canada. This is the fourth iteration of the CMII. The CMII collects data about availability and use of CT, MRI, PET-CT, PET-MRI, SPECT, and SPECT-CT through a survey conducted approximately once every 2 years and details the use of strategies for improving appropriate imaging, enhancing system efficiencies, reducing wait lists, and addressing other systemic challenges. Senior medical imaging decision-makers within health ministries and/or regional health authority located in each province and territory were consulted to validate unit and exam counts for consistency. Data are presented using descriptive summaries and graphs of site-level and jurisdiction-level findings. Canada’s ranking among from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries was reported. The number of units and exams in Canada was projected for the years 2025, 2030, 2035, and 2040 based on the per capita values in 2022–2023 and estimated population growth provided by Statistics Canada.

Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory 2022–2023: MRI

MRI is a noninvasive imaging modality that uses powerful electromagnetic and radiofrequency fields to produce cross-sectional images of the body. MRI is primarily used for neurologic exams (28%), followed by musculoskeletal (23%) and oncology exams (17%). In total, 432 MRI units in 11 jurisdictions were identified by the Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory (CMII) in its 2022 to 2023 national survey. Most sites are publicly funded hospitals located in urban centres. Canada has an average of 10.8 MRI units per million people. The greatest density of units per million people is in Yukon, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Overall, 2,214,157 publicly funded MRI examinations were performed in the 2022–2023 fiscal year. This represents a national average of 55.6 exams per 1,000 people, an increase of 4.3% since 2019– Canada is positioned in the bottom 25% of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in units per million population and the bottom 50% of OECD countries for average volume of publicly funded MRI exams per 1,000 population. The average age of MRI equipment in Canada is 8.4 years; 62.8% of MRI units are 10 years old or newer, 23.3% are 11 to 15 years old, and 13.9% are more than 15 years old. On average, MRI units operate 15.3 hours per day and 97.4 hours per week. Overall, 76.0% of sites reported MRI operation on weekends and 17% of sites reported operating 24 hours a day.

Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory 2022–2023: Provincial and Territorial Overview

The average age of imaging equipment in Canada has increased for all imaging modalities over the past 2 decades. Most imaging equipment is more than 5 years old, and at least one-third of equipment is more than 10 years old. Investing in new equipment to meet growing demand may not increase imaging capacity without also considering staffing. There is no current international benchmark for the optimal number of imaging units per population, but there is a general assumption that too few units may limit access and increase wait times while too many units may encourage low-value imaging. Canada remains below the average for Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and is positioned in the bottom 30% of OECD countries in units per million population for CT, MRI, and PET-CT. Canada is positioned in the bottom 50% of OECD countries for volume of publicly funded CT, MRI, and PET-CT exams per 1,000 population. Since 2012, both the overall numbers of MRI, PET-CT, and SPECT-CT units and the numbers of MRI, PET-CT, and SPECT-CT units per million people have grown. The number of units for all modalities operating in Canada has increased since 2019–2020, except for SPECT units. In most provinces, the number of SPECT units per population decreased, indicating that population growth outpaced installation. The imaging workforce is under strain. Clearing the backlog of exams deferred during the pandemic has exacerbated existing staffing shortages. New investment in radiology staffing, particularly imaging technologists, is required, including improved recruitment and retention policies. Compared to the prepandemic period, there are now fewer full-time radiology professionals in practice across Canada, with medical physicists experiencing the largest decline per million population. Wait times for medical imaging remain above the recommended maximum wait time in many jurisdictions and are influenced by a variety of factors. The adoption of supportive tools and technologies — such as clinical decision support tools, automated order entry, and AI-driven solutions — can assist the workforce, add value to imaging services, and increase access to medical imaging.

Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory 2022–2023: PET-CT and PET-MRI

PET-CT Imaging PET-CT is an advanced imaging technique that combines PET with CT to measure metabolic or biochemical activity in the human body. Sixty PET-CT units in 9 provinces were identified by the Canadian Medical Imaging Inventory (CMII) in its 2022–2023 national survey. All units are located in urban centres. Canada has 1.5 PET-CT units per million people. The greatest density of units per million people is in Quebec, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland and Labrador. Approximately 156,320 publicly funded PET-CT examinations were performed in the 2022–2023 fiscal year. This represents a national average of 3.9 exams per 1,000 people, an increase of 18.2% since 2019– PET-CT was reported to have the largest demand in oncology (66.1%), followed by cardiology (13.2%) and neurology (10.1%). Applications for PET-CT continue to expand to new clinical indications and therapeutic areas. The upfront capital and ongoing operational costs of PET-CT units, as well as the costs of radiopharmaceutical products and equipment, may act as barriers to the rapid adoption of this technology. Canada is positioned in the bottom 25% of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries in units per million population and the bottom 50% of OECD countries for average volume of publicly funded PET-CT exams per 1,000 population. The average age of PET-CT equipment in Canada is 7.2 years; 51.5% of PET-CT units are 5 years old or newer, 21.2% are 6 to 10 years old, and 27.3% are more than 10 years old. Radiotracers are essential in PET imaging. The most commonly used PET-CT radiotracers are for oncology: 91% of sites reported using fluorodeoxyglucose F18 and 31.8% of sites reported using gallium-68 DOTA-TATE. The production of most radiotracers requires the use of a cyclotron.1 Overall, 21.7% of PET-CT sites reported local proximity to a cyclotron, reflecting a disparity in the access to and growing demand for radiotracer supply. PET-MRI Imaging PET-MRI is a technique that combines PET with MRI to produce highly detailed imaging of soft tissues in the human body. PET-MRI is almost exclusively used for research purposes in Canada; therefore, data are limited for this modality. Six PET-MRI units were identified in Canada across 3 provinces, representing a national average of 0.2 units per million people. The average age of PET-MRI equipment in Canada is 6.7 years; 2 units are 6 to 10 years old, and 1 unit is 5 years old.

Impact of population aging and declining birth rates on household consumption structure: Evidence from China

The age structure of a population is a crucial indicator of a country's economic development. This study analyzes the impact of population aging and declining birth rates on the household consumption structure in urban and rural China. China, the largest country by population, is selected owing to its significance in population studies. Using a fixed effects model, our findings reveal that in China, a higher proportion of youth in the population positively affects residents’ spending on survival consumption while negatively affecting developmental consumption. Conversely, a higher proportion of older adults in the population negatively affects survival consumption while positively influencing developmental consumption.Through the research in this article, it is hoped that the results can provide some reference significance for the changes in population age structure and the development of resident consumption.

The Influence of Corruption on Management in Modern Russia

It has been established that the Russian Federation is one of the countries with a high level of corruption. Corruption has affected almost all levels of government. In 2023, its global anti-corruption ranking was very low, ranking 137th between Paraguay and Kyrgyzstan. This fact negatively affected the socio-economic development of modern Russia. The authors sought not only to reveal the reasons for its unprecedented growth over the past two decades, but also to show how corruption slows down the country's economic development, and why Russian anti-corruption policies do not produce real results. Based on factual material, the authors not only show the increase in the scale of corruption, point out significant shortcomings of anti-corruption policies and Russian legislation, but also identify the main ways to improve them for the purpose of further socio-economic development and improvement of public administration. There is a certain connection between the effectiveness of public management and corruption. This study can provide government authorities and management bodies of both Russia and other post-Soviet states, where the level of corruption is also high, with real assistance in improving the forms and methods of anti-corruption policy.

ფინანსებზე ხელმისაწვდომობის სახელმწიფო მხარდაჭერა საქართველოში, გამოწვევები და შესაძლებლობები

Small and medium-sized businesses are the most important lever for the country's economic development. It is the country's main source of employment and income for economic development and public welfare. Therefore, encouraging and developing entrepreneurship is a top priority for any country. The introduction of continuous innovation forms the unconditional basis for enterprises' long-term and sustainable success. Innovation needs technological perfection and renewal, which requires financial resources. Businesses often do not have the internal resources to introduce innovations and increase production. Providing enterprises with access to financial resources is a priority direction for the country. The paper aims to study the existing mechanisms of state financial support for entrepreneurship in Georgia, determine their effectiveness, identify potential opportunities, and develop recommendations for improving access to financial resources. During the research process, articles by both foreign and Georgian scientists, published in local and international scientific publications, government reports and studies of international institutions, authoritative organizations, and statistical data were used. The methods of analysis and synthesis, including quantitative and qualitative analysis, are used as research methods. The paper identifies the main problems that appear as barriers for Georgian entrepreneurs in receiving financial support and elaborates on specific recommendations to solve them. The paper emphasizes the fact that, at the current stage in Georgia, despite the reforms implemented by the state, finding a source of financial resources remains a problem. When developing financial support programs, more attention should be paid and the needs of entrepreneurs should be investigated in depth. This will help increase the efficiency of grant projects, state programs, and business development. Proper access to finance will improve the competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses and will contribute to the country's economic development.

Exploring the Role of Businesses in Polycentric Climate Governance with Large-N Data Sets

Abstract Much existing empirical research on polycentric climate governance (PCG) systems examines small-N examples. In response, we aim to advance studies of PCG by exploring, and reflecting on, the use of large-N data sets for analyzing PCG. We use Python (a programming language) to create a novel data set from the United Nations’ Global Climate Action Portal. This method allows us to quantify key variables for 12,568 businesses located in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries: the number of businesses’ climate commitments, their progress toward meeting those commitments, and businesses’ memberships in “more polycentric” networks via transnational climate initiatives (TCIs). Our analysis of these data reveals that greater interconnectedness may strengthen climate policy performance, since businesses with memberships in TCIs more commonly achieved their commitments. Additional research using these data, and/or similar methods, could be conducted on climate governance and on other areas of international environmental governance, such as mining and oil production.

TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Transport infrastructure has a strategic importance in the social and economic development of countries. From Antiquity to the present day, transport infrastructure has aimed to facilitate freedom of movement, and access to goods, services, and information. Investments in the development of transport infrastructure led to economic growth, the development of trade, the increase of national and regional competitiveness, as well as the increase of the well-being of the population. The purpose of this article is to analyze the contribution that transport infrastructure manifests to the economic growth of European Union countries. Through this article we aim to explore the correlation between public expenditures on transport infrastructure and economic growth, using the data available in the Eurostat database. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that, indeed, public spending on transport infrastructure contributes significantly to the economic growth of EU states. The main conclusion of the study carried out in this article supports the need for investments in the modernization and maintenance of the transport infrastructure to enhance sustainable economic growth and the well-being of the population.

Agricultural Supply Chains:Challenges and Opportunities for Agribusiness in Afgoye, Lower Shabelle, Somalia

The agricultural sector is an important contributor to the Somali economy, providing employment opportunities and generating income for many small-scale farmers. Somalia has a largely agrarian economy, with agriculture accounting for more than 70% of the country's GDP and employing over 65% of the population. However, the sector faces significant challenges when it comes to agricultural supply chains, which can hinder its development and growth. This experiment was conducted in the Afgoye district of the lower Shabelle Region, Somalia in 2023. This study aims to explore the challenges and opportunities that agribusinesses face in Somalia's agricultural supply chains. It also discusses the importance of technology in improving supply chain efficiency and the role that government and other stakeholders can play in supporting agribusinesses. The paper also examines the potential impact of improved agricultural supply chains on the Somali economy and provides valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and development practitioners seeking to support and promote agribusiness. The methodology used in this study involved survey questions. The survey questions utilized for this study were distributed through key stakeholders in Somalia's agricultural supply chains, including farmers, wholesalers, retailers, and processors. 57.5% of the respondents in the research responded that investing in the agricultural sector is necessary and may improve the standard of life of the population. Ultimately, this paper highlights the importance of addressing the challenges facing agricultural supply chains in Somalia and unlocking the opportunities that exist for agribusinesses to contribute to the country's economic development.

Economic evaluation of the recent French tobacco control policy: a model-based approach

BackgroundOne in four French adults smoked daily in 2021, compared with one in six in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. To strengthen its tobacco control policy, in...

The Effect of Multipurpose Murabahah Financing on The Development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Micro, small and medium enterprises are one of the spearheads of the country's economic development that require special attention to continue to develop them. This research aims to determine the effect of multipurpose murabahah financing on the development of micro, small and medium enterprises in Kota Baru Marelan with a case study at Bank SUMUT Syariah KCP Kota Baru Marelan. This research uses quantitative methods with a sample of 30 respondents. Sampling is done using techniquerandom sampling. The analysis used in this research is simple linear regression analysis, which is used to find out how much influence the independent variable has on the dependent variable. The results of the research on the t test obtained a significance value of 0.000, valueUnstandardized Coefficients as much as 0.675, Standardized Coefficients as much as 0.669, on the coefficient of determination (R2) the R-Square value obtained is 0.448 or 44.8%. So it can be concluded that the multipurpose murabahah financing carried out by Bank SUMUT Syariah KCP has a significant influence on the development of micro, small and medium enterprises in Kota Baru Marelan in a positive direction. The murabahah financing variable influences the development of MSMEs by 44,8%, then the remaining 55,2% is influenced by other variables outside this research.

The effect of algoritmics government, artificial intelligence, and tax service on tax compliance

Taxes are an essential pillar of country's economic growth and sustainable development. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of algorithmic government, artificial intelligence, and tax services on tax compliance. This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The sample was 393 taxpayers. The research instrument used was a questionnaire designed on a Likert scale with five response options. The questionnaire was distributed via the WhatsApp application and email in Google Form format. Data were analyzed using regression. The results found that algorithmic government, AI, and tax services, partially and simultaneously, affect tax compliance among taxpayers. These findings provide insight into how tax compliance can be improved through algorithmic government, AI, and tax services. Therefore, researchers and practitioners can discuss the findings of this research critically and in depth before adapting and adopting them in their future work without ignoring the limitations of this research.

A decision support scheme for solving the mobile coverage gap in rural areas in developing countries – Demonstrated with a case in Indonesia

As a primary means of communication, the role of mobile telecommunications networks is important for a developing country's economic and social development. However, especially rural areas in low-income countries still lack mobile coverage. In the academic literature, only segmented solution strategies for this mobile coverage problem in rural areas are proposed. These are either technological, regulatory, or organizational solutions, whereas solving the mobile coverage gap requires an integrated approach to develop arrangements for mobile network rollout in rural areas. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the causes of the lack of mobile coverage, the available solutions, and how they can be combined. Based on this overview, the paper proposes a decision support scheme for selecting a suitable arrangement for solving the mobile coverage gap. In this decision support scheme, the technical, organizational, and regulatory solutions are combined to develop a set of arrangements that match the local key causes of the lack of mobile coverage and that fit with the local context. In the last phase of the decision support scheme, the relevant stakeholders are involved in selecting the most suitable arrangement. We demonstrate the decision support scheme by applying it to the case of an unserved rural village in Indonesia, Unipa on the island of Papua, to show how it can guide a developing country to initiate the process of developing a solution for mobile coverage problems in rural areas.

Identifying the Determinants of Dividend Payout Ratios in Nepalese Commercial Banks

The banking sector in Nepal has experienced significant growth since its formal inception, playing a crucial role in the country's economic development. This study aims to explore the factors influencing the dividend payout ratio in commercial banks of Nepal. The research is based on secondary data to analyse the commercial banks operating in Nepal. Quota sampling was employed to select seven banks, and data were analysed using descriptive and analytical research designs, along with statistical tools like regression analysis. The findings reveal that liquidity ratio and bank size have a significant positive impact on dividend payout ratios in Nepalese commercial banks. However, variables such as leverage, capital adequacy ratio, and profitability ratios exhibit insignificant relationships. Additionally, significant differences in dividend payout ratios, return on assets, leverage, and capital adequacy ratio were observed among different bank types. Higher liquidity ratios and larger bank sizes correspond to higher dividend payout ratios, indicating their pivotal role in shaping dividend policies in Nepalese commercial banks. Banks and financial institutions may focus on managing liquidity and expanding their size to enhance the dividend payout ratio.

Investing in Education and Scientific Research for Growth of Iraq: Exploring the Main Dimensions, Success Factors, and Government Policies

The research aims to explore the dynamics of investment in education and scientific research and their influence on Iraq's economic growth. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study focuses on various dimensions of education and research investment, including quality education, vocational training, funding, infrastructure, collaboration, and government policies. The data was collected through a comprehensive survey, designed based on international standards and tailored to the specific context of Iraq. The survey garnered 191 valid responses from a diverse range of stakeholders in Iraq's education and research sectors, including educators, policymakers, academic researchers, and institutional representatives. The statistical analysis was carried out using specialized software (Amos.V24 and SPSS.V26), incorporating methods such as arithmetic averages, standard deviation, coefficient of difference, and relative importance. The study also includes visual representations such as bar charts and heat maps to elucidate the findings. The most prominent result emphasizes the strong positive correlation between investment in education, research, and economic development in Iraq. It underscores the necessity for a concerted effort to improve education quality, fostering scientific research, and aligning it with the country's economic development goals. The findings affirm that strategic investment in education and research can catalyze Iraq's growth and progress.

THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESSES. EVIDENCE FROM CORPORATE RECRUITERS

Globalization and the evolution of technology have put a lot of pressure on organizations to transform and update themselves, and there is an upward trend in organizations adapting to technology, especially the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in business. Currently, the hiring process is largely handled by recruiters who review resumes, online profiles, and other sources to find suitable candidates for open positions. As employees have limited skills, keeping up with all the necessary tasks is not an easy task and usually time-consuming for each recruiter. In Romania, AI represents an opportunity that will certainly help the country's economic development. Although Romania does not have an official plan to use this technology, its implementation in the public sector has been put on the agenda of a newly established institution: the Authority for the Digitization of Romania. This paper presents the relationship between AI and recruitment and selection processes. It also presents the view of recruiters from a multinational company in Romania, describing their different perspectives on AI adoption, future and risks associated with AI in recruitment. This paper aims to investigate how AI is implemented in the traditional recruitment process and what would be the implications of having AI in the recruitment of many candidates.