Economic Contract Research Articles

Studi Literature Strategi BMT Dalam Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Ummat Berbasis Masjid


 
 
 This study aims to examine how the strategies used by BMT in empowering and improving the economy of mosque-based congregations. Mosques are not only used for worship activities but can also empower the congregation's economy. A mosque with all the potential that exists can establish Baitul Maal wal Tamwil for its independence. This study uses selected literature. The research method used is a literature study by collecting articles related to the research theme downloaded from Google Scholar for publication in the last 5 years. Then a content analysis was carried out in accordance with the Researcher's Discussion Topic, namely the BMT Strategy in Empowering a Mosque-Based Economy so that 41 articles were obtained. The main finding of this research from a literature review shows that the establishment of a mosque-based BMT can significantly improve the economy of the congregation. The BMT strategies used are: ZISWAF for Economic Empowerment, Human Resources, Transparency and Accountability, Finance Inclusion, Marketing Management, Implementation of Sharia Economic Contracts, BMT Performance, Establishment of BMT, Integration of ZISWAF with BMT, and Role Models. 
 Keywords: BMT, Empowerment, Mosque.

КОНЦЕПТ КРАСИ У РАННІЙ ТВОРЧОСТІ В. ВИННИЧЕНКА

The article reveals the specifics of artistic manifestation of the beauty concept based on V. Vynnychenko’s early works. This is due to the presence of a number of search lines in the writer’s interpretation of aesthetic and to a significant number of works representing current issues. Beauty is defined as a fundamental component of life in the works by V. Vynnychenko and several author’s plots of its comprehension are revealed. Firstly, it is found that in writer’s early works the characters experience a crisis of faith, emphasize the relativity of absolute truth and Christian ethics, rethink the concept of sin and sacred Christian commandments («Love your neighbour as yourself», «Do not deceive», «Do not kill», and «In the sweat of your brow, eat your bread»), professing dual moral standards and the idea of «benevolent selfishness». The writer places material values into the center of existence instead of spiritual Christian ones. The former acquire absolute status and most importantly are able to ensure the realization of the fundamental goal – to maintain vitality in the project of «fullness» of earthly existence. It is emphasized that in his early works, V. Vynnychenko substantiates the concept of «life-as-a-market», where you can get financial or moral compensation through «selling/buying/exchanging» valuables, among which female beauty is one of the fundamental values. The analysis confirms the idea that woman’s beauty and love are mercantilized due to the devaluation of spiritual values, they lose their ideal metaphysical essence and are transformed into ordinary goods and vital cycle of values components. That is closely connected with the problems of «exchange-purchase-sale» of the values, money cynicism and the interpretation of the family as an economic contract (the case of the story «The Poor People», dramas «Bazaar», «Young Blood», «Crucified»). In V. Vynnychenko’s art world, several search lines are connected with the category of beauty, particularly the problem of coordination of bodily, physically expressed female beauty with spiritual beauty in the context of «exchange of values». The author also experiments with the concept of free marriage, which is considered an alternative to an unhappy family as an economic project.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ВИТРАТАМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ПІД ЧАС ЗДІЙСНЕННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

A study is made of the theoretical and methodological characteristics of cost management when carrying out the foreign economic activity of the enterprise, and the features of this process are determined. The authors give their reasons for the necessity to analyze the costs of foreign economic activity and determine the peculiarities of foreign economic activity affecting the costs of the enterprise. The classification of costs of foreign economic activity has been considered, and specific costs spent in the process of foreign economic activity are distinguished, among them, there are costs for: the process of carrying out foreign economic operations; customs clearance of export and import transactions; prevention of foreign economic activity risks; export activity; transport provision of foreign economic agreements; insuring the parties against foreign currency risks during the execution of monetary, financial and payment terms of foreign economic contracts. It is noted that the process of managing costs of foreign economic activity is a system process that is based on general management functions and should include two aspects – target and cost-oriented. Due to the functioning of such a system, it is possible to plan, optimize and control costs from the long-term perspective and achieve the company's goals in the field of foreign economic activity. The tasks faced by the enterprise when managing the costs of foreign economic activity are defined. The research considers the cost management methods that are expedient to use at the enterprise during the management of foreign economic costs. The article substantiates the need to create a unified cost management system for both domestic market enterprises and operations conducting economic activity on international markets. It highlights the role of the state as a legal institution, which directs its activities to unite the interests of society and satisfy the consumer needs, as well as everyone due to the realization of power obtained during the creation of a unified system of cost management. Methods of management and state regulation of enterprise costs are determined.

TRANSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE VIETNAMESE ECONOMIC CONTRACTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR

The economic contract is a typical type of discourse that depends on the agreement between parties. This paper adopted the theoretical framework of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) to carry out a transitivity analysis of the ideational function in the Vietnamese economic contract in order to explore the features of this genre, a type of legal discourse. In the economic contract, there are six processes, among which the material process and existential process are dominantly used while the relational process, mental process, behavioral process, and verbal process, each just accounts for the small percentage. These processes are employed in order to express the parties’ experience through legislation of rights, duties, obligation, remedies that they reach during the negotiation. The dominance of such specific processes reflects some features of legal discourse such as conciseness, clearness, exactness.

TYPES OF ECONOMIC CONTRACTUAL LEGAL RELATIONS AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINE’S ECONOMY

Purpose: a comprehensive study of the concept of contract and analysis of types of economic contracts, contractual relationships that affect the development of Ukraine’s economy. To achieve this goal, general and special scientific research methods were used, in particular, such as: comparative law, system-structural method, as well as the method of analysis of current legislation. Results: the concept of economic agreement is analyzed, the types of economic agreements are studied, which serve as the main legal instrument, which is the relationship of business entities in market conditions. Discussion: economic contracts are endowed with their own specific characteristics that distinguish the legal category from contracts in other areas of law, in particular: special subject composition; economic connection; combination of property and organizational elements; the presence of special grounds for conclusion, content, etc.; the presence and need to take into account public interests.

PENGEMBANGAN KONTRAK PEMBELAJARAN EKONOMI MENGGUNAKAN WHIMSICAL

Learning contracts are generally used to achieve the goal, namely the professional competence of prospective workers. Therefore, learning contracts are not commonly used at the secondary education level. In fact, the learning contract is considered to have a positive impact in the process of increasing professional competence. This study aims to develop a learning contract using the Whimsical application. The learning contract was developed using the ADDIE model. The content and learning objectives are based on the standard content of the economic content of the secondary education level based on the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2016 concerning the Content Standards of Primary and Secondary Education. The results of the study are expected to assist teachers in developing learning contracts that can be used by teachers of economics subjects. The results of this study are expected to have a positive impact on student learning outcomes. The process of developing an economic learning contract adopting the ADDIE mode includes five steps, namely, (1) analysis, (2) design, (3) development, (4) implementation, and (5) evaluation. The results of the study show that the overall economic learning contract is categorized as very feasible both from the aspect of the quality of the content and objectives as well as the quality aspect of the learning contract both visualization and physical use.Keywords: Learning Contract; Economic course; Whimsicle

VOLODYMYR FRANKOVYCH STAKHOVSKYI – RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY IN ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

VOLODYMYR FRANKOVYCH STAKHOVSKYI – RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY IN ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

ЦИВІЛЬНО-ПРАВОВІ УГОДИ В ПУБЛІЧНИХ ЗАКУПІВЛЯХ

The article is devoted to the study of the debatable issue of civil law agreements in public procurement. The expediency of defining civil law agreements as a result of public procurement, common features and separation from economic contracts in the field of procurement are outlined. The study of the basics of concluding contracts in the field of public procurement, including civil law contracts, was carried out on the basis of elaboration of the normative-legal base in this sphere. Doctrinal and normative analysis of information intelligence on the controversial aspect of the consideration of civil law agreements in public procurement as a procurement contract made it possible to generalize two points of view, which are quite diametrical. The theoretical position of Kharkiv scholars is established, which is as follows: the category of "procurement contract" does not correspond to the concept of civil law contract in its essential features; the procedure for concluding a procurement contract does not correspond to the procedure for concluding a civil contract; the form of the procurement contract corresponds to the form of concluding a civil contract in part; the moment of occurrence of legal relations under the procurement contract does not correspond to the order of origin of legal relations of the civil law contract. It is proposed to consider civil law agreements as a non-standard form of a procurement contract. At the same time, the flexibility of the national economy and the precedent of contractual legal relations are taken into account. The specialties of the arrangement of civil and legal pleasures in the sphere of public procurement and in accordance with the labor contract have been introduced. It is emphasized that for the purchase of services by the customer, which are performed on the basis of civil law contracts, the Ministry of Economy provides for the customer value limits, according to which public procurement is carried out. It is emphasized that the purchase of services without the use of procurement procedures has the effect of applying Art. 164-14 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN ECONOMY UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION IN THE 1960S AND 1980S

The development of the economy of the Ukrainian SSR during the 1960s and 1980s was influenced by scientific and technological progress. Scientists from universities and the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR played an important role in the formation of an efficient national economy. The theoretical basis and the formation of a powerful staff training were carried out by universities, among which an important place belonged to Kyiv University. There were 11 faculties in Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University (classical research university), where 17 scientific schools were established and functioned during the research period. Fruitful work was carried out in the following scientific areas: ecological and geographical analysis, polymers and compositions with a special set of properties, modeling and optimization of information systems, development and transformation of economic systems, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, stochastic systems theory and ap-plied statistics and so on. The Kyiv Polytechnic Institute was another scientific benchmark. As part of the institute, strong scientific ties have been established with the enterprises of the national economy. With the participation of the institute, training, research and production associations were created (such as "Electronics", "Cybernetics and Metrology", "Hydraulic Drive", etc.). During 1975-1986, the transfer of agreements on the use of best practices was increased, 3,158 developments were introduced into the national economy, and 267 economic contract works with almost 400 mil-lion rubles of economic effect were introduced. An important contribution to the scientific and technological development of the economy was made by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. By developing fruitful cooperation with the manufacturing sector, the scientists of the Academy of Sciences managed to increase the extra-budgetary allocation, which sometimes reached half of the state funding. Scientists of the Academy of Sciences successfully conducted theoretical and experimental research in more than 200 scientific fields, made 18 discoveries in various fields of science (physics, chemistry, biology and hundreds of inventions in natural and technical sciences) in the mid-1980s. During the 1980s, scientific work was transferred into the plane of complex programs of scientific and technological progress. The results of scientific and technical development were of great economic importance and provided qualitative changes in the indicators of material consumption and material efficiency, capital intensity and capital efficiency, energy availability and energy supply, etc. Structural changes in the sectors of the economy have led to an increase in electricity costs for the production needs of food, forestry, oil and gas, paper and woodworking, light industry, chemical and mining complex. The formation of the chain "science - national economy" included training of scientific personnel and specialists in various fields, development of theoretical and basic research, practical implementation of scientific inventions, extension of best practices, development of technologies and industrial patterns by enterprises of national economy. Keywords: economic development, scientific and technical development, scientific research, scientific-educational-industrial associations, economic thought, national economy, economy.

The occupational attainment and job security of immigrant children in Spain

ABSTRACT Little is known about the labour market integration of immigrants who arrived in Spain at an early age. Using longitudinal data from the Spanish LFS (2008–2016) we find that other things being equal the occupational attainment of Latin American, Eastern European and African 1.5-generation immigrants is similar to that of natives both for men and women. First-generation immigrants, however, suffer a persistent disadvantage even after controlling for sociodemographic factors and, importantly, time in the labour market. We also find that social class position does not protect equally against job loss, with a larger immigrant penalty at the bottom of the occupational structure. We find two different explanations for this depending on migration status. For the 1.5 generation, the higher risk of job loss across occupational groups is explained by compositional differences; while for the first generation, particularly men, it is explained by structural factors such as its persistent concentration over time in more vulnerable economic sectors and fixed-term contracts. Our findings confirm, in line with assimilation theory, that the 1.5 generation achieves better outcomes than the first in the Spanish labour market, likely due to their more favourable entry conditions into employment.

Legal nature of documentary forms of international settlements and their use in Ukraine

Problem setting. Modern global economy is characterized by significant integration. In this regard, it becomes widespread cooperation between business entities located in different countries. Foreign economic activity of such entities is profitable, but at the same time complex activity with increased risk. Therefore, in the conclusion of the foreign trade agreement, in the process of harmonizing obligations, it is important to establish the most profitable interests of both exporter and importer. One of the main elements in carrying out foreign economic contracts is mutual settlements between the parties, that is, residents of different countries, which are called international calculations. Integrated research of advantages and disadvantages of using certain documentary forms of international settlements becomes increasingly relevant and needs considerable attention. This in turn will enable Ukraine’s business sector to effectively conduct foreign economic activity, to establish trust relations with foreign partners from different countries. Target research. The aim of the article is illumination the essence of documentary forms of international calculations used in modern foreign economic activity, establishing the advantages and disadvantages of their use, the formation of criteria for their effectiveness for subjects that carry out foreign economic activity, as well as consideration of issues of use of such forms of Ukrainian business entities. Analysis of the last researches and publications. The question of organization and forms of international calculations in the scientific works was examined by such foreign and home scientists V. V. Kozyk, N. M. Tiurina, N. S. Karvatska, O. V. Vasiurenko, V. V. Diachek, O. D. Kolosovska, V. S. Onishchenko , N. V. Kudlaieva and others. Article’s main body. World practice determines that international settlements are carried out in relevant forms that are conventionally divided into documentary and undocumented. Documentary forms of calculations are the letter of credit and collection. Up to 80% of payments in world trade is carried out using a letter of credit. In view of this, the authors in this article have identified the legal nature of documentary forms of calculations used in foreign economic relations, considered the advantages and disadvantages of such documentary forms of calculations as a letter of credit and collection, implemented a comparative analysis of forms calculations among themselves, and also analyzed the legislation and issues of use of these forms of Ukrainian entities of foreign economic management. Conclusions and prospect of development. The choice of parties to the foreign economic agreement of the optimal documentary settlement is an important condition for strengthening the financial and economic independence of the enterprise. In view of this, the importer so exporter should provide and take into account all the benefits and disadvantages of the use of a particular form of documentary calculations during foreign economic activity. Concerning the letter of credit, the most important problem of its application in Ukraine is the lack of confidence in Ukrainian banks by foreign partners because the latter establish such conditions for servicing letters of credit, which are often unacceptable for Ukrainian banks. Therefore, in order to effectively exist and develop Ukrainian banks in the world market, we believe that the state needs to improve the system of international settlements in line with current trends and improve the image of both Ukrainian companies and banks. This can be achieved through the use of tools to improve legislation in the settlement and credit sphere and the formation of an information base on solvency and reliability of Ukrainian and foreign companies, banks and their partners.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УКЛАДЕННЯ ДОГОВОРІВ У СФЕРІ ГОСПОДАРСЬКО-ТОРГОВЕЛЬНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article is devoted to the legal analysis of the peculiarities of concluding agreements in the sphere of economic and trade activity. The article emphasizes that among the civil law contracts, which are the basis for the obligation, a special place is occupied by the trade and economic contract. It is noted that the trade and economic agreement does not mean a separate type, but a set of agreements with a number of such inherent qualities that necessitate to establish within the general rules of contract law rules common to business agreements only - deliveries, contracts for capital construction, transportation of goods, operation of non-public railway access roads, etc. The commonality of these agreements is expressed in a number of features, which are also covered in this article. It is emphasized that trade and economic agreements pursue certain economic goals and serve economic activities. It is noted that the specifics of trade and economic agreements is that they are or are planned. It is recorded that the forms of economic and trade activities include: logistics and sales (supply and purchase and sale); energy supply; procurement (contract of contracting of agricultural products); Wholesale; retail trade and public catering; sale and lease of means of production; commercial mediation in the implementation of trade activities and other ancillary activities to ensure the sale of goods (services) in the field of circulation (agency agreements, commissions, instructions, transport and forwarding activities, etc.). Emphasis is placed on the fact that this commonality of all economic agreements and necessitates the establishment of a number of general rules for them, and therefore it is necessary to study the theoretical basis of the trade and economic agreement.

Sosialisasi Akad-akad Ekonomi Syariah pada BUMDes di Desa Kaotan Blimbingsari Banyuwangi

BUMDes is an instrument that drives the macro economy at the village level based on local potential and wisdom. Management of BUMDes in a professional manner can be a solution in order to advance and prosper all elements of village society.BUMDes Mitra Sejahtera is the BUMDes of Kaotan Blimbingsari village which has business activities in the form of buying and selling food and renting agricultural equipment. The management of Mitra Sejahtera BUMDes has been carried out on a traditional conventional basis. The majority of the people in Kaotan Blimbingsarivillage are Muslims with the value of mutual cooperation that thrives in the community.BUMDES business activities must be based on benefits and do not contain elements of persecution (tyranny) for the community.Departing from the spirit of doing changes for the better, the condition of the Kaotan village community and the principles of BUMDes business activities, the authors conclude that the implementation of the Sharia economic system is a solution for BUMDes Mitra Sejahtera. Therefore, the socialization of Islamic economic contracts is an important necessity for the managers of BUMDes Mitra Sejahtera. The socialization material includes Sharia business principles and forms of Sharia contracts.The implementation of this activity is packaged in a workshop. Activities carried out using the method of lectures, discussions and practices at the Kaotan Village-Owned Enterprise. This activity is carried out not once but through several stages in accordance with the material that has been compiled by the presenter

Market and Regulatory Coefficients for Determining the Rent for Public Land in Regions

As opposed to international studies, Russian scientists apply multifactorial models with specific coefficients to determine the rent for public lands. This research analyses and summarises the existing theoretical and normative approaches to coefficient calculation covered by domestic literature. We examine two types of coefficients: permitted use of land (K) and categories of land users (K 1 ). Based on the property valuation theory (income and comparative approaches), we demonstrated problems and disadvantages of the methods currently used to determine K and K 1 coefficients. Then, using the economic contract theory, we identified market and non-market (hybrid and hierarchical) regulation mechanisms and distinguished K and K 1 coefficients. Institutional differences of these indicators were theoretically substantiated. As a result, we developed economic algorithms for calculating market (K) and regulatory (K 1 ) coefficients that take into account both types of permitted use of land (for K) and categories of land users (for K 1 ) by considering preferences and restrictions in the field. The elaborated methodology was tested by performing complex calculations, which allowed us to obtain the values of K and K 1 coefficients for 18 local councils located in Pervomaysky District of Altai Krai for 112 types of permitted use of land. Proposed methodological recommendations can be applied for developing municipal programmes in Russia and abroad to increase the effectiveness and transparency of public land rent.

FlorentBédécarrats, IsabelleGuérin, FrançoisRoubaud (Eds.) Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical PerspectiveOxford University Press, 2020, 448 p., $100.00

FlorentBédécarrats, IsabelleGuérin, FrançoisRoubaud (Eds.) Randomized Control Trials in the Field of Development: A Critical PerspectiveOxford University Press, 2020, 448 p., $100.00

The experience of regret in small business failure: who’s to blame?

PurposeFramed within the theoretical domain of attribution theory, this study aims to investigate the antecedents of experienced regret following an entrepreneur’s business failure (defined as firm discontinuance, closure or bankruptcy) and the impact of regret on personal well-being.Design/methodology/approachThe population of interest was business owners whose businesses had failed within the past five years. The data was collected from 319 failed entrepreneurs using an online survey. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypotheses presented in this study.FindingsExternal attribution, including economic uncertainty and contract restrictions, was positively related to feelings of regret. Considering internal attribution, due diligence had a positive effect on regret whereas customer relationship development ability can reduce feelings of regret. Moreover, prevention-focused entrepreneurs were likely to experience higher levels of regret when engaging in extensive consideration in using information. Finally, regret had a detrimental effect on the entrepreneurs’ well-being.Research limitations/implicationsThe research provides fresh perspectives on experienced regret, a relatively unexplored emotion in the entrepreneurship literature. In the context of small business operations, the locus of attribution (associated with business failure) is the key influence on learning following failed business attempts.Practical implicationsThis study extends current knowledge of regret in the context of entrepreneurial failure, which has a significant catalytic effect on employment and entrepreneurial mobility.Originality/valueThis research sheds light on how emotional responses are derived from an entrepreneur’s self-assessment of their performance and attribution of blame for failure.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ДЕЦЕНТРАЛІЗАЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ: СУЧАСНІ АСПЕКТИ

The main goal of the research is to analyze modern aspects of decentralization process in Ukraine, taking into acount the peculiarities of its functioning and development, the perspective ways of its development. The article presents the peculiarities of decentralization development in Ukraine. Some decentralized models of different countries of the world are analyzed. Some special forms of governmental support of territorial communities in Ukraine are given. Among them there are informational, methodical, financial, organizational issues. The appropriate projects and programs which were implemented in Ukraine and supported by the European countries and international organizations are described. It is established that today Ukraine's long-term plan of activities as for the reforms' implementation is financially supported by such international financial and donor organizations as the Swiss Cooperation Office, the Canadian International Development Agency, the Eastern Europe Foundation, the PAUCI Foundation for Ukrainian-Polish Cooperation, the European Union. It has been proven that through economic programs, investment projects and contracts at the local level some issues of economic development, landscaping, social assistance, culture and health care can be solved The financial incentives for the effective development of local communities in terms of intergovernmental transfers and donor financial assistance are substantiated. It was found that as a result of tax reform and reform of inter-budgetary relations, local authorities receive additional financial resources to fulfill a significant number of their own and delegated powers. It is emphasized that the state assumes responsibility for the social status of its citizens. That means the policy pursued at the state level should be consistent and socially responsible. The management system of the State Regional Policy (RPM) in Ukraine is observed. It was found out that some uninvolved potentials of the Ukrainian development at different levels of functioning should be activated. According to that it is planned to develop and improve new system of State Regional Policy management by implementing the efficient programs and projects. It is established that the State Fund of Regional Development (SFRD) has been established at the governmental level in order to support investment programs and projects of local and central executive bodies and local self-government bodies. It has been proven that as a result of financial decentralization a new model of the budget and tax system can be formed.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЗБАЛАНСОВАНОСТІ РИНКУ МОРСЬКОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ

The emergence of new international transport corridors changes the directions of traditional transportation of goods on the routes of East – West, the magnitude of the average costs,the delivery time and its cost. Therefore, there are constantly new principles for the integration of transport routes based on traditional and new transport corridors.The nature of the development of maritime transport is predetermined by a number of complex objective factors. First of all, the development of world production, foreign trade and the nature of international economic unions and contracts has a special influence on the dynamics of ship-turnover of maritime transport.Transportation should maintain the balance in proportion to the growth of social production and the international division of labor. The placement of transport systems has historically affected both the nature of the territorial development of productive forces and the production specialization of the regions.Therefore, there are three segments of transport services for the forms of transportation and pricing.The dynamism of the structural parameters of the global maritime market predetermines the tasks of holding and expanding the position of shipping companies and trading ports. International economic relations are formed and transformed on the basis of the increasing role of foreign trade relations.Macroeconomic interests in neutral political strategies determine the choice of technologies and management of cash flows. This process predetermines the mutual interest of the growth of commodity exchange operations. When prioritizing political goals, attention is focused on the priority of one party and the use of sanctions relative to the other. These features are predetermined by the requirements for the development of maritime transport, and cause the formation of various risks. As a result, it is formed periodically in the system of global maritime market processes of violation of the balance of the disclosure of the fleet and the growth rates of cargo flows. Therefore, in the System of Marine Transport remains a problem of solving the relevance of managerial and innovative strategies.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ЛАНЦЮГАМИ ПОСТАВОК У ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНІЙ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article analyzes the peculiarities of supply chain management in foreign economic activity. Particular attention is paid to the need to establish cooperation and appropriate integration between the participants of the supply chain. Supply chain analysis in foreign economic activity helps to investigate logistics costs and solve the problem of their optimization, which, in fact, turns into a task of their minimization, as well as to optimize the cost of customs clearance of goods. A changing competitive environment requires the formation of an effective supply chain, taking into account the peculiarities of not only the national market, but also international norms for transport services of foreign economic activity and legislation of different countries regarding customs procedures. When planning economic activity and foreign economic activity, in particular, many factors that have a direct or indirect impact on the formation of a price for the end user are taken into account, one of the main ones is the proximity to raw materials, fuel, and consumers. The pattern of rational placement of production follows from the economic law of labor economy, which regulates the costs of overcoming the distance between the areas of raw materials production, production and consumption of products, and also takes into account additional costs arising from the movement of raw materials or final products of the customs border. The role of this law is decisive, since logistics costs and customs clearance costs during implementation often occupy the lion's share in the cost of final products and, accordingly, form a price for the consumer. It is through the solution of logistical problems that it is possible to minimize transport costs and customs clearance costs, which ultimately affects the cost of finished products. The effectiveness of such actions depends on the amount of financial and time costs and in the current competitive environment is the main factor that affects the formation of competitiveness of the enterprise. Thus, the task of minimizing total costs is reduced to the task of minimizing transport costs and customs clearance costs. Thus, effective management of supply chains, taking into account the peculiarities of the implementation of foreign economic contracts, will greatly simplify the process of promoting the finished products of the enterprise in foreign markets and establish effective cooperation with foreign suppliers of raw materials for their own production.

INSIGHTS INTO CONTEMPORARY ISSUES OF CUSTOMS LOGISTICS

The article seeks to explore modern approaches to managing customs logistics in Ukraine which is regulated by the current customs legislation in Ukraine, the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On the list of documents required for customs control and customs clearance of goods and vehicles moving across the border of Ukraine", regulations of the State Customs Service of Ukraine and other normative regulatory documents. It is argued that the logistics system should coordinate all processes of movement of goods across the customs border of Ukraine, regulate the conclusion of foreign economic contracts and customs clearance of foreign economic transactions. Besides, effective customs logistics contributes to boosting all customs related processes and provides rationale for further strategic forecasting and planning. The use of international (customs) logistics involves crossing national borders, costs resulting from the reduction of customs clearance time and simplification of costly customs procedures. The keen interest of transport companies, owners of temporary storage warehouses, customs brokers and other agents in the effective logistics performance is underpinned by rapidly increasing export-import flows and their revenues growth, respectively. The study findings have provided argument for the critical need and relevance to address the customs logistics issues in the frameworks of an integrated approach, in particular, this close coordination of actions should refer to such operations as goods transportation in individual links of the supply chain, transhipment, warehousing and storage of goods, cross-border cargo control, declaration, specifics of import, export and transit of goods procedures, ensuring the supply chain security, simplified movement of goods in the supply chain, etc.