Women's Economic Activity Research Articles

PERAN PEREMPUAN PESISIR (PENGAMBEK) DALAM KETAHANAN EKONOMI, PERSPEKTIF PEMBELAJARAN IPS

The big role of women in economic activities in coastal areas is very important. This research aims to explore and determine the role of coastal women as advocates in economic resilience, as well as in social studies learning. This research was carried out in Puger Kulon village, Puger District, as one of the southern coastal areas of Jember Regency which has abundant marine resources with the dual role of women in economic security, one of which is as Pengambek or fish middlemen who have their own values. This research uses qualitative methods where researchers produce information from observations and interviews. The technique for determining informants used a purposive sampling technique for coastal women at Puger Beach. Data was collected using interview and observation techniques. The research results show that the role of coastal women as maids plays an important role in supporting the family economy. As well as the values of pengambek can be applied in social studies learning, which can be seen from the values of perseverance, creativity, tenacity, independence and courage. These values can be part of the contribution of coastal women, including those involved in supporting the economic resilience of families and coastal communities which can be used as a learning resource for students in social studies learning.

경력단절여성의 기업가정신이 창업의도에 미치는 영향

A decrease in the economically active population is expected in South Korea due to the aging population and low birth rate. The importance of women's economic activities should be emphasized because of the positive economic effects the women's workforce can bring to the whole country and society. Hence, more policies that can actively introduce economically inactive women into the labor market should be implemented. Creating new businesses should be considered as an alternative solution for career-interrupted women. The Act on Support for Women's Enterprises was enacted to help women improve their economic activities and status by helping them to create a business and supporting women's enterprises. However, despite the government's various policies, the number of career-interrupted women entrepreneurs is lower than that of other developed countries. Therefore, more active support methods seem to be required. In this study, the subject of the study was specified to be career-interrupted women since the focus of this thesis is to find ways to increase women's economic activities and revitalize women's entrepreneurship. Through this, this thesis aims to find implications for creating an entrepreneurial ecosystem for career-interrupted women. Firstly, the research verifies whether the entrepreneurship of female entrepreneurs affects business intention. Secondly, the research portrays how the relationship between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention is influenced by social support. Thirdly, the research examines if and how the government and local government’s policy to support women’s entrepreneurship influences the relationship between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. As a result of the research the thesis shows that the innovation initiative factor was significant in the effect of entrepreneurship on entrepreneurial intention. Second, as to whether there was a moderating effect of social support in the relationship between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention, emotional support showed a moderating effect on innovation initiative and evaluation support on risk sensitivity. Third, looking at the moderating effect of government support projects between entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention, both funding and physical infrastructure support showed a moderating effect. The implications of the research are to develop educational programs that take into account women's characteristics, effective and diverse government support policies, and continuous research on women's entrepreneurship in order to increase the economic activity of career interrupted women and lay the foundation for finding ways to promote entrepreneurship.

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN IN ALGERIA BETWEEN FINANCING OBSTACLES AND PROSPECTS FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP

This research paper aims to shed light on the reality of women's economic empowerment in Algeria as a goal of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for the year 2030. Algeria has realized the importance of integrating and empowering women socially, culturally and economically, so it worked to provide the legal environment supportive of the positive participation of women in economic activities. This is in addition to the international agreements that it has ratified to achieve the empowerment of women and activate their role in development. The study sought to answer the main question, which revolves around the challenges that women face in leading their own projects by analyzing the obstacles that women face and limit their economic contribution to society, as Algeria includes the largest percentage of women engineering graduates in the world, with a rate of 48.5% of the total engineering graduates. In the country, however, men still dominate the profession itself. In order to answer this problem, the deductive approach is relied on, with its appropriate description and analysis tools, to study the legal and financial system to support women’s entrepreneurship, confront the obstacles that prevent them from achieving their success, and put forward proposals that contribute to their pioneering leadership in the business world. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is that women in Algeria face many social, administrative and economic difficulties in the field of entrepreneurship. The authorities must work to promote innovation and creativity in women's entrepreneurship projects and provide legal and financial support to develop their creativity while finding innovative ways to market and develop women's entrepreneurship projects

Empowering women for household economic growth in Latin America: A Systematic Review

The proposed article describes the role played by women in the different strata of society and, above all, the benefits obtained from their participation in the labor market. The objective was to describe how the empowerment of Latin American women has contributed to the economic growth of families during 2011-2021. In terms of methodology, different methodological and theoretical positions from various researchers about women's empowerment were taken to achieve an integration that allows expressing the need to show the importance of women in economic growth to ensure that the research is valuable, transparent, complete, and accurate for the users. Detailed techniques were used within the Prisma 2020 model; 23 sources of information obtained from Scopus, Redalyc, Science Direct, Elibro, Scielo, and Google Scholar were detected, for which inclusion criteria were applied, selecting 11 information bases, as well as exclusion criteria, eliminating 12 articles that were not related and did not show coherence with the research question, were not within the space-time, did not belong to the Latin American continent or agree with the subject of the study. The analytical-synthetic method was used to the extent that it allowed analyzing empowerment with each of its own characteristics and those proposed by the different researchers to synthesize and describe how Latin American women have been empowering themselves and contributing to the economic growth of families during the last 10 years. It was concluded that Latin American women have been empowering themselves significantly, thereby contributing to the economic growth of their families, where their performance has become vitally important thanks to their actions that have strengthened their leadership and skills within their communities, promoting their active participation in conservation and sustainable development, and demonstrating that greater participation of women in economic activity contributes to increasing the Gross Domestic Product, raising growth and compensating for the fall of the working population.

Women's Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Tuva: Motives, Barriers and Opportunities

The article analyzes the gender characteristics of economic and entrepreneurial activity among the population of Tuva.
 The transformation of the structure of the regional economy and the labor market in the post-Soviet period consisted in a significant reduction in the primary and secondary sectors due to the destruction of the agricultural and industrial complexes of Tuva, in which mainly men had been employed. During the socio-economic crisis of the 1990s, excessively feminized branches of the tertiary sector, such as education, healthcare, and social assistance, saved jobs. In addition, the higher level of education of women in the republic compared to men increased their adaptive capabilities in a crisis. For these reasons, a steady and long-lasting trend has begun in Tuva since the 1990s, in which women demonstrate greater economic activity compared to men, which does not coincide with global and Russian trends. The gender gap in favor of women in employment emerged also due to the general modernization processes in Tuvan society in the XX century, which resulted in the shaping of a new gender order and a new type of family with double income and two breadwinners.
 The analysis of women's economic activity in general and entrepreneurship at the present stage has shown that women play a key role in the formation of a social group of entrepreneurs and owners of small and medium-sized businesses. A regional feature is that the share of entrepreneurship as a social community still remains insignificant in the social structure of Tuvan society. The fact that in the gender composition of individual entrepreneurs of Tuva, women slightly, but still quantitatively exceed the number of men, demonstrates the leveling of socio-cultural stereotypes associated with the historically established distribution of gender roles. The peculiarities of gender differentiation in economic activities are that women are represented in many areas that have traditionally been considered "male", that the gender-marked areas are practically absent. According to the opinion of women-entrepreneurs, there are no institutional, formal barriers to women's entrepreneurship in Tuva. At the same time, the general problems of poverty of the population remain relevant, causing difficulties in starting financial opportunities for the majority of the population, barriers of a socio-psychological nature.

The Role of Women's Labor Force in Household Income in Villages

Since women make up half of the population, they have a significant role in providing family resources, so that women's social responsibility in some matters is more important than men's, in the family environment as a mother, wife and raising children and outside the home play an effective role in manufacturing and service activities, the use of women's labor force in the production of goods is one of the fundamental components of developed countries. But women's activities in some backward societies are unfairly ignored and cannot even be counted in the calculation of national production, this study aims to investigate the contribution and role of women's economic activity in the economy of rural families with the case example of Khost and Farang districts of Baghlan province, it is important to investigate this issue because by recognizing and stabilizing the amount of women's activity, the transformation in the old patriarchal system is important. Making changes in infrastructures, helped in the social fair business method, and economic growth of the country, the data collection method is two types (field questionnaire that 247 families in the form of samples and from other reliable domestic and foreign scientific books and articles), to analyze information and get the intensity of the relationship about women's work in agriculture, livestock and handicrafts in the family economy, by Pearson method. The output of 0.71%, with a coefficient of 0.504% and the value of his statistics 4.83%, which is greater than the critical value of 2.069%, the results of statistical analysis with a confidence level of 95% indicate the fact that there is a positive relationship between women's work and the income of rural families and the value of women's work has a positive and significant role in the economy of rural families.

The association between women's economic participation and physical and/or sexual domestic violence against women: A case study for Turkey.

We test in how far women's economic participation can be associated with physical and/or sexual domestic violence against women in Turkey, by mobilizing the Survey "National Research on Domestic Violence against Women in Turkey" (wave 2014). Several studies found that economically active women have a similar, if not a higher risk of experiencing domestic violence than inactive women in Turkey, as well as in other emerging countries. We challenge these findings for Turkey by distinguishing between formal and informal labor market activities as well as between women who do not work because their partner does not allow them to and women who are inactive for other reasons. To increase the control for endogeneity in this cross-sectional setting, we apply an IV-approach based on cluster averages. We find that, while overall employment for women cannot be associated with a lower risk of experiencing domestic violence for women in Turkey, those women who participate in the formal labor market and those women who contribute at least the same as their partner to household income are less exposed to physical and/or sexual domestic violence than their counterparts. Distinguishing between formal and informal employment is thus important when it comes to investigate the association between women's economic activity and domestic violence. This is especially the case in a country like Turkey, which currently undergoes important socio-economic changes and where women in formal and informal employment have therefore very different socioeconomic backgrounds.

Associations between wives' and husbands' attitudes towards women's economic participation and depressive symptoms, poor subjective health, and unemployment status in married women: A Korean longitudinal study (2014–2020)

IntroductionPrevious research has investigated the relationship between an individuals' gender role attitudes (GRAs) and their psychological health. We hypothesized that holding traditional GRAs or having a husband who holds traditional GRAs may adversely affect a woman's health. MethodsData were obtained from a nationally representative longitudinal survey. Women's negative attitudes towards women's economic participation and husbands' negative attitudes towards their wives' economic participation were measured. The associations between the two and depressive symptoms, poor subjective health, and unemployment status in married women was estimated using a generalised estimating equation. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. ResultsWomen's negative attitudes towards women's economic participation was associated with depressive symptoms (OR [95% CI]: 1.19 [1.09–1.31]), poor subjective health (1.14 [1.04–1.25]) and unemployment status (1.10 [1.05–1.15]) in married women. In addition, there were significant associations between husbands' negative attitudes towards their wives working and depressive symptoms (1.41 [1.23–1.60]), poor subjective health (1.69 [1.48–1.92]), and unemployment (1.80 [1.69–1.92]) in their wives. The effect was strongest when both wives and their husbands have negative attitudes. In addition, the models considering cumulative years of negative attitudes showed that wives holding negative attitudes towards women's economic participation for 3 years or more was associated with depressive symptoms (1.70 [1.42–2.04]), poor subjective health (1.28 [1.04–1.57]), and unemployment status (1.39 [1.22–1.58]). Similarly, husbands' holding 3 years or more of negative attitudes towards their wives' economic participation was associated with depressive symptoms (1.32 [1.02–1.72])), poor subjective health (1.81 [1.40–2.35]), and unemployment status (9.02 [7.97–10.21]) in their wives. ConclusionsOur results show that one's own or one's husband's attitude towards women's economic participation affects not only the employment status of married women but also their mental and subjective health. Policymakers should implement policies that encourage positive attitudes towards women's economic activities.

The Environmental Philips Curve from a gender perspective: empirical evidence from India.

The trade-off between environmental degradation and unemployment has been recently termed as Environmental Philips Curve (EPC). This research attempts to investigate the presence of EPC in the Indian context utilizing time series data for the period 1990–2019. Besides contributing to the meagre empirical literature on this issue, the present study makes a novel contribution by introducing a gender dimension to this investigation. In particular, this study investigates whether the nexus between environmental degradation and unemployment is different for men and women. We examine the presence of the EPC by estimating a model that considers growth in CO2 emission as a function of economic growth, trade openness, and gender segregated unemployment rates. Our findings based on autoregressive distributed lag, fully modified ordinary least squares, and dynamic ordinary least squares estimators generate robust evidence for a negative impact of male unemployment rate on growth in CO2 emission that validates the existence of the Environmental Philips Curve for the male unemployment rate. However, there is no trade-off between environmental quality and women’s employment. In fact, the results point to a favourable effect of reduction in female unemployment on environmental quality. The results of the Block Exogeneity test indicate a unidirectional causality from male unemployment rate to environmental degradation. However, a bidirectional causal relationship exists between female unemployment and environmental degradation. The existence of a trade-off between environmental quality and male employment suggests that India is yet to find viable technologies that can curtail pollution without compromising its livelihood. An optimistic conclusion emanating from our findings is the existence of a virtuous cycle between female employment and environmental quality. An integrated approach to improve environmental quality and increase women’s economic activity may facilitate a speedy realization of sustainable development goals for India as both the goals complement and reinforce each other.

The structure of social anxiety in Russian society: gender emphasis

The article presents the structure of Russian citizens' anxiety in the gender context, focusing on the attitude of Russian women to the economic and social policy conducted by the authorities, self-assessment of their financial situation, expectations and vision of the future. The material is based on the data of the 52nd stage of the All-Russian monitoring "How are you, Russia?", conducted with the participation of the authors in May 2022 by the Institute of Socio-Political Research of FCTAS RAS. It shows the convergence of men's and women's value judgments due to the increased social and economic activity of women. At the same time, there is still a traditional difference in the level of income, as well as in the distribution of gender roles according to the archetypes "woman = keeper of the family home" and "man = strategist, thinking globally. Respondents of both sexes expressed equally minimal concern about the topic of the special military operation in Ukraine, with women showing serious concern about the economic consequences of the current foreign policy. In the structure of their anxiety, problems of rising prices, economic sanctions, deteriorating relations with the U.S. and Europe, and, as a consequence, fear of an uncertain future lead the way. Lack of stability and uncertainty decrease the loyalty to the power structures among female respondents, who are the most vulnerable in the current situation, slightly increasing the level of protest activity in parallel.

The Existence of Women in Harian Neraca Press 1989-1994

The purpose of this study was to find out how the existence of women in the social, economic, political fields in the Harian Neraca newspaper in 1989-1994. The method used in this research is historical. This research was conducted using the archives of the Harian Neraca newspaper in 1989-1994, and literature, both in the form of books and reports of previous research results. The data collection techniques using document study techniques and literature studies. The data analysis technique was carried out by descriptive content analysis. The approach used is a multidimensional approach covering sociology, economics and political science. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the existence of women in the social field in the Harian Neraca newspaper in 1989-1994, among others, highlighted the participation of women in various social activities around the world of public health, community welfare, environmental preservation, education, and cultural preservation. The existence of women in the Harian Neraca newspaper in 1989-1994 in the economic field, among others, discussed the news about the activities of women in industry and women's organizations based on the economy (IWAPI) and the role of women in economic activities on a national scale. The existence of women in the Harian Neraca newspaper in 1989-1994 in the political field, among others, highlighted the problems dominated by Kowani's involvement in fighting for women's rights.

The Queen of the Social Sciences: The Reproduction of a [White] “Man's Field”

Abstract Economics reproduces itself as a [white] man's field through resistance to demographic and epistemic diversity. Although some resistance is expressed by anonymous individuals, they are neither the sole nor the primary source. Resistance is internal to the discipline; it is structural. It is present in the vertical organization of the profession, the seemingly neutral forms of evaluation that institutionalize gender bias, and the marginalization of certain topics and critical perspectives. Because resistance is structural, even if individuals do not discriminate, the discipline will remain resistant to diversity. The conceptualization of work as paid employment alone reflects gender ideology and plays a key role in the devalorization of unpaid work—those who do it and research about it. Concepts and methods from feminist political economy link the orthodox conceptualization of work, and the value system underpinning it, to the experiences of women economists between 1970 and the present. I find that economics remains a “man's field” through structural resistance to women economists, through interpreting women's economic activities as marginal to the “real business” of economics, and by delegitimizing feminist research about those activities. The delegitimization of feminists' paid work as economists functionally devalues women's unpaid work in economic thought. Because economic thought is influential outside the economics discipline, the delegitimization of feminist economic research devalues women's unpaid work outside the discipline as well. Efforts to “fix” structural resistance to diversity without addressing the devalorization of the gendered work required to reproduce people are likely to have limited impacts. They may contribute to demographic diversity, but demographic diversity will not automatically translate into theoretical diversity in a discipline that marginalizes critical thought. Diversity, equity, and inclusion efforts should ensure that nonwhite and nonmen economists have pathways to advancement with scope for academic freedom. This is especially necessary when their intellectual contributions challenge the value systems and the unequal power relations that economic orthodoxy reinforces.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE SILESIAN VOIVODSHIP IN THE BACKGROUND OF DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT

The aim of the article is to analyze, from statistical and econometric perspectives, the dynamics of economic activity of the population of the Silesian Voivodeship in particular, an attempt at a statistical measurement of the impact of select phenomena conditioning the labor market. Key considerations are preceded by a presentation the historical and current demographic situation in the voivodeship. Problems of foreign and inter-voivodeship migrations, the aging of population of the province were investigated. Moreover, impact of social policies on the labor market was analyzed, including the “Family 500+” program as well as regulations concerning retirement age. The study utilizes quantitative methods of time series analysis, including the time series models taking into account the occurrence of turning points. The results of research show, that in the near future, the demographic situation of the Silesian Voivodeship will not improve,, the lowering of retirement age is a threat to the labor market, the “500+” program not only did not influence a rise in fertility rate but lowered the rate of economic activity of women.

Transition Of Women's Economic Activity to Contribute to Family Income as An Effect Of COVID-19

The family economy of women underwent a transit, which generated the closure of companies; the above-mentioned had an impact on the conversion of economic activities that women carried out in their localities to contribute to the family income. Therefore, the objective of this document is to analyze the women’s transition and economic contribution to family income throughout the Covid-19 pandemic for the establishment of economic activities that support the family economy. The results indicate that women who engaged in tourism activities, the major source of revenue for the town, went to businesses that were seeing a boom due to the use of social media or online sales; in addition, it was possible to identify the strong impact of the woman's role in the family economy, contributing with more than 50% of the income. The foregoing will allow the generation of action proposals aimed at women to strengthen the virtual commercial scenario used in the pandemic for the constant and growing circulation of businesses, as well as the sale of their products and services.

Women's Income-Generating Activities and Gender Roles in Rural Households in Mayo Danay Division, Northern Cameroon

In sub-Saharan Africa, women participate in the rural labor market where they are present in subsistence agro-pastoral activities, which are more domestic work and, in other income-generating rural activities such as trading. Within the studies carried out on women’s status in communities, those on women's access to income-generating activities in certain contexts such as Ghanaian urban areas, have revealed that, income-generating activities contribute to a redistribution of gender roles in households. This paper by questioning the impacts of women's economic activities on gender relations within households in rural areas of Northern Cameroon, aims to analyse the realities faced by women involved in income-generating activities in a particular rural area to assess if the changes mentioned above happened in all communities. The data used for this work are empirical data from a qualitative survey of 48 women living in 8 villages in Mayo Danay, an administrative territory in Northern Cameroon. The results of this survey reveal that rural women involved in income-generating activities are both breadwinners and domestic workers. Contrary to what was observed in Ghana, the status of female breadwinners does not participate in the emancipation of women. Indeed, even with their means of production, women are still dependent on men and are still alone to bear the burden of the domestic work. Access of women to income-generating activities and their participation in household expenditures have surely reduced poverty in households but have not contributed to gender roles changes.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION IN POLAND – SELECTED PROBLEMS AND CONDITIONS

The aim of the article is to analyze, from statistical and econometric perspectives, the dynamics of Poles’ economic activity, in particular, an attempt at a statistical measurement of the impact of select phenomena conditioning the labor market. Key considerations are preceded by a presentation the historical and current demographic situation in Poland. Problems of foreign migration and the aging of the Polish society were investigated. Moreover, impact of social policies on the labor market was analyzed, including the “Family 500+” program as well as regulations concerning retirement age. The study utilizes quantitative methods of time series analysis, including the time series models taking into account the occurrence of turning points. The results of research show, that: in the near future the Polish demographic situation will not improve, the lowering of retirement age is a threat to the labor market, the “500+” program not only did not influence a rise in fertility rate but lowered the rate of economic activity of women.

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF WOMEN EMPLOYMENT IN BANGLADESH

The purpose of the present study is to examine the major factors related to the participation of women in the economic activities of Bangladesh, using the data of the nationally representative provided by the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2017/18. The survey interviewed a total of 20127 women aged 15-49 on social, economic, and demographic factors. The study used women's occupations as the dependent variable to understand the patterns and dynamics of women's participation in economic activities in Bangladesh. The result shows that 49.6% of women didn’t associate with any work, 7.9% of women worked as a professional, technical or managerial specialist, and 42.5% of women worked as non-professional, such as: in agriculture, and domestic-related work. Two policy implications emerged from the study: 1) The economic activity of women in Bangladesh is still low, most of them earn their livelihood utilizing non-professional works; 2) Women who are relatively from poorer families, not very well educated, located in the rural area are largely seen in economic activities in Bangladesh. Finally, the study indicates an idea about important determinants of women's employment, as poor women with little formal education remain economically active. The study recommends that women must be provided with new skills and knowledge to expand their ability and the education of women must be given the highest priority, which is the fundamental problem.

The Efficacy of SECI Model for the Training of High School Teachers in Relation to Gender Equality in Vietnam

Vietnamese government policy has been one of complete equality of opportunity in schools and in wider society, both as a commitment to social justice and as a way of enhancing the economy of the nation by facilitating and encouraging much greater inclusion of women in economic activity. One of the main aims of the work was to trial programmes of training for teachers and teacher education students about gender equality in education using the model of Socialisation, Externalisation, Combination and Internalisation (SECI), first developed in Japan, which integrates knowledge acquisition with social learning activities (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). The response to the programme of training using the SECI model was positive, suggesting that this approach may be an effective model for both Initial Teacher Education and Continuing Professional Development for High School Teachers in Vietnam.

Rendimientos económicos de las mujeres mexicanas jefas de familia, como asalariadas y empresarias

The objective of this research was to compare the Mexican breadwinner women's economic activities performance, to determine if there are differences in the returns depending on the source of work, whether subordinate (working woman) or independent (businesswoman), furthermore to know that encourages women to be entrepreneurs. We worked with a sample with 7,411 working women and 1,688 businesswomen and used a two-stage model (Probit and MCO). Our findings revealed differences between economic returns, depending on the source of work, businesswomen had the lowest returns. The balance childcare and low incomes that women earn as a working woman, caused by the low educational level, it is the principal motivation for women to be businesswomen. However, their priority is not economic wealth.

Analyzing the impact of Women-Owned Home-based Businesses in Income Generation and Household Livelihood in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Women entrepreneurship through home-based businesses has a significant contribution to income generation and household livelihoods, particularly in developing countries. The study identifies the determinants and the barriers to the women entrepreneurs taking the case of District Abbottabad, Pakistan. The study is unique in the sense that it examines the role of women-owned home-based businesses in income generation and household livelihoods particularly in the context of District Abbottabad. The study collected data through a cross-sectional survey of 100 women-owned home-based businesses from the district Abbottabad by using convenience sampling and snowball sampling techniques. The study found that 89 percent of the households having women-owned home-based businesses were enjoying the increase in income. Moreover, it suggested stitching centers and tuition academies on most priority followed by beauty parlors to beginners. Household livelihood model estimates showed that home-based businesses have a positive and significant role in households’ livelihood, particularly enhancing physical and financial capital. The study explores that lack of finance, lack of space, and unfair taxes particularly in the case of beauty parlors were the main hardships that were faced by the women entrepreneurs. It found that easy access to credit, better education, and training facilities may combat the financial problems of women doing household businesses in District Abbottabad. The study concludes that increased involvement of women in economic activities through home-based businesses may lead to a favorable change in the growth of an economy.