Eco-efficient Method Research Articles

ChemInform Abstract: Eco‐Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Quinazoline‐2,4(1H,3H)‐diones at Room Temperature in Water.

An efficient one-pot synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones was developed. First, the reactions of anthranilic acid derivatives with potassium cyanate afforded the corresponding urea derivatives. Then, cyclization of the urea derivatives with NaOH afforded the monosodium salts of benzoylene urea. Finally, HCl treatment afforded the desired products in near-quantitative yields. This is an eco-efficient method because all the reactions were carried out in water, and the desired products were obtained simply by filtration. The aqueous filtrate was the only waste generated from the reaction. We scaled up the reaction to 1 kg starting material, thus establishing an alternative approach for the green synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

Exploring a novel preparation method of 1D metal organic frameworks based on supercritical CO2.

The preparation of copper(II) one-dimensional MOFs using an eco-efficient method is reported here. This method is based exclusively on using supercritical CO2 as a solvent, without the addition of any other additive or co-solvent. Neutral acetylacetonate copper complexes and two linear linkers, namely, the bidentate 4,4'-bipyridine and 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine molecules, were reacted under compressed CO2 at 60 °C and 20 MPa for periods of 4 or 24 h. The success achieved in the synthesis of the different studied 1D-MOFs was related to the solubility of the reagents in supercritical CO2. The reaction yield of the synthesized coordination polymers via the supercritical route was close to 100% because both the reactants were almost completely depleted in the performed experiments.

Elimination of loess collapsibility with application to construction and demolition waste during dynamic compaction

With the rapid modernization of China’s infrastructure construction, disposal of the massive amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW) produced each year has gradually developed into a national concern due to its increasingly adverse effect on the environment. Additionally, in northwestern China, ground deformation triggered by collapsible loess has caused severe damage to local infrastructure. In an attempt to address both problems simultaneously, this paper proposes the novel approach of applying CDW as a pile filler for the down-hole dynamic compaction. The concept, construction process, and design principles of this new method are described, and its efficiency and feasibility are validated in detailed studies of four practical cases in different locations in China. Problems that arise in certain aspects of this method, i.e., code revision with consideration of the variable loess conditions and CDW in different locations, are also discussed. Case studies and relevant discussions indicate a promising future for this environmentally friendly and eco-efficient method that is broadly applicable in many locations.

Analysis and Optimization of Industrial Structure Based on the Relative Efficiency Index

Based on the theory and method of eco-efficiency, the relative efficiency index (Ri) was constructed in the paper. According to the range of the relative efficiency index, the industrial sectors can be divided into four categories. When Ri≥R+0.5δ , the industry should be encouraged. When R≤Ri<R+0.5δ, the industry should be optimized and updated. When R-0.5δ≤Ri<R, the industry should be transformed and elevated. When Ri<R-0.5δ, the industry should be restricted, even eliminated. Jiaxing City in Zhejiang Province was selected to be the typical base for further analysis. The results showed that from the perspective of saving water and energy, six important industries, including Paper and paper products, Textile, Beverage Manufacturing, Chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry, should be restricted, even eliminated. From the perspective of water pollution control, twelve industries, such as Paper and paper products, Textile, Chemical materials and chemical products manufacturing industry should be restricted, even eliminated. From the perspective of air pollution control, four industries, including Paper and paper products, Chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing, Electricity, heat production and supply, Non-metallic mineral products industry should be restricted, even eliminated. Besides, the Paper and paper products, the Chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry theoretically were the highlight of the industries which should be restricted, even eliminated.

Eco-efficient one-pot synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones at room temperature in water.

An efficient one-pot synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones was developed. First, the reactions of anthranilic acid derivatives with potassium cyanate afforded the corresponding urea derivatives. Then, cyclization of the urea derivatives with NaOH afforded the monosodium salts of benzoylene urea. Finally, HCl treatment afforded the desired products in near-quantitative yields. This is an eco-efficient method because all the reactions were carried out in water, and the desired products were obtained simply by filtration. The aqueous filtrate was the only waste generated from the reaction. We scaled up the reaction to 1 kg starting material, thus establishing an alternative approach for the green synthesis of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.

A new method using compressed CO2 for the in situ functionalization of mesoporous silica with hyperbranched polymers

The present work focuses on the development of a new eco-efficient method, based on the use of compressed CO2 as a solvent, reaction medium and catalyst, for the in situ polymerization of ethyleneimine inside mesoporous silica.

An eco-efficient, domino synthesis of highly functionalized spiro-oxindole derivatives catalyzed by an organocatalyst in an aqueous medium

Here we report a multicomponent domino reaction for the synthesis of a combinatorial library of spiro-oxindole derivatives with a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine moiety by a one pot, eco-efficient three component reaction involving isatin, 6-aminouracil and acetyl acetone which is catalyzed by an organocatalyst in water as the reaction medium. A heterocyclic molecule which contains a highly functionalized bioactive spiro-oxindole and a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring in one nucleus is very important due to its bioactive nature. This method avoids the use of costly and toxic catalysts and organic solvents which show a number of side effects on the environment and human beings. The simplicity and versatility of this eco-efficient method is described.

High-Throughput Solution Combustion Synthesis of High-Capacity LiFeBO3 Cathode

Aspiring for better cathodes beyond the LiFePO4 system, recently LiFeBO3 has been reported as a high-capacity (ca. 220 mAh/g) intercalation material involving the lowest reported volume change (ca. 2%) during its operation. It was obtained by conventional solid-state synthesis at 600°C for 12 h and careful cathode optimization. Pursuing an alternate energy-savvy synthetic route, here we report a high-throughput aqueous synthesis forming one-step carbon-coated nanoscale LiFeIIBO3 product, starting with the low-cost FeIII precursor. Known as solution combustion synthesis, this two-step synthetic method can yield the LiFeIIBO3 phase by a quick annealing at 400–600°C for just ≤1 minute. The resulting borate cathode delivers near 1-electron discharge capacity in excess of 170 mAh/g with excellent reversibility, the first such achievement using any solution based synthesis. Various synthesis aspects, physical and electrochemical properties of combustion prepared LiFeIIBO3 cathode have been presented, showcasing the versatility of this eco-efficient method to produce other metal borates and various polyanionic insertion materials for secondary batteries.

国内外生态效率核算方法及其应用研究述评

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 国内外生态效率核算方法及其应用研究述评 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201104280564 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心 城市与区域生态国家重点实验室,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,湖南省环境监测中心站 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重点项目(71033005);国家科技支撑计划课题(2007BAC28B04) Review of eco-efficiency accounting method and its applications Author: Affiliation: Research Center for Eco-environment science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Research Center for Eco-environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Science,Hunan Environmental Monitoring Center Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生态效率由于具有突出的定量化分析优势,在可持续发展的评价与量化分析中起着重要作用,且在全世界范围内得到广泛推广和应用。参阅近十年国内外相关文献的基础上,系统总结了生态效率的核算方法及其在不同尺度的应用,侧重于国内外对比分析,研究表明:(1) 国外已从简单评价转向生态效率驱动机制的探究。(2) 对于生态效率测算,国外开始借助会计、金融以及管理学中的理论和模型对现有的经济/环境比值法以及模型法进行改良和修正;我国则侧重于生态效率评价指标体系构建以及生产率模型的应用。(3) 在应用层次上,国外侧重于企业及其产品系统的生态效率分析,并且开始将生态效率同产品的生态设计、关键问题辨识、系统开发等融合起来,而区域等大尺度的研究则处于尝试阶段;我国在企业尺度的研究甚少,主要集中在行业、生态园区、城市及区域等大尺度的生态效率评价。(4) 国外开始将生态效率同全球生态问题(全球变暖、生物多样性、食物安全)等结合起来;而我国生态效率研究侧重于污染物分析。(5)由于社会维度定量分析难度较大,目前绝大部分研究都很少涉及。最后,文章提出:我国应加大生态效率的宣传与推广,推动生态效率在微观(企业)以及宏观(全球生态问题)上的研究和应用;借助经济、管理、会计等学科的理论和方法完善生态效率核算方法体系;综合利用全排列多边形图示法,反映社会-经济-自然复合生态系统的各个方面。 Abstract:Industrial ecology, eco-efficiency, eco-design, X multiple of revolution are theoretical basis for sustainable development. Among these, eco-efficiency is the most popular method for quantitative analysis. The concept of eco-efficiency was firstly put forward in the academic by Schaltegger and Sturn in the year 1990. Being promoted greatly by the World Business Council for Sustainable, eco-efficiency has obtained great attention in sustainable development research. Claude Fussler firstly introduced the concept of eco-efficiency to China in 1995. There are many achievements in the researches of eco-efficiency in china in recent ten years. Different accounting methods of eco-efficiency in different researching fields were developed, especially in the researches on circular economy in different scales of urban, regional and national level. In this paper, eco-efficiency counting methods and applications in different scales have been sum up based on the review of relevant literature in recent ten years. The accounting methods of eco-efficiency were divided into three categories: (1) Economic/environmental single ratio method. Sometimes, the total production of the product or service, total sales and the total net sales were used to stand for the economic dimension. Resources consumptions, carbon dioxide emissions or other environmental impacts were used to present the environmental dimension. (2) Indicator system method was consisted by indicators which independent from each other but stand for each sections of the research subject. The indicator system method is suit for analyzing the complex systems which contains social, economic and natural subsystems. (3) Modeling method. Data envelopment analysis method is the main method, and other productivity models have been used for eco-efficiency analysis. Then, eco-efficiency could be applied on different scales, such as plant, industry, regional and etc. According to the summarize of current researches, we found that: (1) Researches on eco-efficiency have shifted from simple evaluation to driving mechanism exploring shown in international literatures, but domestic researches still remain in the simple evaluation level. (2) Modeling and methods of eco-efficiency exist in the area of accounting, finance and productivity have been brought to modify and correct the economic/ecological ratio model, while domestic researches focus on building a multi-index system of eco-efficiency, and apply the productivity models for assessment. (3) In the area of eco-efficiency application, international researches showed interests on industrial system and its production system, and applied eco-efficiency method to eco-design and product development. Comparatively, domestic researches mainly focus on the assessment of ecological parks, urban and regional areas, but very few researches in the scale of industrial scale. (4) International researches of eco-efficiency were associated with global ecological issues, such as global warming, biodiversity, food security, while domestic researches focused on analyzing pollutants and wastes. (5) Current studies didn't explain the roots of ecological and environmental crisis, and the social dimensions were usually not taking into consideration. Finally, the article point out, domestic government should spread the notion of eco-efficiency, propel the researches and applications both in micro and large scale; Improve the eco-efficiency accounting methodology with theories and methods of economy, management, accounting and other disciplines; Use the full array polygon graphical methods to reflect the different aspects of the social-economic-natural complex ecological system. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Quantifying eco-efficiency within life cycle management using a process model of strip coal mining

Life cycle management can assist the mining industry in meeting its stated sustainability commitments. This paper demonstrates how sustainability metrics formulated from a life cycle perspective can be quantified at the operational level using a process model of open cut coal strip mining. An understanding of the material and energy flows of a working pit enables the identification of key areas to target for improvement. The effect of operational changes can also be modelled to determine changes in overall mine sustainability metrics, whether they are more local in nature, such as respirable particulates, or of global concern, such as greenhouse gas emissions. This can facilitate the adoption of more eco-efficient methods of operation, particularly where the focus is on maximising the output of the mine's ultimate utility; namely energy. An example is presented of a more eco-efficient method of blasting which reduces in-pit coal losses.

Eco-efficiency of H 2 and fuel cell buses

Urban governments are continually striving to improve air quality by making public transportation more environmentally friendly. H 2 fuel cell buses (FCBs) offer one of the best ways to reduce air pollution. FCB has high energy efficiency and lower air pollutant emissions than conventional buses (e.g. diesel bus/Compressed natural gas bus, CNGB), and H 2 is an attractive alternative energy source in the face of depleting fossil fuels and global warming. H 2 can be produced via fossil fuels and renewable sources and then stored and distributed in a variety of different ways. While many contend that H 2 and FCB are not yet commercially viable, H 2 technology has developed a great deal over recent years. This fact alone demands that governments as well as for-profit businesses take a discerning look at what H 2 and FCB have to offer in terms of both environmental and economic opportunities. In this study, environmental and economic aspects of hydrogen pathways are analyzed according to plausible production methods and capacity, and distribution options in Korea using life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) methods. This study considers the following means of hydrogen production: naphtha steam reforming (Naphtha SR), natural gas steam reforming (NG SR), and water electrolysis (WE). Additionally, conventional fuels (Diesel and CNG) are also included as target fuel pathways in order to identify which hydrogen pathway in particular has the greatest environmental advantage over conventional fuels. This study aimed to identify whether H 2 and FCB can compete with conventional fuels used in buses in terms of the eco-efficiency method, which focuses on economic feasibility and environmental improvement. The conclusion of this study is that H 2 pathways, especially, Naphtha SR [C] and NG SR [S], are more competitive than conventional fuels from an eco-efficiency perspective. As a result, switching from conventional transportation fuel to these suggested H 2 pathways is expected to offer an economically and environmentally more eco-efficient means of transportation. Henceforth, drawing upon evidence within this report, decision-makers would be wise to invest in more cost-effective and environment-friendly fuels by constructing an optimal H 2 infrastructure.

Eco-efficient environmental policy in oil and gas production in The Netherlands

This article presents the quantitative eco-efficiency method developed for prioritising environmental investments in NOGEPA, The Netherlands Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Association involving all major oil and gas producers in The Netherlands. They are committed to a high level of environmental improvement in a Covenant with Dutch central government. Quantitative assessment of eco-efficiency in terms of cost per unit of environmental improvement requires the quantification of both costs and environmental impacts, each in a single indicator. The present study focuses on the development of a single environmental indicator for that purpose. The overall process for arriving at such an indicator has been structured according to ISO 14042 about the life cycle impact assessment. For the last step in this process, the establishment of weighting factors across environmental themes, a panel method has been chosen, involving as stakeholders the government officials involved, the industry experts and independent experts from scientific institutes.

Comparison of four methods for integrating environmental and economic aspects in the end-of-life stage of a washing machine

The objective of this study was to carry out comparative evaluation of four decision-making methods that involves consideration of both environmental and economic aspects in the end-of-life stage of a washing machine, and to suggest priorities for recycling and ecodesign of the washing machine. The four methods chosen were: two-dimensional diagram, eco-efficiency, monetary method and multi-attribute decision-making (MADM). A life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to quantify the environmental aspects of components in a defined product system, and sales prices as well as costs associated with the disposal of the components were considered for the evaluation of their economic aspects. The two-dimensional diagram, the monetary method and the MADM all showed similar results. However, the results of the eco-efficiency method were quite different. When making decisions that consider both environmental and economic aspects of a component in its end-of-life stage, it is recommended to use all these four methods concurrently because all four methods have their own pros and cons. By applying several methods simultaneously, decision makers are in a better position to make decisions about choosing components that are environmentally friendly and economically efficient.

Research on Indicator System of Regional Eco-efficiency: A Case Study of Chengyang District

Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes. Despite the popularity of the term ”eco-efficiency” in business, limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers. Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency, an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study. The indicator system comprises 22 indicators, which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development, resources consumption, environmental pressure. As a promising statistical technique, principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao's Chengyang District. The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1% with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003. Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends. The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979, which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources. The environmental pressure index increased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997, due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years. Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production, so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability. The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.

Electrocatalytic eco-efficient functionalization of white phosphorus

The novel eco-efficient methods to transform white phosphorus into the esters of phosphoric, phosphorous and phosphonic acids, tertiary phosphines and other organophosphorus compounds under conditions of electrochemical catalysis were elaborated. The mechanism of these processes was investigated using the method of cyclic voltammetry and preparative electrolysis.

Eco‐Efficiency and beyond: Towards the Sustainable Enterprise

Introduction Jan-Dirk Seiler-Hausmann, Christa Liedtke and Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker 1. Thinking about sustainable production and services in a globalised world Ernst Ulrich von Weizsacker, Member of the German Parliament, former Chair of the Bundestag Select Committee on Globalisation 2. Promoting the life-cycle economy-time to act! Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel, United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, France 3. The next sources of innovation Claude Fussler, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Switzerland 4. Sustainable politics Jan-Dirk Seiler-Hausmann, Wuppertal Institute, Germany 5. Germany's Sustainable Development Strategy Hans Martin Bury, Member of German Parliament German Minister of State for Europe 6. The German Council for Sustainable Development Volker Hauff, Chair of the German Council for Sustainable Development 7. Think-communicate-act. Econsense Forum for Sustainable Development: A German business initiative Jurgen Zech, former member of the Board of Gerling and spokesperson for econsense, Germany 8. Launching the ISS Sustainable Development Raymond van Ermen, European Partners for the Environment, Belgium 9. Sustainable business development Michael Kuhndt, Wuppertal Institute, Germany 10. Deloitte Sustainability Reporting Scorecard Markus Lehni, Deloitte & Touche, Global Environment and Sustainability Services, Switzerland 11. Sustainability management? Don't bother! Practical steps for bringing sustainability into core management practice Peter Zollinger, SustainAbility, UK 12. Sustainable accounting initiatives in Japan: pilot projects of material flow cost accounting Katsuhiko Kokubu, Kobe University, Japan Michiyasu Nakajima, Kansai University, Japan 13. The BASF eco-efficiency method as a sustainable decision-making tool Andreas Kicherer, BASF AG, Germany 14. Toward sustainable products and services Christa Liedtke, Wuppertal Institute, Germany 15. Climatex(R) Lifeguard(TM) upholstery fabrics: chronicle of a sustainable product redesign Albin Kalin, Rohner Textil AG, Switzerland, Alain Riviere and Ralf Ketelhut, EPEA Internationale Umweltforschung GmbH, Germany, Michael Braungart, EPEA Internationale Umweltforschung GmbH, Germany, and McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry, LLC, USA 16. Eco-effective design of products and production systems: eight theses on methodological and institutional prerequisites Michael Braungart, EPEA Internationale Umweltforschung GmbH, Germany and McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry, LLC, USA, and Alain Riviere and Ralf Ketelhut, EPEA Internationale Umweltforschung GmbH, Germany 17. Efforts in the electronics industry toward creating a recycling-based society Nobuhisa Itoh, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd, Japan 18. Ten years of sustainability at Henkel: innovative products as basis for long-term business success Rainer Rauberger and Michaela Raupach, Henkel, Corporate Sustainability Management/Reporting and Stakeholder Dialogue, Germany 19. Toward sustainable banks and insurance companies Thomas Orbach and Timo Busch, Wuppertal Institute, Germany 20. The challenge of sustainability for financial institutions Paul Clements-Hunt, Head of Unit, UNEP Finance Initiatives, Switzerland 21. Sustainability: the new paradigm in value-based corporate management Hanns Michael Hoelz, Global Head of Sustainable Development, Deutsche Bank 22. Can pension funds drive sustainable development? Inge Schumacher, UBS Global Asset Management, Socially Responsible Investments, Switzerland

Eco-efficiency considerations on the end-of-life of consumer electronic products

In order to improve the eco-efficiency at the end-of-life phase of consumer electronic products, comprehensive assessments should be made. The Quotes for environmentally WEighted RecyclabiliTY and Eco-Efficiency method (QWERTY/EE) developed at the Delft University of Technology is applied to aim at minimal end-of-life treatment costs against maximal environmental recovery. In this paper, the outcomes of this eco-efficiency concept are presented based on a range of improvement options like changing shredding and separation settings, plastic recycling, glass recycling, or separate sorting of certain products. The analysis of more than 75 different consumer electronic products clearly shows groups in state-of-the-art recycling performance in both environmental and economic terms and a substantial distinction between the various product categories. From there, the evaluation takes place of technical improvements in relation to current best-practice recycling. Even more, with the QWERTY/EE concept it is made possible to select and rank improvement options of current and future end-of-life processing and to determine which options bring substantial environmental gain in relation to financial investments made. For glass dominated products, an increase in glass recycling results in significant environmental improvements. The same counts for separate sorting and treatment of precious metal dominated products with a relatively high precious metal content like cellular phones. However, economies of scale are a major assumption that has to be fulfilled in this case. Other conclusions and outcomes are that plastic recycling seems only eco-efficient for large housings of appliances already undergoing disassembly due to the presence of a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD). For small and medium-sized housings, the extra costs of plastic recycling are high in relation to the environmental improvement realized. In most cases, dedicated shredding and separation of metal dominated products does not lead to substantial environmental or economic improvements. In general, it is shown that the various options to increase the eco-efficiency of end-of-life systems lead to very mixed environmental and economic results. As a consequence, end-of-life policy strategies should be evaluated, and in some cases revised, to support and enhance the most eco-efficient improvement options. Regarding the sensitivity of the results, it is shown that although the different environmental assessment models prioritize individual materials in a different order, the results for the improvement options on a system level are pointing in the same direction, except for plastic recycling scenarios.