Eclectus Roratus Research Articles

Feed palatability and consumption of Eclectus Roratus Biaki in The Captivity of Bird and Ochid Park in Biak Numfor

This study aimed to assess the palatability and feed consumption of bayan parrots (Eclectus roratus biaki) in the captivity at the Bird and Orchid Park in Biak, using a variety of local feed combinations. The feeds consisted of fruits (papaya and bananas) and seeds (mung beans and sweet corn). A total of 8 parrots (4 males and four females) were used, housed in pairs within individual cages. Four treatments were tested: P0 (papaya and banana), P1 (papaya, banana, and mung beans), P2 (papaya, banana, and sweet corn), and P3 (papaya, banana, mung beans, and sweet corn). Feed and water were provided ad libitum and feed consumption was measured by weighing the remaining feed daily. The results indicated that bananas had the highest palatability and consumption across all treatments, with the highest feed consumption occurring in the P3 treatment, which included a combination of fruits and seeds. Palatability index, dry matter intake, and organic matter intake were higher when parrots were offered a varied diet. No significant differences were found between treatments in daily consumption, but the variety in feed combinations led to improved consumption patterns. The findings suggest that providing a balanced and varied diet consisting of fruits and seeds is crucial for optimizing bayan parrots' nutritional intake and health in captivity. This study contributes to improved feeding strategies for captive management and conservation efforts, ensuring the well-being of this endemic species.

Successful Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Surgical Removal of a Nonmetastatic Testicular Round Cell Tumor in a Solomon Island Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus solomonensis).

An intracoelomic mass was palpated on an annual exam of a 24-year-old male Solomon Island eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus solomonensis). The initial diagnostic workup included a complete blood count, plasma biochemistry panel, and coelomic ultrasound. Computed tomography was highly suggestive of a testicular mass. Tamoxifen and the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists leuprolide and deslorelin were administered as neoadjunctive endocrine therapies. Biopsy and histologic examination confirmed a testicular mass consistent with a round cell tumor. Four doses of carboplatin 15 mg/kg IV were administered as neoadjunctive chemotherapy, and testicular size decreased by approximately 95%. The remaining gross tumor was removed via orchidectomy with clean but narrow margins. Seven months following surgery, a contrast CT scan did not show any evidence of recurrence of or metastasis from the original mass. This is the first report of successful treatment of a testicular tumor in a psittacine with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and orchidectomy.

Large, overlapping home ranges reveal male mating strategies in polygynandrous Eclectus parrots

ABSTRACT The distribution of the resources needed by females for reproduction affects their dispersion in space and time, which in turn influences the number of females a male can defend. When males provide parental care they in turn become a resource for females, and influence where females choose to breed. Combined, these factors explain a preponderance of monogamous and (to a lesser extent) polygynous mating systems in birds. However, less frequently observed mating systems in birds remain harder to explain. Here, we analyse the home ranges of male Eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) to investigate how their use of space facilitates an unusual polygynandrous mating system (where multiple males mate with multiple females). Female Eclectus parrots in the rainforests of northern Queensland, Australia, have limited movements. They remain at their nest trees for most of the year and rely on multiple wide-ranging males to bring them their food. We used light aircraft and VHF transmitters to track the movements of four male Eclectus parrots during the breeding season. We combined data on home range size with molecular analyses of a larger sample of breeding birds. Our analyses demonstrate that male home ranges overlap with each other and encompass multiple (3–14) trees with nesting females. We show that some males divide their time between, and gain reproductive success with, females up to 7 km apart. Our tracking and molecular data offer insights into how polygynandrous mating systems relate to space use among males and females.

Thermostability and immunogenicity of genotype II Avian or-thoavulavirus (AOaV-1) isolates from duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and parrot (Eclectus roratus)

Thermostability and immunogenicity of genotype II Avian or-thoavulavirus (AOaV-1) isolates from duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and parrot (Eclectus roratus)

THE DIVERSITY OF BIRD TYPES IN BUKIT TANAH PUTIH SIDANGOLI, WEST HALMAHERA REGENCY

The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of bird species in Bukit Tanah Putih Sidangoli, West Halmahera Regency. Using the combined method of point count and line transects. Observations of bird samples were carried out in three types of habitats, namely the habitat of the trans Halmahera road, river lanes and white hills. Based on the results of the study, there were 59 species from 25 families with bird diversity index =2.70-3.39, the species evenness index ranged from 0.50 to 0.82. The evenness index value for the trans-halmahera mesh line in the garden vegetation type was higher (E= 0.82) compared to the vegetation index in the forest type (E = 0.69) and the HTI area (0.60). The highest evenness index value in Bukit Tanah Putih in the three vegetation types, namely gardens, forests and hearts, had the same evenness index value (0.50). The trans-halmahera road observation path is the most dominant species in garden vegetation, namely parrot parrot (Eclectus roratus), river location in Maluku serindit forest vegetation (Collocalia esculenta) and Bukit Tanah Putih in garden and forest vegetation (red cheek parrot = Geofroyi geofroyu). The conclusions of this study are the diversity of bird species in Bukit Tanah Putih, Sidangoli, moderate (H'=2.70) to high (H'3.39), the species evenness index was evenly distributed (E=0.50-0.82) and the high dominance.

Complete Genome Sequence of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae MMCC7, Isolated from an Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus)

ABSTRACTKlebsiella quasipneumoniae MMCC7 is a multidrug- and heavy metal-resistant strain isolated from the feces of a pet shop eclectus parrot in Hong Kong. The complete genome, a single chromosome and circular plasmid (5,382,488 bp; G+C content, 57.79%), was determined by hybrid assembly.

A PCR-Based Retrospective Study for Beak and Feather Disease Virus (BFDV) in Five Wild Populations of Parrots from Australia, Argentina and New Zealand

The beak and feather disease virus (family Circovirdae) is a virus of concern in the conservation of wild Psittaciformes globally. We conducted a PCR screening for the beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) using samples collected during previous field studies (1993–2014) in five populations of parrots of the Southern Hemisphere: Eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) and Crimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans) from Australia, Burrowing parrots (Cyanoliseus patagonus) and Monk parakeets from Argentina (Myiopsitta monachus), and Forbes’ parakeet from New Zealand (Cyanoramphus forbesi). A total of 612 samples were screened. BFDV was not detected in any of the sampled birds. Our results provide a retrospective screening, covering three different tribes of Old and New World parrots, including two of the most numerous species, and contributing a large set of negative results. Furthermore, our results suggest that geographical and temporal differences in BFDV distribution may exist and merit further research, as a critical component in the efforts to manage the disease and its epidemiological aspects. The results presented here hold the potential to provide a baseline for future studies investigating the temporal evolution and the spread of BFDV.

Human Positioning in Close-Encounter Photographs and the Effect on Public Perceptions of Zoo Animals.

Simple SummaryMany zoos offer close-encounter experiences, and visitors frequently share photographs from these experiences online. This study measured the effects that viewing such images had on public perceptions of both the zoo and the animals that they saw. Results indicated that viewing different animal species and the different human proximities within these images can affect public perceptions about how zoos care for their animals and views about the use of animals as pets.With the rising popularity of social media, conservation organisations and zoos need to understand its impact on public perceptions of the animals they house and their role in conservation. In addition, many zoos offer close-encounter experiences, and visitors frequently share images from these experiences online. This study measured the effects that viewing such encounter images had on public perceptions of both the zoo and the animals they saw. One of sixteen images was randomly presented to participants in two samples: one of Zoo Community followers and members of Zoos Victoria (n = 963), and a representative sample of the Australian public (n = 1619). Each image featured one of four animals (Eclectus parrot, Kangaroo Island kangaroo, Monteith’s leaf insect, Centralian carpet python) and one of four human positions (human and animal touching, human and animal ~30 cm apart, human and animal ~1 m apart, animal alone). Results indicated that viewing different animals and the different human positions within these human–animal encounter images can affect public perceptions of zoo animals. In particular, the closer the proximity of a human to an animal in an image, the more likely respondents were to think that the animal was not displaying a natural behaviour and the more likely it was for General Public respondents to think that the animal would make a good pet. These findings can be used by zoos, wildlife tourism, and media organisations to ensure that they are sending clear, positive, and intended messages about zoo facilities and animals, as well as providing insights into animal encounter images in wider settings.

Disseminated coelomic xanthogranulomatosis in eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) and budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus).

Xanthogranulomatosis is an inflammatory lesion characterized by lipid-containing macrophages, extracellular lipid, hemorrhage, and necrosis. We describe disseminated intracoelomic xanthogranulomatosis in 5 eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) and 2 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). Postmortem, clinicopathologic, and historical case material was reviewed. Ages ranged from 3 to 24 years; there were 5 males and 2 females. Table food was included in the diet of 3/5 cases, and animal products were included in 2/3 cases. Common clinicopathologic abnormalities included leukocytosis (4/5 cases) and elevated concentrations of bile acids (3/4 cases) and cholesterol within 6 months prior to death (2/4 cases). At postmortem examination, all 7 birds had grossly visible, irregular, soft, tan to yellow, amorphous plaques distributed on the surfaces of the viscera and body wall. Histologic evaluation and oil red O stain revealed xanthogranulomatous inflammation with phagocytized and extracellular lipid, necrosis, cholesterol clefts, fibrosis, and mineralization. Infectious agents were not identified with special stains in all cases. Concurrent hepatobiliary disease was present in 6/7 cases, and 6/7 had lipid accumulation within the parenchyma of various visceral organs. Five cases had atherosclerosis of great vessels. We describe a unique form of disseminated coelomic xanthogranulomatosis in 2 psittacine species. This condition should be recognized as a differential diagnosis in cases of disseminated coelomic mass formation and coelomic distension in psittacine birds, particularly in eclectus parrots and budgerigars.

Fatal sarcocystosis in psittacine birds from Argentina.

Five psittacine birds, one eastern rosella (Platycercus eximius), one rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), two eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), and one princess parrot (Polytelis alexandrae), all housed in a commercial aviary from La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina, suddenly died after a short period of dyspnea. The most significant histopathological findings for all specimens were interstitial exudative pneumonia, with marked congestion and hemorrhage, septa thickening, and massive perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. Structures compatible with protozoal schizonts were observed in the capillary lumen. No bacterial development was obtained and the real-time PCR for Chlamydia spp. and several psittacine viruses were negative. All the samples resulted negative on the specific PCR for T. gondii. Sarcocystis spp. PCR was positive in the lung and/or liver samples from all birds. The samples showed a restriction pattern of S. neurona and of S. falcatula-like by PCR-RFLP using JNB25-JD396 and JNB33-JNB54 primers, respectively. Sequences obtained from Sarcocystis sp. 18S rRNA and COI gene from 4 birds showed a high identity among them. The 18S rRNA fragment and complete gene sequences obtained showed the highest similarity with S. falcatula and S. speeri sequences but also with S. neurona SN5 isolate sequence. Likewise, COI sequences have 99.89-100% similarity with S. falcatula and S. speeri sequences. Based on all biological and molecular information recorded, we conclude that the etiological agent was S. falcatula-like, close related with the species shed by opossums in South America.

Intracoelomic Teratoma in an Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus).

A 26-year-old, male eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) was presented to its primary care veterinarian for a 10-day history of increased respiratory effort, lethargy, and a single episode of regurgitation. Hepatomegaly, proventricular enlargement, cranial displacement of the ventriculus, and coelomic effusion were suspected based on a 1-view radiographic image, and the patient was referred for further evaluation. On presentation to the referral veterinary hospital, a distended coelom and dyspnea with abnormal respiratory sounds were abnormalities noted upon physical examination of the patient. The bird was hospitalized for supportive care, and diagnostic tests were performed. Initial radiographic images at the referral hospital revealed a large intracoelomic mass. A computed tomographic scan was performed; however, the origin of the mass could not be determined. A fine-needle aspirate and cytologic evaluation of the intracoelomic mass revealed a neoplastic process but no specific tissue type. Two days after presentation to the referral hospital, an exploratory coeliotomy to surgically resect the mass was attempted. The mass occupied most of the coelomic cavity, with multiple adhesions to internal organs. The mass was successfully resected; however, the patient destabilized and died despite resuscitation efforts. Histopathologic examination of submitted tissue from the mass with immunohistochemistry revealed mixed populations of neoplastic cells differentiated from 3 primordial germinal layers, confirming the diagnosis of teratoma. Teratomas appear to be a rare tumor in avian species but should be included in a list of differential disease diagnoses for abnormal tissue masses of unknown origin. Only 2 cases of teratomas have, to our knowledge, been reported in psittacine species.

Genetic diversity of Indonesian protected eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) based on mitochondrial gene sequences

Electus Parrot (Eclectus roratus) Bird is included in the group of parrots, the Psittacidae family, consists of nine subspecies. The body size is 35-42 cm, and its weight is 355–615 g. Eclectus bird has nine subspecies. Their distribution is in the Solomon Islands, Sumba, New Guinea, and its nearby islands, northeastern Australia, and the Maluku Islands (Moluccas). Seven of these subspecies are in the territory of Indonesia. The wild population is in decline. The species has been included in CITES appendix II. Like other parrot birds, this bird has high economic value, so its existence needs to be conserved for use sustainably. Information about its genetic diversity might be useful for its conservation program. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of these birds revealed based on 720 bp of DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytB gene. This information might be needed for their conservation efforts. Blood samples of 0.1 mL were taken from 103 birds in the zoo and two captivities. The total genomic DNA was extracted from each blood sample. DNA fragments of mitochondrial cytB gene were amplified through a PCR process and then the nucleotide was sequenced. The DNA sequence data of the cytB gene were analyzed using ProSeq, DnaSP, and Mega7specific software to obtain information about variations, genetic diversity, and grouping of individual birds. The cyt B sequences observed had no stop codons. Of the 720 cytB base pairs had no stop condons observed. There were eight variable sites starting at 212 to 616 position. Genetic distance among individual birdsranged from 0,000 to 0.012. The sequences had three haplotypes. Based on the comparison to E. roratus from Genbank data as well as NJ tree, it was suggested that the studied birds consisted of three subspecies. Haplotype diversity (Hd) value was 0.500 ± 0.136 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) value was 0.004431 ± 0.00140. Hence, the genetic diversity among the birds in this study was relatively low.

Behavior of male and female eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) in an artificial environment

The eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) is a species of parrot native to the Solomon Islands, Sumba, New Guinea and nearby islands, northeastern Australia, and the Moluccan Islands. The wide range of behaviors emphasizes the existence of knowledge of only a mere fraction of the significant behavioral parameters of these birds. The objective of this study is to identify the behavior of the eclectus parrot kept in captivity and to check the frequency of these birds in certain places of the nursery, comparing the results to other studies about parrots and the behavior in nature. This is a study about the behavior of a bird with a very pronounced sexual dimorphism, where the males have a predominantly green color, and the females are mainly red-colored. In the wild, while the male perches on the outer branches of the trees, the female usually perches close to tree trunks. This location, together with her red and blue plumage, provides the ideal camouflage in the dark interior of the trees.

Imaging features of disseminated xanthogranulomatous inflammation in eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus).

Xanthogranulomatous disease is a rare condition, which can be caused by infection, inflammation, hemorrhage, immunologic disease, or inherited lysosomal disorders. It is characterized by non-intracellular lipid and cholesterol deposits among an inflammatory infiltrate of vacuolated macrophages and giant cells. The diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous disease is challenging, with nonspecific imaging findings often misinterpreted as aggressive neoplastic processes in humans. In this retrospective case series study, we describe the diagnostic imaging characteristics of a disseminated xanthogranulomatous condition identified in five eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus). Decreased serosal detail and celomic distension were present in all three birds radiographed, with multifocal variably sized celomic mineralization (3/3 birds), and extracelomic mineralized masses (1/3 birds). Celomic effusion with foci of celomic mineralization and hepatomegaly were identified in all birds (3/3) imaged with ultrasound. Finally, a mineralized mural ventricular mass was present in one of three patients imaged with CT, multifocal celomic mineralization with moderate to severe celomic effusion in two of three patients, diffuse severe proventricular and intestinal dilation in all three patients, and atherosclerosis of the major arterial trunks in all three patients. Veterinary radiologists should be aware of this inflammatory condition in birds, especially in eclectus parrots, and should be able to recognize the imaging features of xanthogranulomatous inflammation.

Chick growth and nutrient requirement during rearing period on eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus, Müller 1776)

Nutrition is an important aspect of the successful breeding of wild birds in captivity. This research aims to find out nestling growth of Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus, Müller 1776) by parent-reared and nutrient requirement during rearing season. This research used a pair of Eclectus parrot with a male chick at first and fifth clutch, and female chick at the second, third, and fourth clutch. This research was conducted from July 2016 to June 2018. The bodyweight of chick was measured every week and feed intake was observed since the age of one week until the chick can eat independently. Feed was provided ad libitum and cafeteria. The chick was the altricial type. Feathers began to cover all bodies at weeks 9. Fledging time was approximately at weeks 10-11. Chick could be separated from its parents at 20 weeks of age. Feed intake tends to be increased along with the increasing age of chick. Eclectus favorites feed is sunflower seed. Nutrient consumption when rearing male chick is more than rearing the female chick.

Prehistoric avifaunas from the Kingdom of Tonga

AbstractAvifaunas derived from Lapita archaeological sites excavated between 2004 and 2014 from four sites in the Vava'u Group and two on Tongatapu, Kingdom of Tonga are described, revealing birds encountered by the first human arrivals. A total of 741 identifiable bones revealed 24 avian taxa, among which terrestrial birds, especially rails, pigeons and parrots, were the most abundant. At a minimum, eight taxa, or 50% of the original non-passerine land bird diversity in the sample, are globally extinct. These include two megapodes (Megapodius alimentum and a larger unnamed megapode), three pigeons (a large Caloenas sp. indet., Didunculus placopedetes and Ducula shutleri sp. nov.), two rails (Hypotaenidia vavauensis sp. nov. and an unnamed one) and the parrot Eclectus infectus. The rail H. vavauensis was restricted to Vava'u and was flightless, with reduced wings, and larger than Hypotaenidia woodfordi of the Solomons, the largest congener hitherto found in the Pacific. The pigeon Du. shutleri was volant, but was the largest species in its genus and was widespread in the Kingdom. The evolution of Tongan avifaunas is related to varying ages (Pliocene to Pleistocene) of the island groups, where geological youth apparently precluded true giantism in the fauna.

Isolation and characterization of avian coronavirus from healthy Eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) from Indonesia.

Background and Aim:Avian coronavirus has a wide range of hosts, from chickens and turkeys to wild birds. This virus causes an economically and, possibly, environmentally, important loss in the poultry industry. Therefore, research into the avian coronavirus in various species of birds is required. The Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) is an endemic bird to Indonesia and Northern Australia and often kept as pets. At present, there has been limited information about avian coronavirus infection among birds. This study aimed to determine the presence of and to characterize avian coronavirus isolated from Eclectus parrots in Indonesia.Materials and Methods:Cloacal swab samples were taken from 10 healthy Eclectus parrots (E. roratus). Each isolate was propagated into specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs. The presence of avian coronavirus was determined using three sets of primers targeting the 3’ untranslated region (3’-UTR) of avian coronavirus (UTR41+/11−), the N gene of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBVN+/−), and the S1 gene of the IBV (XCE2+/XCE2−). The infectious bronchitis vaccine strain H120 was used as a positive control. Resulting positive bands were sequenced for the S1 gene.Results:None of the isolates was positive for the 3’-UTR, four isolates were positive for the N gene of infectious bronchitis, and two isolates were positive for the S1 gene of the IBV. However, only one isolate (parrot/Indonesia/BX9/16) was sequenced for the partial S1 gene with primers XCE2+/XCE2−. The partial nucleotide sequence of this isolate showed 100% homology with the IBV GI-13 lineage, specifically with a field isolate of the 4/91 variant 1 Israel and the 4/91 vaccine on the hypervariable region 3 site of the S1 gene.Conclusion:An IB-like avian coronavirus was isolated from healthy Eclectus parrots. Our results indicate that IBV has a wide range of hosts, which prompt the need to understand the interspecies connection of this virus better.

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome for red-breasted parakeet Psittacula alexandri (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)

In this study, we first sequenced and described the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of Psittacula alexandri. The whole genome of P. alexandri was 16,883 bp in length, and contained 14 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosome RNA genes, and 1 non-coding control regions. The overall base composition of the mitochondrial DNA was 30.87% for A, 22.36% for T, 32.82% for C, and 13.95% for G, with a GC content of 46.77%. A phylogenetic tree strongly supported that P. alexandri closely related with Eclectus roratus by highly probability.

Breeding biology of three large, sympatric rainforest parrots in New Guinea: Palm Cockatoo, Pesquet’s Parrot and Eclectus Parrot

ABSTRACT In New Guinea Palm Cockatoos, Pesquet’s Parrots and Eclectus Parrots are potentially threatened by deforestation and hunting. In a 28-month study, we found 51 Palm Cockatoo, 34 Pesquet’s Parrot and 71 Eclectus Parrot nests. Eclectus Parrots used taller, larger, live trees. Palm Cockatoos preferred hollows in broken trunks having deeper hollows with larger entrances. Pesquet’s Parrots excavated their nest hollows in dead trees. Palm Cockatoos nested at lower density (0.008 nests/ha) than Pesquet’s (0.022 nests/ha) and Eclectus Parrots (0.069 nests/ha). Palm Cockatoos and Pesquet’s Parrots appeared to breed seasonally; Eclectus Parrots bred at higher frequency year-round. Palm Cockatoo clutch size was one; Pesquet’s and Eclectus Parrots clutches had one to two eggs. Eclectus Parrots had higher fledging success: 54%, compared with 40% of Palm Cockatoo and 17% of Pesquet’s Parrot eggs. Predation caused most nest failures for Palm Cockatoos and Eclectus Parrots; starvation caused most loss in Pesquet’s Parrots. Humans hunted Palm Cockatoos and Pesquet’s Parrots, not Eclectus Parrots. Higher nest tree density, breeding success, and more generalised feeding habits may make Eclectus Parrots the least vulnerable of the three species. Low population density and breeding frequency of Palm Cockatoos and Pesquet’s Parrots may make them more vulnerable.

Local knowledge and community behavior in the exploitation of parrots in surrounding area of aketajawe lolobata national park

Parrots include in birds of Aves class and Psittaciformes order. In Indonesia, parrots in known by their local species names such as Nuri (true parrot), Kakatua (Cockatoo), and Perkici (Loriini). Parrots can be found almost in all type of habitat in Halmahera Island, Maluku Utara Province, from mangrove forest to tropical rainforest in lowlands and highlands in Halmahera Island. The research aims to describe community activities in the exploitation of parrots around the Aketajawe Lolobata National Park, Halmahera Island. The study uses the ex-post facto method with the questionnaire as the instrument to interview the communities consist of the catcher, seller, and owner of parrots. Research result data is analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of tables and charts. The result shows that there are five kinds of parrots that are caught, sold, and raised by the communities of Gitaraja, Bale, Koli, and Kosa Village. The exploited birds are Kasturi Ternate (Lorius garrulus) Nuri Kalung Ungu (Eos scuamata), Nuri Bayan (Eclectus roratus), Kakatua Putih (Cacatua alba) and Kakatua Jambul Kuning (Cacatua galerita). The number of parrots being caught during 2013-2016 is 327, 320 are sold, and 213 are raised. The highest percentage of parrot catching and selling is 21% in 2013, and the lowest is 2% in 2016-2018. The highest percentage of raising is 8% in 2015, and the lowest is 3% in 2018. Kasturi Ternate (Lorius garrulus) is the species with the highest rate of exploitation.