Echovirus Research Articles

Segregation of mouse virulent and avirulent ECHO virus type 9 strains and the correlation of mouse-virulence with the "temperature" (rct/40) marker.

A quantitative study of mouse virulence of ECHO virus type 9 strains, isolated from cases of aseptic meningitis was carried out using the plaque technique. Plaques obtained directly from ECHO virus type 9 isolates exhibited marked variation in mouse virulence; the majority of plaques was of high or low virulence, and only 3 out of 80 plaques tested were completely mouse avirulent. Subplating of these mouse avirulent plaques yielded strains which were predominantly mouse avirulent (45 out of 47 plaques). However, the passage in undiluted form of the avirulent plaque progeny in MKCC and especially in infant mice was selective for mouse virulence. The rct/40 marker was employed for the study of mouse virulence of the ECHO virus type 9 strains. An excellent correlation was found between the rct/40 marker and mouse virulence; rct/40+ strains were mouse virulent whereas rct/40− strains were avirulent. The rct/40 marker is suggested for use in the determination of mouse virulence of ECHO virus type 9 isolates.

Myelitis associated with an echovirus

Myelitis associated with an echovirus

Fatal myocarditis associated with ECHO virus, type 22, infection in a child with apparent immunological deficiency

A 14-month-old boy succumbed to fulminating myocarditis. ECHO virus, type 22, was recovered in high titer from the myocardium, and in lower titer from pericardial fluid, liver, and lung. The diagnosis of congenital agammaglobulinemia was supported at autopsy by the absence of plasma cells, abnormal organization of lymphoid tissue, and absence of immunoglobulins in all tissues examined by fluorescent antibody techniques. This is believed to be the first isolation of an ECHO virus from the heart. Fatal virus infection in a child with non-lymphopenic agammaglobulinemia, with the exception of hepatitis, appears to be a very rare event.

Enhanced efficiency of echovirus 6 by a transferable factor in cultured human cells.

SummaryA transferable enhancer has been demonstrated in cultured human cells which increases the efficiency of infection of the m+ mutant of echo virus 6 in monkey cells. Enhancer was present in a variety of human cells but not in cells of other species. In general, presence of enhancer coincided with the greater susceptibility of human cells for m+ infection. Enhancer in AV3 cells was detected in viable and dead cells, cellular debris and subcellular fractions. Most of the enhancer activity sedimented with the micro-somal fraction. Enhancer was thermolabile and destroyed by phenol, proteolytic enzymes, acid and alkali. Debris (AVd) obtained by homogenization of AV3 cells enhanced the m+ titer (pfu and TCD50) in monkey cells by 5- to 100-fold. Plaques appeared 2 days earlier in the presence of AVd. There was a linear relationship between enhancer activity and concentration of cells (104.5 to 106.5 cells/ml) used for preparation of AVd. Prior in vitro contact of virus and AVd was not required for enhanceme...

Observations on the association of enteric viruses and bacteria with diarrhea.

SummaryThe etiology of acute diarrhea was studied at Phoenix, Arizona, by the examination of fecal specimens from 438 children hospitalized because of diarrhea and from 318 comparable persons without diarrhea. Laboratory examinations revealed the following percentage of specimens with pathogens from patients and control subjects, respectively: Shigella 23.5 and 0, Salmonella 3.7 and 2.2, EEC 30.6 and 6.9, adenovirus 2.5 and 0, Coxsackie virus 3.0 and 0.9, ECHO virus 11.9 and 4.4, and poliovirus 2.3 and 6.9. Poliovirus was probably of vaccine origin.Shigella and EEC were associated, respectively, with diarrhea in about 15 and 37% of the infants under 1 year of age, who constituted about 78% of the cases. EEC was not recovered from persons over 2 years of age, but Shigella was relatively more prevalent among this group than among younger children.Definitive data were not obtained on the etiologic significance of viruses. ECHO virus was isolated from patients at more than twice the rate as from control subjects.

麻痺患者とその家族より分離した血球凝集性エコーウイルスの性状について

In spring of 1964, 3 non-polio virus strains were isolated from a paralytic patient of compatible case, which occured after administration of live polio virus vaccine and 5 strains were isolated from his healthy family.From the results of the physical and biological examinations, these strains (named MT strains) are considered to be a member of ECHO virus group and they are neutralized by anti-MT-1 (representative strain of MT group virus) serum, but they are not neutralized by any previously described serotype except ECHO 4.Furthermore, these strains posses high hemagglutinating activities with human O blood cells and show low grade one way cross reaction with ECHO 4 virus group, i.e. they are neutralized by anti Pesascek serum but anti-MT-1 serum dose not neutralize neither Pesascek strain nor Du Toit and other strains of ECHO 4.As to the question whether these strains should be classified as a new type ECHO virus or intratypic variant of ECHO 4 group, we must continue further examination.

Meningitis caused by ECHO virus type 4 in northern part of Kyushu, 1965.

An epidemic of meningitis caused by ECHO virus type 4, was reported in many areas of Japan during the summer and early autumn of 1964. (1) During May to August of 1965, aseptic meningitis was prevalent chiefly in the northern parts of Kyushu. It was revealed that this was an epidemic of ECHO virus type 4. The present paper reports the results of study of this epidemic.The study is divided into the following parts:(1) Laboratory data from aseptic meningitis cases.(2) Distribution of cases according to age, sex, geography and season.(3) Antigenic and plaque characteristics of isolated ECHO virus type 4 strains.

Selective inhibition of poliovirus growth by d-penicillamine in vitro

d-Penicillamine inhibits poliovirus growth in vitro. This effect is related to a parallel inhibition of viral RNA synthesis. d-Penicillamine possesses a very narrow antiviral spectrum. In fact it exerts a weak inhibition against Coxsackie and ECHO viruses and shows no inhibitory effect against herpes simplex, vaccinia, and vesicular stomatitis viruses. The inhibitory action of d-penicillamine is suppressed by phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and leucine and by Cu and Fe salts. l-penicillamine is ineffective as an antiviral agent.

Elevated cord macroglobulins in the diagnosis of intrauterine infections.

INFECTION in utero can result in stillbirth, prematurity, malformation, growth failure and mental retardation.1 2 3 4 5 Rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, Treponema pallidum and toxoplasma are known causes of intrauterine infections that lead to fetal damage. Other agents, including mumps, influenza, Coxsackie, ECHO and vaccinia viruses, may be implicated.1 2 3 The incidence and etiology of these infections cannot be determined with any degree of accuracy by a retrospective study of illness during pregnancy, primarily because it is difficult to recollect trivial or short lasting symptoms or to establish an exact microbiologic diagnosis six months later. A clinical survey of newborn infants is also unsatisfactory since . . .

Acute glomerulonephritis associated with ECHO virus type 9 infection

The definite relationship of a viral agent to acute glomerulonephritis has not beendemonstrated either virologically or immunologically. The present report is the first to describe an association of acute glomerulonephritis with an infection by a specific virus, ECHO virus type 9.

SEROLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF RESPIRATORY VIRUS INFECTIONS IN MOSCOW CHILDREN, 1948 TO 1956

1. The study of sera collected between 1948 and 1956 from children with acute respiratory disease showed that outbreaks were caused by adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses, reoviruses, rhinoviruses, ECHO viruses, and Coxsackie viruses. 2. Adenovirus infections were the most prevalent. Other viral infections were prevalent in certain years. 3. Mixed infections with two viruses constituted about 10% of all cases.

An Outbreak of Aseptic Meningitis due to ECHO Virus Type 6

An Outbreak of Aseptic Meningitis due to ECHO Virus Type 6

Studies on Cytopathogenic Avian Enteroviruses II. Influence of Age on Virus Excretion and Incidence of Certain Serotypes in a Colony of Chicks

Enteroviruses producing cytopathogenic changes in chicken kidney tissue have been isolated by a number of workers from the feces or rectal swabs of chickens and found to occur in up to 15 distinct serological groups on the basis of serum neutralization tests (1,2,3,7,9). It was further observed in examination of birds of various ages that percentage of isolation was definitely correlated with age but not with season (2,3,7,9). Similar results have been reported for bovine enteroviruses (4). Burke et al. (3) examined fecal samples from 10 chickens weekly between 4 weeks and 8 weeks of age and isolated at least two types of enteric viruses. The incidence of infection with different serotypes in different flocks of chickens has been very variable (7). In routine examination of fecal samples from apparently healthy offspring, different strains of ECHO viruses have been isolated (5,8). A study was undertaken to establish the correlation of age with virus excretion by examining the monthly fecal samples from 34 chickens from one month of age up to eleven months and to classify the isolates serologically on the basis of serum neutralization tests.

Nonfatal bulbospinal paralysis due to ECHO 4 virus

The capacity of nonpolio enteroviruses to cause paralytic central nervous system disease has become increasingly apparent. With the suppression of poliovirus infection by mass immunization, the nonpolioviruses account for an increasing proportion of significant paralytic disease. An ECHO 4 virus was isolated from the spinal fluid of a 28-month-old child with severe bulbospinal paralysis. Clinical findings, indistinguishable from those of acute bulbospinal poliomyelitis, are described. The status of ECHO virus infection as a cause of significant paralytic disease is reviewed.

The outbreak of unknown infectious disease in the meon valley 1948, clinically diagnosed in retrospect as an echo virus infection

The outbreak of unknown infectious disease in the meon valley 1948, clinically diagnosed in retrospect as an echo virus infection

Congenital Rubella and Thrombocytopenia: Report of Two Cases with Initial and Follow-up Viral Cultures

Recent advances have made it possible to isolate rubella virus from affected persons and to propagate the virus in tissue culture. The virus may be identified by the unique cytopathogenic changes in human amnion tissue culture by interference with ECHO virus type 11 in monkey kidney tissue culture. Thus an even closer correlation between an active rubella infection in the mother in the first trimester of pregnancy and the clinical findings of the rubella syndrome is now feasible. The rubella epidemic of 1964 can be expected to produce significant numbers of infants with the congenital rubella syndrome. This paper reports the clinical history of two cases of rubella associated with thrombocytopenia in the newborn.

TWO OUTBREAKS OF ECHOVIRUS 14 INFECTION: A POSSIBLE INTERFERENCE WITH ORAL POLIOVIRUS VACCINE AND A PROBABLE ASSOCIATION WITH ASEPTIC MENINGITIS.

Two events concerned with echo virus 14 infection were reported.The first, which occurred in Sendai in 1962, was that the intestinal infection with the attenuated poliovirus 1 vaccine was possibly suppressed by naturally occurring infection with echovirus 14. Echovirus 14 was isolated 10 days after the vaccine feeding in six out of nine cases, but poliovirus in only two cases. Six of the vaccinated babies did not exhibit antibody response to the poliovirus 1, while a significant rise of antibody titre against echovirus 14 was seen in as many as eight babies 7 weeks after the vaccination.The second was a small outbreak of aseptic meningitis due to echovirus 14 in Aomori in 1963. During August to October, echovirus 14 was isolated from the faeces of seven patients with aseptic meningitis. The virus was also isolated from the CSF in one case. The antibody titre against echovirus 14 was detected in all the patients from whom the virus was isolated. In addition, echovirus 14 antibody was detected in four out of fourteen patients with aseptic meningitis from whom no virus was recovered. The onset of serologically positive patients was limited to the months of August to October.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LLC-MK2 LINE OF MONKEY KIDNEY CELLS TO HUMAN ENTEROVIRUSES.

The relative susceptibility of the LLC-MK2 cell line and primary rhesus monkey kidney cultures to thirty-eight prototype strains of human enteroviruses is described; of these strains only ECHO types 16, 18, 21 and 23 failed to cause CPE in the continuous cell line. The efficiency of the two tissues for the isolation of enteroviruses from faecal extracts is compared. The results show that the LLC-MK2 cell line is very satisfactory for the isolation of Coxsackie B and polioviruses, but not so useful for the isolation of ECHO viruses. The identification of enteroviruses by neutralization tests in LLC-MK2 cells is successful.

ECHO 4 MENINGOENCEPHALITIS.

ECHO and Coxsackie viruses have been associated with neurologic illnesses with increasing frequency in recent years. Most of the neurologic symptoms and signs have been mild— especially when compared with the effects of the arthropod-borne viruses, and there has consequently been little information available concerning the long-term course of patients with these more benign viral infections. Anderman et al speculated that viral infections may play an etiologic role in the production of epileptogenic scars. 1 Our interest in more prolonged evaluation of patients with viral infections, correlating electroencephalographic (EEG) and neurologic signs, resulted in this study. This report concerns 45 patients with fever and signs suggesting neurologic disease, usually nuchal rigidity plus lethargy or irritability, admitted to the North Carolina Baptist Hospital from September 1960 until October 1963. Thirty-four of these patients had ECHO or Coxsackie virus infections, EEGs, and followup examinations. The 11 patients were rejected because their

TOLUCA-3, A NEWLY RECOGNIZED ENTEROVIRUS.

Discussion and summaryThe data presented indicate that Toluca-3 virus has properties characteristic of the enteroviruses but that it is antigenically distinct from all previously described serotypes. Despite the absence of generally accepted definitions of the polioviruses, Coxsackie viruses, and ECHO viruses (4) this agent has been designated tentatively as the prototype strain of ECHO type 33 by the Panel for Picornaviruses of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.