Easy Access Research Articles

Academic Exposure of Doctors-In-Training in Maiduguri, Nigeria: A Five-year Compendium of Residents’ Presentations

Introduction: Residency training is built on a tripod of research, training, and services. This is well achieved through academic seminar presentations which are held two to three times weekly. This survey aims to examine the presentations of Resident Doctors for Medical Education. Methods: The presentations from 2017 to 2022 were requested and pooled through a submission point. They were assembled and sorted out based on the presenter’s name, specialties, and year of presentation. Results: The presentations covered all the 12 major subspecialties, with General Adult psychiatry having the highest of 41 (20.5%), while Social psychiatry had the lowest of 5 (2.5%). Only 40% followed presentation guidelines, and 30% were well formatted. Conclusion: Compendium 1.0 is a comprehensive encyclopedia of academic presentations that will aid easy accessibility when needed. It is recommended that sessions on academic writing are regular, including plagiarism, referencing, and using writing software applications.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ СМАРТ-КОМПЛЕКСІВ У ПІДГОТОВЦІ МАЙБУТНІХ ВЧИТЕЛІВ

The article revealed the features of smart education as a leading concept for the development of professional training of prospective teachers. The main components of smart education, such as a smart student, smart pedagogy and smart environment, were characterized. The main principles of smart education and the features of using smart technologies were defined. The authors substantiated the peculiarities of the implementation of smart education in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The functions of the smart system (site management system) and the smart complex in the process of studying the disciplines of the pedagogical cycle, their content and technological components were determined. The possibilities of smart complexes for students and teachers in the educational process of training prospective teachers were described. The criteria of smart complexes were singled out, among them: automation, sequence, assessment, real-time data collection, self-organization. The main advantages of smart complexes were determined, including: instant response to external changes, openness; expansion due to the integration of new functionality; easy access to educational material, mobility; ensuring compatibility between software for different operating systems; lack of dependence on time and place; constant updating of the content, the possibility of self-control and assessment of students’ knowledge. The authors considered the distance learning systems for creating smart complexes for studying the disciplines of the pedagogical cycle in the process of training prospective teachers. The results of the students’ survey on the use of smart complexes in the educational process were analyzed. Based on the obtained results, the advantages of smart education were determined: time saving, clarity, efficiency of use in distance learning conditions, etc., and the problems of using smart technologies in the educational process were described. The ways of further research work on the introduction of smart education into the educational process of pedagogical higher education were outlined.

Current study on multi-robot collaborative vision SLAM

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) stands as a vital technology for automatic control of robots. The significance of vision-based multi-robot collaborative SLAM technology is noteworthy in this domain, because visual SLAM uses cameras as the main sensor, which offers the benefits of easy access to environmental information and convenient installation. And the multi-robot system has the advantages of high efficiency, high fault tolerance, and high precision, so the multi-robot system can work in a complex environment and ensure its mapping efficiency, these may be a challenge for a single robot. This paper introduces the principles and common methods of visual SLAM, as well as the main algorithms of multi-robot collaborative SLAM. This paper analyzed the main problems existing in the current multi-robot collaborative visual SLAM technology: multi-robot SLAM task allocation, map fusion and back-end optimization. Then this paper listed different solutions, and analyzed their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, this paper also introduces some future research prospects of multi-robot collaborative visual SLAM technology, aiming to provide a reference direction for subsequent research in related fields.

Urbanization and Benefit of Integration Circular Economy into Waste Management in Indonesia: A Review

AbstractUrbanization is a global problem but is more pronounced in developing countries. Population growth in developing countries is in line with population movement from rural to urban areas due to easy access to jobs, welfare, and the economy. Indirectly, urbanization will burden urban areas in various vital sectors and contribute directly to waste generation. Unscientific waste handling causes health hazards and urban environmental degradation. Solid Waste Management is a formidable task in Indonesia that will become more complicated with increasing urbanization, changing lifestyles, and increasing consumerism. Several current obstacles related to waste management have made the situation even worse. Current inappropriate waste disposal practices have created severe environmental and public health problems. The purpose of this paper is to critically review the impact of urbanization on waste generation, what is currently being done, and the benefit of integrating a circular economy into waste management to address the waste problem in Indonesia. This review provides an overview of urbanization trends, the projected increase in waste due to urbanization, solid waste status, and current waste management in Indonesia. An integration circular economy approach provides an overview of the benefits of implementing this approach in five crucial sectors in Indonesia. The circular economy approach is expected to be one of the future solutions to the problem of waste management in Indonesia.

Wireless Controlled Hexa Wheel Robot based on HC-05 Technology

Robotics is the interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation, and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. In this digital age, Robotics represents a transformative shift. As you are all aware, Robotics is utilized extensively in the manufacturing, research laboratories, traffic management, search initiatives, and defence activities. These have streamlined human employees' tasks which was previously performed by humans. Now a days smart phones or android is an open-source operating system which means that any manufacturer on use it in their phones free of charge. More properties make the Android system very applicable for university use: Android uses the Java programming language, which our students are familiar with. Getting started with the Android API is easy; the API is open, i.e. developers can access almost every low-level function and are not sandboxed. In addition, the Android API allows easy access to the hardware components. In the working principle of Robot is based on RF (Radio Frequency) emitted by Bluetooth can be regarded as the control which deals with the use of radio signal to remotely control any device or Robot. Based on all these information we have design and developed a Six Wheel Robotics Module using HC-05 Technology. Keywords:- Robot, HC-05, Arduino uno, Driver, Ultrasonic.

Totally laparoscopic surgery for a hydrocele of the canal of Nuck extending from the abdominal cavity to the subcutaneous space: a case report

BackgroundHydrocele of the canal of Nuck (HCN) is a rare disease, and its indications for laparoscopic surgery are not well-established.Case presentationA 53-year-old woman was referred to our hospital due to an uncomfortable thumb-sized inguinal mass. Preoperative computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a hydrocele extending from the abdominal cavity around the left deep inguinal ring via the inguinal canal to the subcutaneous space. The patient was diagnosed with HCN protruding into the abdominal cavity and extending to the subcutaneous space. Laparoscopy can easily access the hydrocele protruding into the abdominal cavity. Furthermore, laparoscopic hernioplasty can be superior to the anterior approach for females. Hence, laparoscopic surgery was performed. After transecting the round ligament of the uterus, a tense 3-cm hydrocele was dissected with it. In order to approach the hydrocele distal to the deep inguinal ring, the transversalis fascia was incised medially to the inferior epigastric vessels. The subcutaneously connected hydrocele was excised from the incision. Then, the enlarged deep inguinal ring was reinforced using a mesh with the laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal approach. The patient was discharged 2 days postoperatively. Laparoscopic resection can be more effective for a hydrocele protruding into the abdominal cavity as it facilitates an easy access to the hydrocele. Moreover, laparoscopic resection of a hydrocele extending from the inguinal canal to the subcutaneous space via a transversalis fascia incision can be safer, with low risk of injury to the inferior epigastric vessels. The incised transversalis fascia and the enlarged deep inguinal ring due to the HCN were simultaneously repaired with the laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair. There are two reports on laparoscopic resection via a transversalis fascia incision for HCNs located between the inguinal canal and the subcutaneous space, which does not require intraperitoneal hydrocelectomy. However, this is the first report on laparoscopic resection of large HCNs protruding into the abdominal cavity and extending beyond the inguinal canal into the subcutaneous space via intraperitoneal hydrocelectomy and a transversalis fascia incision.ConclusionsLaparoscopic surgery with transversalis fascia incision can be useful for HCNs extending from the abdominal cavity to the subcutaneous space.

Internet of Things (IoT)-Driven on Evaporative Cooling System for Tropical Greenhouse Environmental Control

The impact of climate change on tropical agriculture can be mitigated by using controlled environmental conditions in tropical greenhouse buildings with evaporative cooling. Precision agriculture can be applied by adopting technology based on the Internet of Things (IoT) with easy access and real-time monitoring. A study has been conducted to design and manufacture an IoT-based evaporative cooling control system for cultivating horticultural crops in tropical greenhouses. The system consists of an environmental monitoring node and an air cooler actuator control node. Data temperature, relative humidity, and the response of the control actuator can be monitored in real-time via a cloud server. The study also discusses Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) as an important factor that needs to be considered in controlling greenhouse environmental conditions. The study used a linear regression test, validation test, analysis of VPD, calculation of the accuracy of the evaporative cooler, as well as evaluation of packet loss.

Recent Excavation of Nanoethosomes in Current Drug Delivery.

In the current era, the Transdermal delivery of bioactive molecules has become an area of research interest. The transdermal route of administration enables direct entry of bioactive molecules into the systemic circulation with better and easy accessibility, bypassing the hepatic metabolism and improving patient compliance. Permeation through the skin has always been a barrier. To overcome this challenge, an efficient route by the vesicular system has been adopted so as to have better skin permeation of the bioactive molecules. A novel vesicular and non-invasive drug delivery system called Nanoethosomes was developed. Nanoethosomes are lipid-based vesicular carriers that are used for deeper permeation of the bioactive agents into the skin. The main components of Nanoethosomes are Phospholipids, water, and ethanol. High ethanol concentration in Nanoethosomes distinguishes them from other nano-formulation and results in deeper permeation and smaller vesicular size. This review article gives detailed information on the formulation techniques, and characterization parameters of nanoethosomes along with the research work done by various researchers in the same field. The compiled manuscript gives detailed elaboration about the various drugs used to treat different diseases which when incorporated in nanoethosomes resulted in better permeability and enhanced bioavailability.

Summer Cancer Research Experience for High School Students from Historically Marginalized Populations in Kansas City.

The Accelerate Cancer Education (ACE) summer research program at The University of Kansas Cancer Center (KUCC) is a six-week, cancer-focused, summer research experience for high school students from historically marginalized populations in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Cancer affects all populations and continues to be the second leading cause of death in the United States, and a large number of disparities impact racial and ethnic minorities, including increased cancer incidence and mortality. Critically, strategies to bolster diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility are needed to address persistent cancer disparities. The ACE program offers an educational opportunity for a population of students who otherwise would not have easy access onto a medical center campus to make connections with cancer physicians and researchers and provides a vital response to the need for a more diverse and expansive oncology workforce. Students grow their technical, social, and professional skills and develop self-efficacy and long-lasting connections that help them matriculate and persist through post-secondary education. Developed in 2018, the ACE program has trained 37 high school junior and senior students. This article describes the need for and how we successfully developed and implemented the ACE program.

Identifying the factors influencing plagiarism in higher education: An evidence-based review of the literature

ABSTRACT The present study explores the major reasons for committing plagiarism, as reported in published literature. One hundred sixty-six peer-reviewed articles, which were retrieved from the Scopus database, were carefully examined to find out the research studies conducted to explore the most common reasons for academic cheating among students and researchers in different disciplines in higher education. A meta-analysis of collected literature reveals that 19 studies were conducted to identify the perceived reasons of committing plagiarism. Four studies with similar constructs of perceived reasons of committing plagiarism, namely busy schedule, overload of homework and laziness, easy accessibility of electronic resources, poor knowledge in research writing and correct citation and lack of serious penalty, were conducted. The pooled mean and standard deviation of the four studies reveal that easy accessibility of electronic resources (Mean = 3.6, SD = 0.81), unawareness of instructions (Mean = 3.0, SD = 0.89), and busy schedule, overload of homework and laziness (Mean = 2.89, SD = 1.0) are important perceived reasons for committing plagiarism. The study findings could help create an effective intervention and a robust anti-plagiarism policy for academic institutions, administrators, and policymakers in detecting academic dishonesty while emphasizing the value of integrity in academic pursuit.

Sustainable Interventions for Improving Food Security among Tribal Communities in Bodoland Territorial Region

The study examined the determinants influencing food security status among the tribals of Bodoland Territorial Region, Assam. The study randomly selected 400 tribal respondents, 200 Bodo and 200 Rabha respondents. Data was collected through personal interviews and analysed using descriptive statistics, food security index and multiple linear regression. Results of the food security index depicted that about Bodo respondents (19.50%) were food secure, while (80.50%) were food insecure. Similarly, only (18.00%) of the Rabha respondents were food secure, but the remaining (82.00%) of Rabha respondents were food insecure. Further, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that employed members in the respondent's household, annual income, access to credit, and access to the Public Distribution System had a positive relationship with the food security status of Bodo respondents. However, it was found that the age of household head, family size, loss of cultivable land, indebtedness, and food grain used for liquor preparation negatively affected the food security status of the Bodo respondents. In the case of Rabha respondents, factors like employed members in the respondents' household, annual income and operational landholding positively impacted on the food security status of the respondents. In contrast, the age of the household head and family size were negatively significant to the food security status of Rabha respondents. The research suggested that nutritional security can be improved by improving family income. So, the government should emphasise non-farm income-generating activities at a household level or through SHGs and strengthen the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM) activities in BTR. Crops like millets may be introduced after sali paddy harvesting. The government should make policies for increasing crop productivity using modern agricultural production techniques and easy access to credit. The government also increased the number of beneficiaries under the Public Distribution System by changing the criteria.

Photomediated Hydro(deutero)acylation of Olefins by Decarboxylative Addition of α-Oxocarboxylic Acids.

Acyl radicals have been generated from the decarboxylation of α-oxocarboxylic acids by using a readily accessible organic pyrimidopteridine photoredox catalyst under ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light irradiation. These reactive acyl radicals were smoothly added to olefins such as styrenes and diverse Michael acceptors, with the assistance of H2O/D2O as hydrogen donors, enabling easy access to a diverse range of ketones/β-deuterio ketones. A wide range of α-oxocarboxylic acids are compatible with this reaction, which shows a reliable, atom-economical, and eco-friendly protocol. Furthermore, postsynthetic diversifications and applications are presented.

Abstract TP99: Implementing Telestroke in the Inpatient Setting: Identifying Factors for Success

Background: Inpatient telestroke programs have emerged as a solution to provide timely stroke care in underserved areas, but their successful implementation and factors influencing their effectiveness remain underexplored. This study aimed to qualitatively evaluate the perspectives of inpatient clinicians located at the spoke hospital who were participating in a newly established inpatient telestroke program in order to identify implementation barriers and facilitators. Methods: This was a formative evaluation relying on semi-structured qualitative interviews with sixteen inpatient providers (physicians and nurse practitioners) that have utilized inpatient telestroke services. Interviews were conducted with providers at spoke sites of a hub-and-spoke inpatient telestroke program. The Integrated-Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework guided data analysis, focusing on the innovation, recipients, context, and facilitation aspects of implementation. Interviews were transcribed and coded using thematic analysis. Results: Fifteen themes were identified in the data and mapped to the i-PARIHS framework. Themes related to the innovation (telestroke program) included easy access to stroke specialists, the benefits of limiting patient transfers, concerns about duplicating tests, and challenges of timing inpatient telestroke visits and notes to align with discharge workflow. Themes pertaining to recipients (care team members and patients) were communication gaps between teams, concern about the supervision of advanced practice providers, and challenges with nurse empowerment. With regards to the context (hospital and system factors), providers highlighted familiarity with telehealth technologies as a facilitator to implementing inpatient telestroke, yet highlighted resource limitations in smaller facilities. Facilitation (program implementation) was recognized as crucial for education, standardization, and buy-in. Conclusion: This study identified barriers and facilitators in launching an inpatient telestroke program within a health system, highlighting the importance of leveraging facilitators and addressing barriers for effective implementation and continuity.

Perception and Practices of Self-medication Practices among Health Science Students during the ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic in Mangalore, India.

Health science students are prone to self-medication due to easy accessibility to medicines, background medical knowledge, and their ability to diagnose illnesses. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has further encouraged this practice due to the fear of contracting the virus by visiting healthcare establishments. This study was conducted to assess the perception and practices of self-medication among health science students during the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional study was conducted in July 2021 during the second wave of COVID-19. Data were collected using a Microsoft form circulated among students using WhatsApp or email. The mean age of the 350 participants was 20.8 ± 1.5 years. About 165(47.1%) participants had self-medicated over the past one year. The most common mode of self-medication was using previous consultation notes [121(73.3%)]. The most common reason for self-medication stated was the mild nature of the illness [131(79.4%)]. Fifteen (9.1%) participants reported changes in medication from one to another during self-medication. Sixteen (9.7%) participants increased drug dosage during self-medication. Sixteen (26.2%) out of 61 participants who self-medicated with antibiotics did not complete the course. Forty-six (27.9%) out of the 165 participants were not aware of the adverse effects of the drugs being self-medicated on most occasions. One hundred and sixty seven (47.7%) of the total participants did not feel that self-medication practices are harmful. Ninety-five (27.1%) felt that self-medication practices are acceptable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eighty-six (90.5%) of them thought so to avoid getting COVID-19 infection by visiting healthcare establishments. In multivariable analysis, participants in the final year and those with chronic morbidities were associated with self-medication practices. Self-medication practices were present among 47.1% of participants. More than onefourth of them were not aware of the side effects of self-medicated drugs on most occasions. About 47.7% participants felt that self-medication practices are not harmful and more than one-fourth of them felt that it was acceptable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the students need to be made aware of the harmful consequences of self-medication.

CRISPR/Cas system: A revolutionary tool for crop improvement.

World's population is elevating at an alarming rate thus, the rising demands of producing crops with better adaptability to biotic and abiotic stresses, superior nutritional as well as morphological qualities, and generation of high-yielding varieties have led to encourage the development of new plant breeding technologies. The availability and easy accessibility of genome sequences for a number of crop plants as well as the development of various genome editing technologies such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) has opened up possibilities to develop new varieties of crop plants with superior desirable traits. However, these approaches has limitation of being more expensive as well as having complex steps and time-consuming. The CRISPR/Cas genome editing system has been intensively studied for allowing versatile target-specific modifications of crop genome that fruitfully aid in the generation of novel varieties. It is an advanced and promising technology with the potential to meet hunger needs and contribute to food production for the ever-growing human population. This review summarizes the usage of novel CRISPR/Cas genome editing tool for targeted crop improvement in stress resistance, yield, quality and nutritional traits in the desired crop plants.

Photobleaching of face mask dyes BB and CR using novel BPPNTs-V2O5 nanotube composites: DFT studies of self-assembly and nanoclusters

Abstract Self-assembly method demonstrated the viable production of 3,5-bistrifluoromethyl benzylamine derivative of phenylalanine nanotubes (BPPNTs). Nano-V2O5 composite of these BPPNTs has been synthesized and characterized. The reported nanocomposite shows a highly flexible nanotube structure that provides easy access to electrons when used as an electrocatalyst or photocatalyst. This promising platform is successfully applied in the electrochemical reaction by cyclic voltammetry. Maximum photodegradation of Congo red and Brilliant blue dyes (mask layer dyes) has been observed above 50% at given time intervals). This phenomena can be used in remediation applications like the degradation of used masks. Theoretical descriptions of the self-assembled BPPNT monomer and BPPNTs-V3O6 nanocluster composite by DFT calculations produced the validation of the predicted structural applications. The results concluded the proposed nanocomposite-coated mask layers for use in photodegradable masks are a valuable outcome of this study.

Cancer Research Challenges and Potential Solutions in Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative Discussion Group Study.

Cancer incidence in Saudi Arabia has recently shown an upward trend. Research efforts within the different cancer continuum are pivotal to strengthening control measures. Since cancer research is evolving in the country, it is crucial to understand the current challenges and implement defined interventions to overcome them. The present qualitative study aimed to assess cancer research barriers among researchers and identify potential solutions from their perspectives. We conducted a focus group discussion among 17 Saudi-based cancer researchers from diverse research backgrounds, provinces, and institutions. We used descriptive-interpretive thematic analysis following an open-ended approach to investigate the challenges in conducting cancer research. We also captured the solutions suggested based on the researchers' experiences. Six major themes emerged from the analysis: requirements of the data landscape, organizational support, national research roadmap, sustainable funding, clearer policies and regulations, and capacity building. To address challenges in these areas, researchers stressed the need for improved interinstitutional collaborations, immediate availability of research materials, and unlimited and easy access to research data. Improving health research is one of the primary goals of Saudi Vision 2030. It is, therefore, essential to overcome the current challenges in cancer research, enabling research findings to inform policies related to cancer control and care provision.

Role of Farmer Information and Advice Center in Technology Transfer and Farm Business Development of Smallholder Farmers: Insights from Bangladesh

The Farmer Information and Advice Centers (FIACs) are currently working to provide one-stop agricultural advisory services, including climate-friendly agriculture, to farming communities in rural Bangladesh, but their role has yet to be explored. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the role of FIACs in providing need-based extension services to the farming communities to create social innovation through transforming smallholders’ agriculture into a farm business in rural Bangladesh. This study was conducted in Kishoreganj district, Bangladesh. The data were collected by questionnaire survey, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD). Both quantitative and qualitative (Trajectory Equifinality Model, TEM) analysis was applied based on the data obtained. It was found that the local FIAC approaches give farmers easy access to improved agricultural technologies. It is a needs-based service for farming households to improve their farming practices and livelihoods. Second, their resource use efficiency has increased, and their agriculture has diversified. This has improved institutional access on the ground and farmers feel empowered. So, we can call it social innovation. Third, FIAC interventions help farmers to develop farm business. Finally, farmer characteristics such as gender, farm size, farming experience, household income, and local institutional access are significantly positively related to access to FIAC services. Therefore, our policy implications suggest that FIAC should offer a gender-sensitive service approach. However, farmers faced some difficulties in obtaining services from FIAC, they needed more competent staff and female staff.

Factors Shapping the Shapping the Adoption of Mobile Marketing in Rural Areas of Tanzania The Case of South Region in Unguja

The explosive use of mobile phones facilitates the introduction of different mobile app services which become an essential part of daily life. This forces the business vendors to place individually targeted marketing messages through mobile phones to ensure easy access to the service since the mobile phone is in the hands of owner all the day long. Most of the studies in mobile marketing adoption focused on urban and university consumers. This study aims to investigate the perception of consumers in rural areas on their intention to adopt mobile phone applications such as mobile marketing. The TAM model extended with the UTAUT2 model to achieve the study objective. a cross-sectional survey conducted to collect data through self-administered questionnaires to 500 villages owning mobile phones, through a stratified sampling design in the South district of Unguja. SEM technique was employed to analyze the collected data. The analysis was aided by SPSS version 25. The results showed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and facilitating conditions were the significant determinants of behavioral intention to adopt mobile marketing to consumers of rural areas. Furthermore, the attitude partially mediates the relationship between consumers’ perception and behavioral intention. The finding of this study is vital to business entities in the extension of mobile marketing coverage together with rural consumers to improve the way of life in the current mobile phone era. The Implications and limitations of the research were discussed.

In‐Foam Bioprinting: An Embedded Bioprinting Technique with Self‐Removable Support Bath

The emergence of embedded three‐dimensional (3D) bioprinting has revolutionized the biofabrication of free‐form constructs out of low‐viscosity and slow‐crosslinking hydrogels. Using gel‐based support baths has limitations including lack of proper oxygenation and nutrition and complications with bath removal. Herein, a novel‐embedded 3D bioprinting technique is developed with an albumin foam support bath as a promising substitute. The proposed technique, in‐foam bioprinting, offers excellent printability and convenience in bath removal while providing cells with easy access to oxygen and nutrients. The foam‐based support bath is characterized through foam stability and rheological tests. The bubble size in the foam is measured to study the change in the structure of the bath due to the coalescence of the bubbles over time. Free‐form structures are successfully 3D printed with thermoresponsive chitosan‐based bioinks to demonstrate the capability of the in‐foam bioprinting technique. The viability of bioprinted fibroblast L929 cells is studied over a seven‐day period, showing high cell viability of over 97%, which is attributed to the abundance of oxygen and nutrition in the foam support bath. Importantly, in‐foam bioprinting is beneficial for biofabricating large samples with a long printing time without jeopardizing cell viability.