Eastern Literature Research Articles

고대 세계의 우주생성론 비교연구

The purpose of this study is to compare the ancient Mesopotamian cosmogony, the Jewish cosmogony centered on the Book of Ezekiel, and Plato's cosmogony centered on the myth of Er, and reveal their commonalities and causes. Although academic interest in civilizational exchanges in the ancient world is increasing due to the excavation of ancient Near Eastern literature, the aim is to trace the cultural fusion between the three cultures representing ancient times in a situation where the Western Greek cultural tradition, which claims to be a purely indigenous culture, is still dominant. Among these, it is largely accepted that the Mesopotamian civilization had a great influence on Greece, especially in astronomy. Regarding Judaism, only its uniqueness is still emphasized. Thompson's view that Babylonian literature compares the universe to a furnace proves that there are significant similarities between the cosmogony of Ezekiel and the Mesopotamian cosmogony. Bergren's research also provided a link to connect the Greek cosmogony with the cosmogony of the Book of Ezekiel.

Y. TAWADA’S WORKS IN MULTICULTURAL CONTEXT

The present paper investigates the stylistic and philosophical-aesthetic features in the works written by Y. Tawada, a contemporary Japanese-German author. The unique position occupied by the author in the literary space leads us to consider her works in the context of multicultural and postcolonial theories. Being stuck between two opposite cultural paradigms and literary traditions — Eastern and Western European — the writer does not fit into either of them. Such a unique position impacts on the author’s view on the problems typical for multicultural literature, such as search for identity, creation of one’s own self in a polyphonic globalized world, cultural dislocation and homelessness experience. In our article particular attention is paid to studying the image of a multicultural writer who is situated at a cultural crossroads and is a nomad in a broadest sense. As a result of the research, it has been found out that development of a new identity takes place in the so-called third or “interstitial space”, where two opposing worldviews meet. Linguistic experiments and unique attitude to universal language codes as a means of intercultural communication are dominant in the author’s writing style. The author is in search of her lost identity. These searches are associated with the searches of the protagonists who suffer from a traumatic experience and go through the loss of their own roots. In the works under analysis the influence of the Japanese literary tradition can be traced. Y. Tawada turns to the genre of monogatari, typical for Eastern literature. In general, the poetic features of the author’s prose are illustrated through examples from the works “Where Europe Begins”, “Suspects on the Night Train” and “Memoirs of a Polar Bear”.

Pathos in Guruprasad Mainali's Story 'Naso'

The present article focuses on the analysis of the storyteller Guru Prasad Mainali's 'Naso Katha' and the study of the use of pathos used in it. Karuna rasa (Pathos) is associated with the rasa theory propounded by Acharya Bharata in the field of Eastern literature and criticism. In Karana rasa, a person or object is vibhava, the pain caused by the related person or object is pathetic feeling. Due to the combination of these, a permanent feeling of grief arises in the karuna rasa and compassion occurs. In this article, the 'Naso' story has been analyzed by referring to this rasa principle and the theoretical recognition of Karuna Rasa. Since 'Naso' story is a social story in which social reality is presented and the suffering and pain caused by the adverse conditions of human life is a social story, its introduction has also been presented and Karuna Rasa used in the story has been searched for. Since the study is qualitative in nature, the story has been analyzed on the basis of theory and a conclusion has been drawn. There are various bases of study in the field of current literature criticism, however, in this study, the selection of Karuna Rasa used in the story 'Naso' is evident because it provides new knowledge to analyze the stories associated with Karuna Rasa based on Eastern literary principles. Narrator Guruprasad Mainali has presented the emotional aspects of Deviraman, Subhadra and Lakshmi's life in the story, but basically, because Lakshmi's death made the story more poignant, the use of karuna rasa has been presented in an effective way in this article.

“Eastern Literature” as Happenstance?

Abstract This essay examines how “Eastern literature” was perceived and presented in the making of world literature in 1980s China, an era of political and cultural opening-up, through the lens of Indian literature included in the magazine Shijie Wenxue. Although the magazine’s editors discursively championed the idea of geographic all-inclusiveness, the larger conjuncture brought “Western literature” to the forefront of attention. “Eastern” authors and texts, in contrast, were confined to a state of “happenstance,” due to the occasional manner of their presentation. However, by re-reading Shijie Wenxue on three levels, I argue that the magazine managed to produce a relatively eclectic and “thick” knowledge of Indian literature, which would have otherwise been neglected because of its tokenistic appearance and low visibility. Adopting a more creative and critical mode of reading, one can turn the seemingly Western-centric project of Shijie Wenxue into a useful archive for readers with a special interest in “Eastern literature.”

Синтез восточных и чувашских поэтических традиций в поэзии Педера Яккусен

The research aims to determine the features of the synthesis of Eastern and Chuvash poetic traditions in the creative work of the Chuvash poet Peder Yakkusen (Yakovlev Peter Yakovlevich). The paper examines the peculiarity of the use of images of nature, the behaviour of the persona, vocabulary that requires interpretation from the field of Chuvash mythology, history, literary classics. The research is novel in that it is the first to consider the poet’s creative work in the aspect of comparative studies, more precisely in comparison with the traditions of Eastern literature. The authors have analysed P. Yakkusen’s lyrical works published in the collection ‘Кĕмел кимĕ’ (‘Silver Boat’, 2010), have identified references to the traditions of Eastern (Chinese) poetry, which manifest themselves at the levels of lexis, images, pathos, symbolism, details of the poems. The research findings have shown that the main features of P. Yakkusen’s lyrical poetry, such as paying attention to little and insignificant details of the surrounding world, thinking about the unity of good and evil, are a manifestation of the traditions of the Chuvash worldview, which is similar to Eastern teachings. Reflection on the fate of the native language and people, the image of the unity of nature and man are the main motifs in the poet’s creative work.

Ralph K. Hawkins. Discovering Exodus: Content, Interpretation, Reception

Ralph K. Hawkins. <i>Discovering Exodus: Content, Interpretation, Reception</i>

Intellectual Decolonization and Harmful Nativism: Arabic Knowledge Production of Ancient Egyptian Literature

The essay argues that Eurocentric modernity continues to impact how ancient Egyptian language and literature is experienced, researched, and taught in Arabic-speaking Egypt as a direct result of its colonial history. It explores some reasons and justifications for the omission of Egyptian Egyptologists from the century-long formation and evolution of ancient Egyptian literary and linguistic studies. This hegemonic approach still causes intellectual suffering for those who were/are colonized. The essay seeks to deploy analytical approaches from the Arabic literary tradition to decolonize the overwhelming and illogical divorce between linguistic and literary studies. A comparative reading of ancient Egyptian literary devices provides the grounds for a further argument, which concerns more broadly the ways in which scholars should approach the literary devices of ancient Egyptian texts, and opens the door to previously unexplored literary and linguistic approaches. The aim of this essay is to investigate the possibility of offering a new and a closer textual reading of ancient Egyptian literary devices, based on Arabic balāghah methodology (literally, eloquence, and roughly translated as poetics). This comparative approach demonstrates that Arabic scholarship can reclaim a respected space in the knowledge production that re/defines the cultural heritage of ancient Middle Eastern literature(s). The essay calls upon Euro-American and Arab academics to endorse various methodologies of “intellectual decolonization” in order to avoid reinscribing the long-established Eurocentric elements of coloniality and to invest more deliberate efforts in helping ancient Middle Eastern literary cultures to speak for themselves without any impositions rooted in Eurocentrism or Arabocentrism.

Nizami Gəncəvının “İskəndərnamə” poemasının bədıı-estetık xüsusıyyətlərı

As in all of Nizami’s works, in the poem «Iskandername» he attached special importance to the national-historical values, including the preservation of the harmony of historical truths. At the same time, the evaluation of the character of Iskandar, the main character of the poem «Iskandarname», as a type of historical personality does not go unnoticed. While embodying the image of the genius Nizami Iskander, he opposes the ideas of nationalism, criticizes the unethical nationalist spirit of Ferdowsi’s attitude towards Iskander. In the article, a special place has been devoted to this aspect, and the realities of the spiritual and moral approach in Nizami Ganjavi’s attitude towards Iskander have been analyzed. As we know, N.Ganjavi gave high value to Ferdowsi’s position in Eastern literature and his poem «Shahnama». Although Nizami talks about the merits of the artistic-historical qualities of the Shahnameh poem, he criticizes Firdowsi for the incorrect assessment of historical realities and the personality factor. In the process of analysis, the advantages of Nizami’s truthfulness in relation to Alexander over Firdowsi’s falsification are revealed, and Nizami’s loyalty to historical truths as a Turkish writer is kept in focus. As a result, the false thoughts formed about Alexander in Ferdowsi’s «Shahname» are trivialized and these thoughts are replaced by the real-historical image of Alexander in Nizami’s «Iskandername».

Maulana Hali And The Art Of Ghazal

Maulana Altaf Hussain Hali is undoubtedly the founder of modern literature. He dedicated genres like criticism, poetry and biography with the taste of freshness. Muqadama Shair O Shairi is the first reliable example of theoretical criticism in Urdu. During his tenure in Lahore, he laid the foundation stone of the modern poetry movement along with Maulana Muhammad Hussain Azad. Although he was educated under the shadow of Eastern literature, he soon got tired of its monotony. Western literature began to feel close to his heart. He loved the utilitarian aspect of literature. Ghazal, which is the most representative genre in Eastern literature, became a target of his criticism. It is generally believed that he was opposed to the ghazal genre, but the fact is that he disliked ghazal due to the homogeneity of the themes of the ghazal. He was opposed to excessive unnatural color in the ghazal. Hali was a practical person, so he wrote ghazals according to his ideas, which were not liked by a large section of Urdu literature and his ghazals were called unhealthy poetry. There is no doubt that Hali made Ghazal a subject of criticism for the first time like other poetry genres. His influence had a far-reaching impact on Ghazal. This article examines Maulana Hali's views on Ghazal.

Threading the racial capitalocene: on the poetics of affective porosity in Ibrahim al-Koni's Bleeding of the Stone (Nazīf al-ḥajar) and Yoel Hoffmann's Book of Joseph (Sefer Yosef)

ABSTRACT Excavating traces of the Racial Capitalocene in Libyan-Tuareg author Ibrahim al-Koni's Arabic language Bleeding of the Stone (1990) and Israeli Jewish author Yoel Hoffmann's Hebrew-language Book of Joseph (1988), this article posits a novel critical framework for comparative readings of Middle Eastern literatures. In centering the advance of the racializing commodity frontier as primary node of literary interrogation across European capital city and African desert expanse, it argues that the two texts, despite their divergent positionings, craft remarkably parallel character dramas predicated upon affective porosity. Given their similarly sensitive, self-aware protagonists, their shared recourse to the “oikos”—a larger web of life beyond the self—and their overlapping thematizations of needle and thread, and Christological imageries of redemption articulated in minor tongues, the two texts ultimately curate affective porosity as a means for addressing and unsettling the conditions of racialized capitalist accumulation and its environmental and social effects.

К 75-летию видного каракалпакского ученого-литературоведа, доктора филологических наук, профессора Курбанбая Кудайназарулы Жаримбетова

The publication is devoted to the creative personality of Professor of the Department of Karakalpak literature, Doctor of Philology Kurbanbai Kudainazaruly Zharimbetov. The famous literary critic, who skillfully combined scientific, pedagogical and social activities for more than half a century of his life, celebrates his 75th anniversary this year. Basic education in Russian literature, work as a researcher at the N.Daukaraev Institute of History, Language and Literature, postgraduate studies at the State Museum of Literature named after A.Navoi of the National Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan under the guidance of Academicians Hamid Suleiman and Marat Nurmukhamedov, internship at the M. Lomonosov Moscow State University helped him become a connoisseur of both Western and Eastern literature. Deep erudition, tireless diligence, exactingness to himself , analytical thinking and delicate aesthetic taste helped K. Zharimbetov to become a respected scientist, making a significant contribution to the development of Karakalpak literary criticism. The scientist, who first studied the Karakalpak poetry of the period of the World War II, later moved on to the study of the ideological and artistic features of the Karakalpak lyrics of the XIX century from new theoretical and methodological positions and for the first time developed its genre classification. K. Zharimbetov, within the framework of a strictly academic style, is able to arouse the reader’s interest not only by consistent and reasoned narration, but also by the clarity of style, the accuracy of reasoning and the novelty of the approach to the extensive studied material. The scientific community especially appreciated his monograph «Ashik Ziyyuar», in which he reveals Sufi motives in the poetry of Ajiniyaz Kosybayuly. The range of K. Zharimbetov’s scientific interests is very wide and he is in constant search of fresh ideas, meanings, impulses. For example, thirty years ago he translated into the Karakalpak language the book of an outstanding specialist in ancient history and literature N.A. Kun “Legends and Myths of Ancient Greece”. The scientist is the executive editor of many monographs and scientific collections published in Karakalpakstan. He also published several textbooks and teaching aids on Karakalpak literature for secondary schools, colleges and universities

Changing Tides in Contemporary Middle Eastern Literature: The Works of Alexandra Chreiteh and Fadi Zaghmout

Changing Tides in Contemporary Middle Eastern Literature: The Works of Alexandra Chreiteh and Fadi Zaghmout

Poetic Expression of the Image of “Rind” in Eastern Literature

Oriental poetry is often devoted to romantic, mystical, religious, social, political themes, and is written in extremely beautiful and soul-shaking tones. Persian poet Shamsiddin Muhammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (1325-1390) is considered the father of Near Eastern and Middle Eastern lyrics. He connects the mystical ghazals of Mawlana Rumi and the romantic ghazals of Saadi, gives freedom to the verses of the ghazal and creates a new twist in it. Poetry methods: Iham and Ibham are one of the features of Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī’s style, and the concepts of “Rind”, “Rindana”, “Rinds” and “Rind school” were used more than 80 times in Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī’s divan. This article talks about the content and essence of the concept of “Rind” in Eastern poetry.

Is There Magic in the Text? Ritual in the Priestly Pentateuch and Other Ancient Near Eastern Literature

“Magic” is a term that continues to feature in popular and scholarly circles, yet scholars continue to disagree vehemently about its definition and utility. This article uses the various definitions of magic as lenses through which to compare the ritual texts of the Priestly Pentateuch, ancient Egypt, and ancient Mesopotamia. The results offered illumine both the texts and the scholars who interpret them. Regardless of the definition employed, the biblical and other ANE ritual texts are quite similar, leading to the conclusion that magic should not be used as a dividing line between biblical Priestly and other ANE ritual texts.

Poetic Expression of the Image of "Rind" in Eastern Literature

Poetic Expression of the Image of "Rind" in Eastern Literature

A Study of the Background of the Divine Title the “Lord of Spirits” in the Parables of Enoch

Abstract The aim of the present article is twofold. The first task is to provide a survey of the parallels to the title “Lord of spirits” in the Parables of Enoch (1 En. 37–71) to understand the background of the divine epithet. The studied parallels include titles in the Ancient Near Eastern literature, Biblical and Early Jewish texts, including Dead Sea Scrolls, magical compositions, and Christian texts (New Testament, Patristic and liturgical texts). The second task is to analyze the concept of “spirit” and its cognates in 1 Enoch to provide some clues to the function of the epithet within the composition. The survey aims to demonstrate that a generally accepted interpretation that associates the “spirits” with “angels” should not be overemphasized, since the basic meaning of the title “Lord of spirits” was to indicate God’s authority over human spirits.

PSAT281 Crico-tracheal Resection with End-to-End Anastomosis for Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer: A Case Series of Early Postoperative Outcomes of a Low-Income Country from Latin America

Abstract Introduction Tracheal invasion is a poor prognostic factor in patients with aggressive thyroid cancer. Crico-tracheal resection and primary anastomosis (CTRA) is the preferred surgical technique. Appropriate resection can improve early postoperative outcomes and long-term oncological outcomes. A recent systematic review of eastern literature showed a moderate rate of postoperative complications. However, there is a paucity of data regarding early postoperative complications in Latin America. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the early postoperative outcomes of three patients with thyroid cancer invading the trachea who underwent CTRA in two tertiary referral centers (1 public and 1 private) in a low-income country. Clinical Cases There were 2 females (F1: 53 y, F2: 55 y) and 1 male (M1: 53 y) patients from Ecuador. Patient F1 had follicular variant of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and was operated on in the public center and patients F2 and M1 had classic variant of PTC. Neck CT and perioperative flexible endoscopy were performed for airway invasion assessment. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy with circumferential CTRA. Patient F1 had a right lobe thyroid tumor with intraluminal invasion of the 5th tracheal ring up to the cricoid cartilage, the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and common carotid artery, and bilateral central neck lymph node metastasis. She underwent bilateral central neck dissection, carotid shaving, and RLN resection. Patient F2 showed an enlarged, multinodular thyroid invading the 4th up to the 1st tracheal ring, without luminal compromise. There was no invasion to other structures. Patient M1 had a right lobe thyroid tumor, with intraluminal invasion of the 4th tracheal ring up to the cricoid cartilage and invasion of the RLN. He underwent RLN resection. Patient F1 and M1 were classified as Shin IV and patient F2, Shin III. Regarding the 30-day postoperative complications, patient F1 had tracheostomy infection on day 5, tracheal dehiscence and anastomotic dehiscence that caused massive bleeding, cardiorespiratory failure and death on day 8. Patient M1 only presented mild bleeding through the traqueostomy tube on day 1, non-compressive cervical hematoma on day 2, and was discharged on day 5. Patient F2 had no complications and was discharged on day 3. The last 2 patients were decanulated successfully at the 2-week follow-up and received adjuvant radioactive iodine. Conclusions CTRA seems to be a safe procedure with moderate postoperative complications, low mortality, and zero tracheotomy-dependency rates in patients operated in Ecuador. Our results are similar to those described in the international literature. Further studies are needed to confirm these results and draw robust conclusions. Presentation: Saturday, June 11, 2022 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.

제사장 문서에 ‘혼돈과의 전쟁’ 모티프가 있는가? — 창세기 1:2; 8:1; 출애굽기 14:21을 중심으로 —

This study argues that it is hard to read the Combat Myth in the creation, the flood, and the Re(e)d Sea stories in the Priestly source (especially, Gen 1:2; 8:1; Exo 14:21). Yahweh is never particularly a storm-god in the Priestly source. The waters are never demonized and are not even personified. The Priestly author does not draw an analogy between Yahweh and Marduk in Enuma Elish or Baal in the Baal Cycle who are both warrior-like deities. Many previous studies regarded the differences in the Priestly narrative from Mesopotamian and Canaanite myths, especially the ones in Enuma Elish and the Baal Cycle, as the former’s response to the latter. Yet there is no clear evidence that the allegedly reinterpreted or revised motif of the ancient Near Eastern literature is present in the Priestly source, nor that the Priestly source responds to the foreign religions, institutions, or literature even if the motif is really present. It is unfair to read an entire mythic episode or plot into the Priestly text because of any tenuous correspondence, as if the biblical author could not compose a narrative without making use of an existing mythical structure. Some old traditional motifs could be there and knowing them may help decode incomprehensible literary conventions that now escape us. But the mythological motifs, if any, were developed and transformed within the larger context of the Priestly style and plot. The Priestly story cannot be defined merely as a historicized myth. The Priestly historical narrative is a different genre, whose complexity and uniqueness deserve an independent analysis from the alleged mythical paradigm.

12예언서 내 스바냐의 정경적 위치와 그 함의

This paper pursues to show the implications of the canonical location of Zephaniah in the book of the Twelve. Among the three 7th century prophetic writings, it should be chronically ordered as Zephaniah (622), Nahum (612), and Habakkuk (605). However, it is in the ordered of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah. It is necessary to ask why these three books are placed in the present order. To search for the reasons behind it, the author takes the methodology called canonical criticism and intertextual approach. It accords with recent scholarship which focuses on the interpretation of the twelve prophetic writings as a single historical, literary, and theological book from the 8th century in the Assyrian period to the 5th century in the Persian period.BR Zephaniah is placed as the 9th book preceded by Habakkuk and followed by Haggai. Between Zephaniah and Haggai, there are historical events of destruction of Jerusalem and Judah (587), exile to the Babylon (587-539), and return to homeland (539-520). Though Babylon is not mentioned in Zephaniah, there are lots of allusions to imminent destruction of Judah and exile to the Babylon. It is probable that the reason why Zephaniah comes after Nahum and Habakkuk is that the book has many occurrences concerning ‘the day of YHWH’s wrath’ which denotes destruction and forced deportation by the enemy in ancient Near Eastern literature as well as in the Bible. In addition, the word šbh referring to exile also occurs twice in the book of Zephaniah. Some messages in the book of Zephaniah are set for lessons in the exilic period in order to be hidden by God. First, seek YHWH, justice and righteousness, and humility (2:1-3). Second, wait for me until the day I rise up to the prey (3:8). Third, God made the promise to leave the oppressed and the poor as remnants (3:12). Zephaniah also declares oracles against nations (2:4-15) which play an important role in the 7th century prophetic writings. The book of Nahum declares the fall of Assyria. The book of Habakkuk anticipates the rise of Babylon as another empire. Zephaniah does not mention Babylon as the enemy of Judah, but accepts the disaster by the enemy as God’s plan, and believes that Babylon will not avoid the fate of Assyria as well.BR It also should be noteworthy to consider theology of post exilic canonical community responsible for the book of the twelve as a canon. It is clear that the post-exilic canonical community have accepted messages of the book of Zephaniah as God’s words for the community. It is believed that they were still in the exile because the Persian empire still controlled the land of Yehud.

Comparative of Two Scheherazade from Arab Theater

Binbir Gece Masalları, bir çerçeve hikâye ve onun etrafında oluşturulan masallardan meydana gelen bir masal külliyatıdır. Kökeni itibariyle Doğu edebiyatını temsil eden bu masallar, Batı dillerine çevrilmesiyle birlikte orada da meşhur olmuş ve böylece Dünya edebiyatında önemli bir yer işgal etmiştir. Bu masallar gerek Doğu’da ve gerekse Batı’da birçok edebiyatçıyı etkilemiş ve onlara ilham kaynağı olmuştur. Birçok edebi eserin, doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak bu külliyattan beslendiği görülür. Modern Arap Edebiyatının önemli ve üretken iki yazarı Tevfîk el-Hakîm ve Ali Ahmed Bâkesîr de bu masallardan esinlenerek birer tiyatro eseri yazmışlardır. el-Hakîm, yetmişi aşkın tiyatro eserinden biri olan Şehrâzâd eserinde binbirinci geceden sonra yaşananları bir kurgu ile okuyucuya sunmuştur. Bu eserde Şehrâzâd’ın anlattığı hikâyelerle Şehriyâr bambaşka bir insan olmuştur. Daha önce her türlü maddi zevki tatmış olan bu kral, artık bilgiyi aramakta ve mekânın sınırlarından kurtulmak istemektedir. Şairliği ve romancılığının yanı sıra Arap tiyatrosuna da önemli katkıları olan Bâkesîr ise, kırkın üzerinde tiyatro eseri yazmıştır. O, bu eserlerden biri olan Sırru Şehrâzâd adlı eserini Binbir Gece Masalları’nın çerçeve hikâyesinden hareketle kaleme almıştır. Yazar eserinde modern bir yorum geliştirerek, kadının sadakatsizliği üzerine kurulan çerçeve hikâyeyi değiştirmiş ve yeni bir kurgu ile ele almıştır. Buna göre Sırru Şehrâzâd adlı eserde Şehriyâr’ın ilk eşi, masum bir karakter olarak canlandırılmış ve olay örgüsü bunun üzerine bina edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada öncelikle orijinal Binbir Gece Masalları hakkında genel bilgiler sunulmuş ardından el-Hakîm ve Bâkesîr’in bahsi geçen tiyatro eserleri edebi açıdan incelenmiş, son olarak her iki yazarın eserindeki Şehrâzâd karakteri karşılaştırılmıştır.