Eastern Galicia Research Articles

Magnetization related to late-Variscan extensional collapse in the Lugo Dome (NW Iberian Massif): a metamorphic petrology approach

The Eastern Galicia Magnetic Anomaly (EGMA) is one of the most distinctive and best studied magnetic anomalies in Iberia. It is located in NW Spain and overlaps the Variscan gneissic domes of Lugo and Sanabria. The Lugo Dome, in the north of the EGMA, deforms a large thrust sheet, the Mondoñedo Nappe, allowing the outcropping of its relative autochthon in the Xistral Tectonic Window, where extensional detachments resulting from late-Variscan tectonics crop out. A younger major detachment, the Viveiro Fault, developed on the western limb of the dome. Detailed ground-based magnetic mapping and geological charts show a clear spatial relationship between magnetic maxima and the extensional structures. Magnetic and paleomagnetic studies carried out on samples from this region indicate that rocks in the detachments commonly bear magnetite and hematite carrying induced but also remanent magnetizations and a very well-defined anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility with directions matching those of the late-Variscan extensional fabrics.Three pairs of metasedimentary samples in equivalent structural positions display variously developed medium-pressure Barrovian parageneses attributed to the early compressional phases of the Variscan orogeny, and low-pressure Buchan-type parageneses associated with the late Variscan extension. Our phase diagram-based petrological study suggests that the non-magnetic samples preserve the Barrovian conditions of 560–640 °C, 5–8.7 kbar. The lithologically and structurally equivalent samples, originally non-magnetic, developed magnetite/hematite-bearing mineral assemblages during decompression and cooling to 500–620 °C, 1.5–6 kbar. This recrystallization was probably assisted by metasomatic oxidizing fluids. The induced component of magnetization is essentially carried by magnetite, while hematite seems the main carrier of remanence. These results support the existing cartographic, geophysical and paleomagnetic findings indicating that the magnetization in the Lugo Dome is related to late-Variscan extension.

National, cultural, educational and scientific activities of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia (from the late nineteenth century to 1939) through the prism of cooperation with Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi

National, cultural, educational and scientific activities of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia (from the late nineteenth century to 1939) through the prism of cooperation with Metropolitan A. Sheptytskyi

RECOLLECTION JOURNALISTIC DISCOURSE ON REVEREND OSTAP NYZHANKIVSKYI

The article examines memorial journalism and articles from the newspapers of the Ukrainian diaspora of the second half of the 20th century dedicated to the social and cultural and educational figure, composer, conductor Priest Ostap Nyzhankivskyi. The author highlights the thematic content of the memoir printed sources by Ivan Bodnaruk, Ostap Bobykevych, Osip Zaleskyi, Andriy Kigichak on the pages of "New Path", "America", "Our Call", "Ukrainian Word", "Path of Victory". The biographical material that deepens the biography and milestones of the artist of Eastern Galicia is analyzed. The popularity of the figure of Ostap Nyzhankivskyi is understood in the context of the development of the socio-cultural space of the region on the basis of investigated newspaper articles. The source-scientific, axiological, cognitive value of journalistic articles that "saw the world" in the non-national world space is argued. Prominent descendants of the Nyzhankivskyi family, as well as pages of the artist's life during different years are mentioned and described in the article. In addition, attention is paid to the choral heritage of Ostap Nyzhankivsky thanks to the printed memories of Ivan Bodnaruk. The Nyzhankivskys' family talent for music is outlined, in particular speaking about his son of Nestor Nyzhankivskyi, as well as creative communication with prominent figures Solomiya Krushelnytska, Ivan Franko, Oleksandr Koshyts, that is described in the publication of Ostap Bobykevych. The value of the composer's artistic flair and public activity in the creation of "Lviv Boyan", "Berezhan Boyan", "Stryy Boyan", "Musical Library" which is presented in the publication of Osip Zaleskyi is determined. The tragic events of the priest's death were clarified through the memoirs of Andriy Kigichak. It has been proven that memorial printed sources are valuable archive material in the modern socio-cultural space of Ukraine. It is argued that the analyzed materials will be a respectable basis for researchers of a number of issues from the historical and musical past period of Eastern Galicia of the second half of the 19th century, in particular the activities of the priestly elite of the region in the development of Ukrainian statehood, the creative work of Ostap Nyzhankivskyi, as well as for cultural scientists and musicologists who study sociocultural pages of the period of belonging to the Polish state.

Preserving Authentic Decoration in the Entrance Spaces of Residential Buildings in Eastern Galicia from the late 19th to the First Third of the 20th Century: Restoration Experience

The special role in shaping the entrance spaces of buildings, their artistic expressiveness belonged to decorative art, as architects used such materials as artistic wood, artistic metal, artistic glass, artistic ceramics, artistic paintings, sculptural forms, decorative stone and other elements for decorating entrance spaces. Sometimes, one motif could be the main focus in the decor of entrance spaces, echoing with artistic paintings, decor on ceramic tiles, etched pseudo-stained glass, supraports and wrought ironwork of stair railings according to the principle of interaction of arts. However, there are cases of staircases, artistic paintings or stained-glass windows that are not continued in the patterns of ceramic tiles, decor of walls and ceilings, railing enclosures, or artistic solutions of entrance gates. In such cases, these decorative elements act as an accent in the interior. Natural studies allow to systematize the typology of doors based on a number of characteristics: material of manufacture, stylistic execution, principles of decorative solution, location of artistic decoration, type of ornament of wrought iron grilles and so on. However, alongside negative examples of the state of entrance spaces, there is also positive experience of their preservation and restoration.

Legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies in Eastern Galicia in the interwar period at the beginning of the ХХ century

Based on archival materials, legislative acts, and studies of contemporaries, the article attempts to highlight the role of legal regulation in the formation and development of the cooperative movement in the region. The study helps to better understand the complex interaction between political authorities and public initiatives in the context of socio-economic transformations of the interwar period in Eastern Galicia. The problem of legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies in Eastern Galicia in the early twentieth century, in particular in the interwar period, is relevant and important for understanding the socio-economic processes of that time. A study of this issue will allow us to better understand the role and impact of the cooperative movement on the development of economic sectors and the lives of the local population. This article examines the legal environment in which cooperative societies operated in Eastern Galicia in the interwar period. The article analyses the legal acts regulating the status, rights and obligations of cooperative organisations and assesses their effectiveness and impact on the development of the cooperative movement (the Trade Law, the Law on Companies, the Ministry of Internal Affairs’ Order). However, the legal regulation of the activities of cooperative societies during this period remains poorly understood, especially in terms of their impact on community development and economic well-being of the region. The development of the Ukrainian cooperative movement in the nineteenth century coincided with the beginning of the capitalist industrialisation of Ukrainian lands. The Austrian government took this movement seriously, which was reflected in a large number of legislative initiatives of the Austrian Reichsrat. The government adopted various legal acts aimed at regulating the activities of voluntary associations, organisations and societies. Coverage of this topic will help to understand the mechanisms of functioning of cooperatives in the fields of production, trade and services, as well as their interaction with government agencies and other sectors of the economy. Further research on this topic could serve as a basis for developing recommendations for improving the legal environment for the development of the cooperative sector in modern Ukraine.

The Polish Criminal Police, the German Special Court in Lemberg, and the Prosecution of Poles for Giving Refuge to Jews, September 1943 to June 1944

Abstract This source publication contains three categories of documents related to the Nazi German occupation of Poland, specifically the city of Lwów (Lemberg) in District Galicia of the General Government, which have been translated from German to English. The documents were selected for their relevance to ongoing debates and research questions evoked by the “third phase” of the Holocaust characterized by both widespread police searches for Jews and help offered by non-Jews to the fugitives, here set in the multi-ethnic context of Eastern Galicia between September 1943 and June 1944. Documents 1 to 4 are the German laws that formed the legal basis of decrees limiting Jewish residence and sanctioning punishment for their violation. Documents 5 to 7 are verdicts handed down by the Special Court in Lemberg (Sondergericht im Lemberg) on the basis of these decrees, in which the judges imposed the death penalty on the accused for giving refuge to Jews. Documents 8 to 11 are final reports regarding the arrests of Poles and Ukrainians, and the Jews whom they were sheltering, written by members of the Third Commissariat of the Lemberg Polish Criminal Police (PPK), which were sent to their supervisors in the German Criminal Police (Kripo).

Territorial increase of Ukraine at the beginning of World War ІІ in the journal of the USSR (1939—1941)

The presented article was prepared within the framework of the implementation of the annual plan of scientific work of the State Printing Archive of the Book Chamber of Ukraine: in the current year 2024, we are researching domestic prints of 1940, that is, the period of the Second World War and the post-war reconstruction of the Ukrainian SSR. Establishing the thematic and substantive priorities of the periodicals of the time, the author focused attention on such a defining aspect of national state-building as the territorial expansion of Soviet Ukraine at the initial stage of the Second World War. The article examines the problem of Western Ukrainian lands becoming part of the Ukrainian SSR, in particular, Eastern Galicia and Northern Bukovyna. The premise of the event was a bilateral conspiracy between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union regarding the division of Europe into spheres of influence. The Soviet-German treaty of September 28, 1939 became a documentary post-factum confirmation of the event. A feature of the territorial changes of the Ukrainian SSR at that time was the inclusion of lands that, according to the Soviet-Polish treaty of August 16, 1945, Soviet Ukraine lost. We are talking about Nadsiany, Kholm region, Podlasie and Lemkiv region, which in 1939 entered the Ukrainian SSR, and in 1945 became part of the Polish People's Republic. The source base of the presented intelligence was made up of domestic periodicals, namely: the republican magazine "Red cross" for 1939 and the regional literary and artistic almanac "Vilna Bukovyna" for 1940—1941, which tell about the crossing by the Red Army of the Polish-Soviet and the Romanian-Soviet state borders and the events that resulted from it. The purpose of this investigation was to process the mentioned press releases by the method of content analysis.

Legal basis for the regulation and functioning of youth sports and educational organizations in Eastern Galicia from 1848 to 1939

The Prosvita Society in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries played a key role in the formation and development of the Ukrainian cultural and educational sphere in Eastern Galicia. Its activities were based on historical and legal principles that determined its purpose, tasks and organisational structure. The main goal of Prosvita was to raise the educational and cultural level of Ukrainians. Its activities were based on the idea of national and cultural consciousness and self-awareness. It also promoted the creation of an extensive network of societies covering different segments of the population. This allowed for the formation of a united community that understood national needs and aspirations. She actively worked on the Ukrainisation of the school system and the promotion of the Ukrainian language in the educational process. «Prosvita» initiated and supported the creation of various public, educational, cultural and other organisations, such as «Selskii Hospodar», «Maslosoyuz», «Narodna Torgovlya», «Ridna Shkola», «Ruska Besida», «Union of Ukrainian Women», «Sokil», «Sich», «Plast», «Luh» and many others. It played a prominent role in the national liberation movement, in which Prosvita was considered one of the main institutions that fostered patriotic feelings and national consciousness among Ukrainians. The organisational structure of Prosvita helped to unite Ukrainians into a strong and well-organised community that was ready for self-determination and national revival. It actively worked to preserve and develop Ukrainian culture and identity, supporting Ukrainian traditions and language. A number of student organisations, such as the Ukrainian Student Society Sich, Academic Circle, Druh, Druzhnyi Lichvar, Academic Brotherhood, Vatra, Academic Community, Osnova, and Ukrainian Student Union, demonstrate the diversity and multilayered nature of the Ukrainian student movement. They worked on the basis of the leading higher education institutions of Lviv, such as Lviv University and Lviv Polytechnic. On the eve of the Second World War, in the western part of Ukraine, particularly in Galicia, there were a significant number of youth associations that were united into county unions. These associations ranged in size from 10 to 30 local societies and performed various functions in the fields of sports, culture, and education. At the end of May 1933, there were 109 unions in Galicia, uniting 12 county and 254 local societies. Their membership totalled 13,245 people. The societies were actively engaged in various activities such as football, volleyball, skiing, drama, and other types of cultural and educational events.

Territorial increase of Soviet Ukraine at the beginning of World War ІІ in the journal of the USSR (1939—1941)

The presented article was prepared within the framework of the implementation of the annual plan of scientific work of the State Printing Archive of the Book Chamber of Ukraine: in the current year 2024, we are researching domestic prints of 1940, that is, the period of the Second World War and the post-war reconstruction of the Ukrainian SSR. Establishing the thematic and substantive priorities of the periodicals of the time, the author focused attention on such a defining aspect of national state-building as the territorial expansion of Soviet Ukraine at the initial stage of the Second World War. The article examines the problem of Western Ukrainian lands becoming part of the Ukrainian SSR, in particular, Eastern Galicia and Northern Bukovyna. The premise of the event was a bilateral conspiracy between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union regarding the division of Europe into spheres of influence. The Soviet-German treaty of September 28, 1939 became a documentary post-factum confirmation of the event. A feature of the territorial changes of the Ukrainian SSR at that time was the inclusion of lands that, according to the Soviet-Polish treaty of August 16, 1945, Soviet Ukraine lost. We are talking about Nadsiany, Kholm region, Podlasie and Lemkiv region, which in 1939 entered the Ukrainian SSR, and in 1945 became part of the Polish People's Republic. The source base of the presented intelligence was made up of domestic periodicals, namely: the republican magazine "Red cross" for 1939 and the regional literary and artistic almanac "Vilna Bukovyna" for 1940—1941, which tell about the crossing by the Red Army of the Polish-Soviet and the Romanian-Soviet state borders and the events that resulted from it. The purpose of this investigation was to process the mentioned press releases by the method of content analysis. .

The development of student societies in Eastern Galicia from the second half of the XIX century to the first half of the ХХ century in the historical and legal context

The article raises the question of the historical and legal analysis of the development of Ukrainian societies and unions, which are outlined by the concept of «unification» of Eastern Galicia in the second half of the 19th - the first half of the 20th centuries. This study is highlighted through the prism of founding documents, through which you can see the structure of these associations, based on the legal basis and specifics of their activities. The main tasks of the student societies of that time are highlighted: to maintain the reading room and library on their own; to hold literary and scientific events; to organize literary, scientific and theatrical gatherings; to help its members financially. Every valid member of the Society was obliged to pay membership fees. Although Ukrainian student associations were founded outside Galicia, for example in Vienna, they spread their activities to Eastern Galicia, trying to create a number of branches in the western Ukrainian lands and being guided in their activities by official documents issued by the Austrian authorities. And indeed, «conceived as a purely student society, the Viennese Sich actually became the first statutory organization of Galician narodivites. Student youth also played an important role in the creation of the «Prosvita» society. However, this organization did not become the main focus of the student movement. Already in 1860-1870, students focused their main efforts on the formation of a new center for their scientific and social life. As a result, two Ukrainian student societies appeared in 1871: «Academic Circle» and «Friendly Moneylender». The life of the Ukrainian student societies of the Lviv Polytechnic was much calmer, because there was a much more liberal atmosphere. For political conflicts on ethnic grounds, there was a lack of a fertile environment, which was provided by the social sciences at the university. In addition, Lviv doctors participated in the education of the rural population. The special commission of the Medical Society together with Prosvita organized popular medical lectures in the villages. Together with the director of Narodna Lichnitsa, Dr. Yevhen Ozarkevich, and the Lviv branch of Prosvita, Ukrainian medical students organized medical educational activities.

Features of exercise of control by regional courts in Halichina in the field of judiciary (1855-1918)

Features of exercise of control by regional courts in Halichina in the field of judiciary (1855-1918)

Аналіз українознавчих, правових, економічних і політологічних курсів Української господарської академії в Подєбрадах, які вивчали учасники українських студентських товариств східної Галичини міжвоєнного періоду (1918–1939 роки) в еміграції

Background. Members of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia during the interwar period (1918-1939) played an outstanding role in the state-building and cultural processes in the western Ukrainian lands. However, due to political, socio-economic, and limited opportunities to receive education in their native language, a number of students were forced to emigrate. While abroad, the students often tried to continue their education, and one of the educational institutions in which the emigrated students from Eastern Galicia studied was the Ukrainian Academy of Economics in Podebrady. Methods. Analyzing the complexes of Ukrainian studies, law, economics and political science, we took into account not only the educational goals and characteristics of the courses, but also the challenges of the given period, followed the principles of objectivity, historicism and a social approach. A number of methods were also used, including general scientific methods (analysis, classification), interdisciplinary methods, and historical methods (comparative and historical). Results. The article analyzes the Ukrainian, economic, legal, and political science disciplines studied by members of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia during the interwar period (1918–1939) in exile, in particular at the Ukrainian Economic Academy in Podebrady In particular, the quantitative composition of students from Eastern Galicia who completed their studies at the Academy and the peculiarities of the teaching staff of these courses were studied. The purpose of mastering the analyzed areas of academic disciplines, as well as their influence on the formation of the future Ukrainian intelligentsia, is highlighted. The seminars that complemented the training courses are highlighted, as well as the publishing activities of the Academy to ensure the successful study of the specified courses of academic disciplines with textbooks. Conclusion. The generalized analysis of Ukrainian studies, economic, legal, and political science courses at the Ukrainian Academy of Economic Sciences emphasizes their focus on training highly qualified workers, as well as worthy successors to the Ukrainian intelligentsia of the time and builders of their own state, and highlights the desire of Ukrainian student societies in Eastern Galicia during the interwar period (1918-1939) to actively participate in the national and cultural life of the Ukrainian people, even in emigration.

Health-saving technologies as a need and lifestyle of Ukrainians.

Aim: The article analyzes the health-saving technologies of Ukrainians in Eastern Galicia (the end of the XIX century - 1939). Materials and Methods: In the investigation a number of scientific methods are used: chronological, historical, specific-search, content analysis, providing selection, analysis of the source base, allowing to identify general trends, directions of development, achievements and gaps in the movement for the health of children and adults in Galicia; sources of Ukrainian and Polish authors of different generations in the field of health protection and preservation, physical education and sports, education and upbringing were used, their views and research results were presented. Conclusions: A component of the health-saving philosophy of Ukrainians (children, youth and adults) of Eastern Galicia in the late XIX - 30s of the XX century was the idea of physical education. Through traveling and camping, playing sports, improving children, youth and adults in places of active recreation (≪dwellings,≫ ≪half-dwellings,≫ ≪cuttings,≫ etc.), the philosophy of health conservation took a leading position in the interwar period of the XX century. The physical education movement had particular successes when a wide circle of Ukrainian youth joined it. There was an original Plast method of physical education of a Ukrainian - physically, spiritually, morally, mentally healthy person, for whom health preservation is a way and philosophy of life, a vital need. All this actualizes the problem of health-oriented public initiatives, which should be creatively used in the current challenges in Ukraine.

General Myron Tarnavsky in the Polish captivity (1918–1921)

This article attempts to characterize the fate of the general Myron Tarnavsky during his Polish captivity in the camps of Dąbie and Tuchola. He was interned on two occasions: the first time was at the end of 1918, and the second time was in July of 1920. First internment was connected with the end of the First World War. In the November 1918 Tarnavsky was stationed on the Greater Ukraine, where he commanded the 16 Mazur Infantry Regiment of Austro-Hungarian army. He successfully relocated the regiment to Krakow, but upon his return to Lviv, he was discovered and sent to the camp of Dąbie, located on the outskirts of Krakow. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information regarding his sojourn in that locale. Conversely, there are numerous sources that cover the period of his second sojourn in the Tuchola camp, where he was imprisoned from July 1920 until February 1921. After he had returned from Greater Ukraine to Eastern Galicia in July, 1920, he was immediately arrested by Polish gendarmerie and sent again to the prisoners-of-war camp, this time to Tuchola. Mentioned camp was located in Pomorze, far away from Eastern Galicia, and was established by Polish authorities in March 1920. In May and June 1920 2,5 thousands of officers and soldiers from the ranks of Red Ukrainian Halych Army were imprisoned in the camp. They were disarmed by the Polish forces during Kyiv Offensive of 1920. General Tarnavsky arrived to the Tuchola camp on July 22, 1920. All officers gathered and honored him as their commander for an extended period. During his imprisonment, all interned officers of UHA at the camp paid respect to him as he was the highest rank Ukrainian officer imprisoned there, although he rarely participated in the camp’s activities. The only case in which Tarnavsky was involved that was of a greater magnitude was the case of Major Wilhelm Lobkowitz. General Tarnavsky was released from captivity in February 1921.

Wschodniogalicyjskie Podkarpacie Juliusza Turczyńskiego – portret „z niedalekiej przeszłości”

The paper presents the images of rural life in Subcarpathian regions of the 19th century Eastern Galicia, recorded in sociocultural, quasi‑chronicle, or memoir prose of Juliusz Turczyński (1833–1913). This gymnasium professor and a well‑known writer connected with Stanisławów achieved his greatest success as the author of novellas and short stories. His socio‑cultural, ethnographic and landscape sketches dedicated toHutsul Land, which record the traditional life ofthe region, disappearing because of modern trends, belong to the most important literary testimonies of life and mentality of the 19th century Carpathian Highlanders. His less popular, but equally interesting dramatized sociological studies, illustrate the situation of Eastern Galician village in the serfdom era that has recently passed. Turczyński’s prose, which is rather conventional and schematic in terms of artistic creation, combines the objective features of a document – the testimony of the mechanisms determining and destroying the life of a simple man – with the elements of didactic morality and parabolic vison of a lively character of the people, prone to fall, but also to convert.

Context and Content Analysis of the History of Female Composition in Eastern Galicia in Light of Gender Theories

For a long time, the profession of the composer was undeservedly on the periphery of the world of music and was considered not only few in terms of female representation in performance, music education and musicology, but also low-value and not worth discussing. The relevance of the article is due to the rethinking of the attitude towards female composers, including in the light of gender ideas. It is necessary to research the stories of the life and work of Ukrainian female composers from Eastern Galicia, S. Turkevich and O. Olshanetska, in order to fully return their figures to the national musical space, both in the performance and research spheres. The purpose of the article is to highlight the stories of the creative achievements of Galician female musicians. In the course of the research, the works of music critics, historians and psychologists related to the topic were analyzed. Content analysis and context analysis (biographical method), as well as analytical method, methods of comparison and systematization were chosen as the main research methods. As a result, it was established that due to ethnic gender stereotypes, gender-professional prejudices and socio-cultural features of the society of Eastern Galicia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the creativity of the mentioned female composers did not gain the necessary publicity. Despite the fact that female musicians had the opportunity to get an education and engage in creativity, the Ukrainian-Galician musical elite belittled their achievements compared to their male colleagues. While women's writing in Galicia developed rapidly and caused a public outcry, despite the innovation and boldness of ideas, traditional views on the gender issue continued to prevail in the musical sphere. Thus, the achievements of S. Turkevich went beyond the boundaries of traditionality as "too ambitious", while the works of O. Olshanetska did not have actual support for publication. The practical significance of the study is that it helps to demonstrate the influence of the socio-cultural context and stereotypes on the development of women's creativity in the musical sphere and to change the modern attitude towards them by increasing their recognition.

Homeland on Foreign Maps: Toponymy of Western Ukraine on Austrian, Interwar-Polish, and Soviet Topographic Maps with Special Focus on Toponymy of the Carpathian Mountains

The goal of this research was to examine the linguistic properties of Western Ukraine’s toponymy as presented on Austrian, interwar-Polish, and Soviet topographic maps from the late 18th century to the 1980s. The research question was, “To what extent does this toponymy include languages other than Ukrainian?” As this article demonstrates, the changing toponymy corresponds with general language policies implemented in Western Ukraine by foreign states. The analysis in this work comprises 1,741 toponymic forms that refer to 207 geographical features on nine multi-sheet topographic maps. The toponyms examined are mainly oikonyms. The data collection was limited to the districts of eastern Galicia where Ukrainian speakers outnumbered Polish speakers by at least three to one. Given that linguistic context, it comes as no surprise that examples of non-vernacular “polonized” toponym forms were found to be especially prevalent in this examination. The general finding of this research is that the toponymies of Austrian and Polish maps comprise a mixture of Ukrainian and Polish/Polonized forms. The toponymic “polonization” was quite inconsistent and may reflect the diverse periods and forms of Polish policies.

W którym pułku służył Piotr Niewiadomski – bohater Soli ziemi Józefa Wittlina?

A COMMENT ON THE ATTEMPTS TO IDENTIFY PIOTR NIEWIADOMSKI’S REGIMENTThe 2022 Polish critical edition of Józef Wittlin’s World War One novel, Salt of the Earth, features a footnote where the editor unequivocally identifies the main protagonist’s military unit as the Austro-Hungarian 55th Infantry Regiment, based on the initial letter of the unit’s Colonel-in-chief ’s name mentioned by the author. This aligns with the 1991 edition, which previously identified him as Nicholas I of Montenegro. With publications on the Austro- -Hungarian army now more widely accessible, the new editor enumerates the regiment’s characteristics and briefly outlines its history. However, other pertinent details scattered throughout the novel, such as the unit’s recruiting district (Śniatyn in Eastern Galicia), its garrison town (Stanisławów), and facing colour (orange), are completely disregarded. This article aims to demonstrate that, when considered collectively, these clues lead to the conclusion that Wittlin’s portrayal of the unit is entirely fictitious. The writer not only fails to mention the regiment’s number (replacing it with “X”) but also presents its mutually exclusive formal characteristics. It can be inferred that the author either could not present the unit consistently or, more likely, intentionally did so to prevent readers from associating it with any actual place and people. This conclusion is drawn from scrutiny of official printed sources in German, along with fundamental Austrian and Polish publications.

Between cooperation and conflict : Mykhailo Hrushevskyi through the eyes of Polish intellectuals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries

This article reconstructs Polish intellectuals’ interpretations of M. Hrushevskyi’s multifaceted activities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The evolution of Polish scholars’ attitudes towards Hrushevskyi;s concepts was examined in two main periods. The first period (late 1890s) was predominantly scientific, and it centered primarily on finding the most acceptable solutions to the presented issues. The second period (early 20th century) brought a substantial radicalization of Ukrainian and Polish national movements and led to the deterioration of Polish-Ukrainian relations in Eastern Galicia and the politicization of the historiographic discourse. At the same time, Polish scholars began to associate Hrushevskyi’s historiographic concepts with the conceptual framework of Ukrainian historical research during that period. The politicization of the Ukrainian-Polish historiographical discourse in the early 20th century reflected the general tension in the relations between the two neighboring nations on the eve of World War I. A dialogue metamorphosed into a monologue with the sole purpose of accumulating national grievances, which significantly obstructed the path to mutual understanding, as illustrated by the tragic events in our shared history in the first half of the 20th century.

Fotografie Alfreda Silkiewicza ze zbioru Karola Lanckorońskiego wykonane z okazji wizyty arcyksięcia Rudolfa w Tarnopolu jako przykład materiałów źródłowych do badań dziejów Galicji i jej mieszkańców

Alfred Silkiewicz’s photographs from the collection of Karol Lanckoroński taken during Archduke Rudolph’s visit to Ternopil as an example of source materials for researching the history of Galicia and its inhabitants In 1929 Karol Lanckoroński (1848–1933) donated his collection of scientific photographs to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among the photographs of works of art and archeological relics in that collection we can also find prints of ethnographic nature, including photographs by Alfred Silkiewicz, a photographer with connections in Ternopil. On 6 July 1887 the heir to the throne Archduke Rudolph visited Ternopil and saw an ethnographic exhibition designed specially for his visit in the municipal garden. The central figures of the exhibition were residents of minor towns of Eastern Galicia brought to Ternopil, dressed in regional costumes. The text focuses on the circumstances of taking those photographs and on their significance as a source for researching the history of Galicia and its residents.