East West Research Articles

Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography in Hedysarum (Hedysareae, Fabaceae) with a focus on Central Asian taxa

AbstractCentral Asia, especially the Tian‐Shan and Pamir‐Alay, is a biodiversity hotspot for Hedysarum (Fabaceae) with a high number of endemic species. However, to date, studies of the genus Hedysarum based on molecular data have included only a few species distributed in this region. To fill this gap, we analysed 110 Hedysarum species, 36 of which were from the Tian‐Shan and Pamir‐Alay Mountains of Central Asia. We performed phylogenetic analyses, divergence time estimates, and biogeographic analyses using both the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ITS) and three plastid DNA (cpDNA) sequences (trnL‐trnF, matK, psbA‐trnH). Our phylogenetic analysis grouped the species of Hedysarum into three sections: H. sect. Hedysarum, sect. Multicaulia, and sect. Stracheya, which are largely consistent with previous phylogenetic classifications. Accordingly, most of the Central Asian species we studied (28 spp.) were placed in H. subsect. Crinifera within H. sect. Multicaulia. Our divergence time and biogeographic analyses indicate that Hedysarum likely originated in West Asia and/or East Asia during the Early Miocene or Middle Miocene and subsequently dispersed to adjacent areas of Eurasia, as well as North America via the Bering Land Bridge. The likely area of origin for H. sect. Multicaulia is West Asia, while East Asia appears to be the center of origin for H. sect. Hedysarum and sect. Stracheya. In addition, we suggest that the rapid radiation of the species of H. subsect. Crinifera occurred in the Tian‐Shan and Pamir‐Alay Mountains, as well as the Turkish‐Iranian Plateau, and that geological and climatic changes were the main causes of speciation in Hedysarum.

Crustal Imaging across the Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica from 2D Gravity and Magnetic Inversions

The Princess Elizabeth Land landscape in East Antarctica was shaped by a complex process, involving the supercontinent’s breakup and convergence cycle. However, the lack of geological knowledge about the subglacial bedrock has made it challenging to understand this process. Our study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics of the subglacial bedrock in the Mount Brown region, utilizing airborne geophysical data collected from the China Antarctic Scientific Expedition in 2015–2017. We reconstructed bedrock density contrast and magnetic susceptibility models by leveraging Tikhonov regularized gravity and magnetic inversions. The deep bedrock in the inland direction exhibited different physical properties, indicating the presence of distinct basement sources. The east–west discontinuity of bedrock changed in the inland areas, suggesting the possibility of large fault structures or amalgamation belts. We also identified several normal faults in the western sedimentary basin, intersected by the southwest section of these survey lines. Furthermore, lithologic separators and sinistral strike-slip faults may exist in the northeast section, demarcating the boundary between Princess Elizabeth Land and Knox Valley. Our study provides new insights into the subglacial geological structure in this region, highlighting the violent impact of the I-A-A-S (Indo-Australo-Antarctic Suture) on the subglacial basement composition. Additionally, by identifying and describing different bedrock types, our study redefines the potential contribution of this region to the paleocontinent splicing process and East Antarctic basement remodeling.

Greater consensus on improving the Middle Corridor

Western sanctions have curtailed much of the East–West trade that had been occurring via the so-called northern route through Russia, leading to a revival of interest in the Middle Corridor passing through Central Asia and the South Caucasus. China has shifted more export traffic to this route and is paying greater attention to Georgia, in particular. Despite challenges, including geopolitical uncertainties and infrastructure limitations, the outlook suggests continued growth, with ongoing projects such as Georgia’s Anaklia port contributing to the expansion of the Middle Corridor and the reduction of overall transit times.

Migrant Labor and Farm technical Efficiency of Paddy Production in North Bihar

"It has long been known that migration and remittances contributed to the growth of agriculture. This study was conducted in East Champaran and West Champaran for paddy production. Multistage random sampling was applied to the study area. The study area was selected based on the annual production of Paddy in Bihar. Stochastic Frontier Analysis was applied to get an appropriate result for remittance on paddy farming. Our findings have important policy ramifications because they suggest that smallholder paddy production may become more technically efficient by using migrant labour’s remittances more frequently. By providing small-holder growers with continuously growing support from extension services, enough market access for selling their product, and farmer empowerment for women, the government may be able to increase the technical efficiency of smallholder rice farmers. Instructing farmers on correct weeding schedules, for instance, would be one way that effective extension services might enhance crop management practises."

GAMBARAN PENGARUH PELATIHAN DALAM PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN PEER GRUP KADER REMAJA KESEHATAN TENTANG PENYAKIT TUBERCOLOSIS DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA KECAMATAN CAKUNG JAKARTA TIMUR

Tuberculosis sufferers in Indonesia were the 2nd highest in 2018 at 566,623 cases. In 2019, there were 543,874 cases of tuberculosis. The highest number of cases was reported from provinces with large populations, namely West Java, East Java and Central Java (Ministry of Health, 2019). One way to reduce the rate of TB disease is by forming special health cadres for TB. Ridwan et al, 2016 in their research on adolescent health cadres caring for TB, stated that after carrying out 5 on the job training, adolescent cadres were able to provide information about adolescent health to all students in the class. each. The aim of the research was to describe the influence of training in increasing the knowledge of peer groups of teenagers about tuberculosis in junior high schools. Method: A qualitative approach that included in-depth interviews, groups discussion, and observations in peer groups of adolescent in junior high schools. The analysis used is thematic. Research results: there was an increase in adolescent knowledge after training on tuberculosis transmission, prevention and treatment in families and the community around adolescent. Conclusion: It is hoped that the results of this research will continue to utilize health worker cadres from schools, health centers, and sub-district and sub-district government agencies.

Change and attribution of frost days and frost‐free periods in China

AbstractFrost events are a climatic phenomenon of great severity, exerting profound impacts on agricultural production and human endeavours. From 1961 to 2017, China experienced a reduction in frost days (FDs) and elongation of frost‐free periods (FFPs) across most regions. Many factors contribute to the variation of frost events, highlighting the urgent need to scrutinize the intrinsic factors driving these climatic frost events' inter‐annual and interdecadal fluctuations. This work analysed the temporal and spatial attributes of FDs and FFPs, using statistical methods to dissect daily minimum temperature data collected from ground observation stations from 1961 to 2017. The results reveal a declining trajectory in annual FDs and an ascending trend in FFPs. However, the interannual and interdecadal variations do not consistently align with the climatological course. The spatial distribution of the first four modes of EOF exhibits a persistent variation, north–south, monopole and east–west pattern for FDs and FFPs. In comparison, the modes of FFPs exhibit many complexities and diversities. Moreover, this study considers geographical location, altitude and proximity to the ocean, as well as atmospheric circulation factors, including circulation indices, ocean indices and other relevant indices, to elucidate their influence on frost events. In conjunction with the role of greenhouse gases in propelling global warming, we elucidate that the intensity of the Atlantic–European polar vortex, the area of the Indian Ocean warm pool, and the spatial positioning and extent of the subtropical high emerge as preeminent internal oscillations instigating interdecadal shifts in frost events. This study provides valuable scientific insights into the formation mechanisms and evolving patterns of frost events.

Crown segmentation using Airborne Laser Scanning data in a silvopastoral system with Eucalyptus grandis

Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) remote sensing holds immense potential for characterizing and measuring forest biomass, providing a valuable inventory tool for intensive silviculture to enhance forest management and planning. Accurate estimation of total height (Ht) and crown area (CA) is crucial to model and design silvopastoral systems. The main objective of this study was to estimate Ht and CA accurately using watershed segmentation algorithm in a triple-row silvopastoral system with Eucalyptus grandis, to compare these variables based on the position of the tree in the rows. Edge trees are the most prevalent in a triple row silvopastoral system, making it important to analyze and understand their structural differences from the trees in the interior. The study was conducted in a silvopastoral system in Reboledo, Florida, Uruguay (34° 1'15.16"S, 55° 39'13.75"W). The silvopastoral system consisted of triple rows of Eucalyptus grandis N-S oriented lined with natural pastures in 14-19 m alleys. ALS data was obtained from an area of 26 ha including two silvopastoral stands planted in 2012 (10 years) and 2019 (4 years). From the canopy height model (CHM) a Watershed segmentation algorithm was conducted to obtain individual tree segmentation, yielding Ht and CA of individual trees in both stands. Individual trees were manually classified by position in the triple row as Middle (M), External West (EW) and External East (EE). Our results show data of 1,627 individual trees in the 2019 stand and 1,405 trees in the 2012 stand, EW trees showed the highest CA in the 2019 stand with a 10% difference with M trees and a 9% with EE trees. The 2019 plot showed no significant difference in Ht. In the 2012 stand, EE trees showed the highest CA with a 22% difference from M trees and an 8% with EW, and EW trees showed a 15% higher CA than M tress in the 2012 stand. The 2012 plot showed a 1% significant average difference between Externals and Middle trees and no significant difference between EE and EW trees. Correlation between field data and ALS data in Ht showed R2=0.82, n=45 and p<0.0001 in 2019 plot, and R2=0.67, n=18, and p<0.0001 in the 2012 plot. Watershed segmentation algorithm in combination with ALS remote sensing demonstrated to be an efficient method to estimate CA and Ht in triple-row silvopastoral systems.

Association between the starting age of non-parental Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC), and psycho-social problems in adolescence in West and East Germany – a natural experiment using data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)

IntroductionThe study aimed to investigate the association between the start age of non-parental Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) and psycho-social problems in adolescence. The similarities and differences between West and East Germany were also investigated in a natural experiment.MethodsOur sample consisted of 1022 children (621 from West Germany, 401 from East Germany) aged 3–4 years at wave 2003–2006 that were followed up to wave 2014–2017 as adolescents (mean ± SD age = 14.4 ± 0.03 years) in the KiGGS study. The psycho-social problems were measured by the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) at wave 2014–2017. Linear regression was used to explore the relationship between ECEC-start-age and psycho-social problems in adolescence in Germany, and stratified by West and East Germany.ResultsThose who started ECEC between 2 and 3 years old (reference) had the lowest scores of psycho-social problems in the whole Germany and in West Germany in adolescence. In comparison, those who started ECEC older than 3 years old had higher scores of internalizing psycho-social problems in both West Germany (with statistically significant results) and East Germany (with a relatively larger effect size but insignificant results). Those who started ECEC younger than 1 year old had statistically significant higher scores for externalizing psycho-social problems in West Germany, even though less children started ECEC younger than 1 in West Germany compared to East Germany. This significant association was not found in East Germany. Those who started ECEC between 1 and 2 years old tended to have higher scores of externalizing psycho-social problems in both West and East Germany.ConclusionThe results suggest that if children start ECEC older than 3 years or younger than 2 years, more attention needs to be given to internalizing or externalizing psycho-social problems respectively. The regional differences for children younger than 1 year old may suggest a selection effect in West Germany where only fewer parents bring babies to ECEC, while the regional similarities for children over 3 years old indicate the importance of providing access to ECEC for children over 3 years old.

CryoSat Long-Term Ocean Data Analysis and Validation: Final Words on GOP Baseline-C

ESA’s Earth explorer mission CryoSat-2 has an ice-monitoring objective, but it has proven to also be a valuable source of observations for measuring impacts of climate change over oceans. In this paper, we report on our long-term ocean data analysis and validation and give our final words on CryoSat-2’s Geophysical Ocean Products (GOP) Baseline-C. The validation is based on a cross comparison with concurrent altimetry and with in situ tide gauges. The highlights of our findings include GOP Baseline-C showing issues with the ionosphere and pole tide correction. The latter gives rise to an east–west pattern in range bias. Between Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Low-Resolution Mode (LRM), a 1.4 cm jump in range bias is explained by a 0.5 cm jump in sea state bias, which relates to a significant wave height SAR-LRM jump of 10.5 cm. The remaining 0.9 cm is due to a range bias between ascending and descending passes, exhibiting a clear north–south pattern and ascribed to a timing bias of +0.367 ms, affecting both time-tag and elevation. The overall range bias of GOP Baseline-C is established at −2.9 cm, referenced to all calibrated concurrent altimeter missions. The bias drift does not exceed 0.2 mm/yr, leading to the conclusion that GOP Baseline-C is substantially stable and measures up to the altimeter reference missions. This is confirmed by tide gauge comparison with a selected set of 309 PSMSL tide gauges over 2010–2022: we determined a correlation of R = 0.82, a mean standard deviation of σ=5.7 cm (common reference and GIA corrected), and a drift of 0.17 mm/yr. In conclusion, the quality, continuity, and reference of GOP Baseline-C is exceptionally good and stable over time, and no proof of any deterioration or platform aging has been found. Any improvements for the next CryoSat-2 Baselines could come from sea state bias optimization, ionosphere and pole tide correction improvement, and applying a calibrated value for any timing biases.

Spatio-temporal variation and dynamic risk assessment of drought and flood disaster (DFD) in China

It is important to understand the variations of Drought-Flood-Disaster (DFD) from the past to future for disaster management decision-making under the backdrop of global warming. This study explored the spatio-temporal variations of DFD risks in China from the past (2000–2020) to future (2020–2100) based on the natural and socio-economic datasets. The main findings include: (1) The spatial pattern of disaster vulnerability decreased from 2000 to 2100. The overall vulnerability distribution showed a spatial pattern of high east and low west, and its eastern distribution presented high north and low south. (2) The drought hazard danger degree showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing with obvious spatial heterogeneity. The flood hazard danger degree had a decreasing spatial distribution from southeast to northwest, with an overall gradually increasing trend. (3) The DFD risks showed a spatial pattern of high east and low west, and were more closely related to disaster vulnerability. Overall, the flood and drought risks had good consistency at the highest level (VI), mainly distributed in the North China Plain, Northeast Plain, eastern Sichuan, and southern Guangdong. This level means that the most severe damage to life and property will occur in these regions. (4) The DFD showed the direction of “north(east)-south(west)”, and the main axis of the ellipse moved north eventually. The DFD hot spots were mainly distributed in North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The DFD cold spots were mainly distributed in the southwest, Qinghai-Tibet region, and Gansu province.

Fossil marine vertebrates (Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Reptilia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Akkermanovka (Orenburg Oblast, Southern Urals, Russia)

Upper Cretaceous coastal marine deposits are widespread in the Southern Urals with a number of marine vertebrates previously reported from this region. However, previous studies on the vertebrate faunas in this region often lack detailed taxonomic descriptions and illustrations, rendering comparisons to other faunal assemblages difficult. A new diverse vertebrate assemblage comprising cartilaginous and bony fishes, as well as marine reptiles, is described here from the Orenburg region near Akkermanovka (Southern Urals, Russia). Thirty five taxa are identified, including three holocephalans (Elasmodus sp., Ischyodus yanschini, Chimaeroid indet.), two hybodontiform sharks (Meristodonoides sp., cf. Polyacrodus sp.), 17 neoselachians (Paraorthacodus cf. andersoni, Paraorthacodus sp., Synechodus sp., Cederstroemia nilsi, Acrolamna acuminata, Archaeolamna ex gr. kopingensis, Cretalamna sarcoportheta, Cretoxyrhina mantelli, Eostriatolamia segedini, E. venusta, Hispidaspis horridus, H. cf. gigas, Pseudocorax laevis, Pseudoscapanorhynchus compressidens, Scapanorhynchus rhaphiodon, Squalicorax kaupi, Ptychodus rugosus), a holostean (Lepisosteidae indet.), nine teleosts (Protosphyraena sp., Saurodontidae indet., cf. Pachyrhizodus sp., Pachyrhizodontidae indet., Enchodus petrosus, E. ferox, E. cf. gladiolus, E. spp., Alepisauroidei indet.), two plesiosaurs (Polycotylidae indet., Plesiosauria indet.), and one mosasaurid (Tylosaurinae indet.). Based on the faunal assemblage, a Santonian–?early Campanian age is proposed. Lamniform sharks are the best represented group in terms of taxic diversity and relative abundance, probably reflecting the peak in diversity this group experienced following the Cenomanian radiation in the Late Cretaceous. The faunal assemblage of Akkermanovka exhibits significant taxonomic overlaps with assemblages reported from Asia and North America, but not from Southern Hemisphere continents, indicating east–west dispersal of several marine taxa during the Late Cretaceous.

Development of a composite scoring system to rank communities at high risk of zero-dose children in Cameroon: A geospatial analysis.

Despite growing efforts to improve access to vaccination, millions of children, especially in developing countries, have not received a single dose of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) vaccine. Consequently, they are often called zero-dose children (ZDC). With limited health resources, prioritising communities for rapid and mass zero-dose catch-up vaccination in missed communities to avert epidemic outbreaks is complicated by unreliable denominators used to compute vaccination coverages. Incorporating other indicators of access and utilisation of vaccination services can help with identifying and ranking missed communities based on the likelihood of finding ZDC. We described the process of generating a scoring method to rank health areas in Cameroon based on their likelihood of containing ZDC. We used geospatial analysis to compute and aggregate health area characteristics, including hard-to-reach (HTR) areas (defined as areas of settlement above a one- (for urban areas) or 15-kilometre radius (for rural areas) beyond a vaccinating health facility), amount of area covered by slums and new area settlement, and percentage of children unvaccinated for DTP-1. We attributed a weight based on the ability to limit accessibility or utilisation of vaccination services to each characteristic and computed the score as a weighted average of health area characteristics. The health area score ranged from 0 to 1, with higher scores representing a higher likelihood of containing ZDC. We stratified the analysis by rural and urban health areas. We observed substantial district and regional variations in health area scores, with hotspots health areas (administrative level 4) observed in the Far North (0.83), North (0.81), Adamawa (0.80), East (0.75), and South West (0.67) regions. The Adamawa region had the highest percentage of health areas with the highest score (78%), followed by the East (50%), West (48%), and North (46%) regions. For most regions (Far North, South, South West, Littoral, West, and North West), DTP-1 contributed the most to the score. However, HTR settlement areas within a health area contributed substantially to the overall score in the East, North, and Adamawa regions. We found substantial variations in health area scores with hotspots in the Far North, North, Adamawa, East, and South West regions. Although DTP-1 could be used as an indicator to identify health areas with ZDC for most communities, HTR settlement area was a valuable indicator in ranking priority health areas in the East, North, and Adamawa regions, further emphasising the need to consider other indicators before prioritisation.

The Frequency of Extreme Cold Events in North China and Their Relationship with Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies

This study investigated the interdecadal characteristics of the frequency of the winter single station extreme cold events (SSECEs) in North China and their relationship with sea surface temperature (SST). The results showed the following: (a) The SSECEs occurred frequently before 1991, but less thereafter, with an increase after 2018. The first two interdecadal modes of the SSECE frequency were east–west inverse and “n” patterns. (b) The interdecadal abrupt change of the “n” pattern occurred around 1997/1998. Before 1997/1998, the synergistic effects between the positive Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (+IPO) and the negative North Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (−AMO) triggered the “two troughs and one ridge” anomalous circulation in Eurasia. The Rossby wave energy propagated downstream from the Atlantic, strengthening the Lake Baikal ridge. Furthermore, the Siberian High (SH) became weaker in the north and stronger in the south. With the favorable jet conditions, the cold air invaded North China along the northerly airflow in front of the Lake Baikal ridge, resulting in the frequent SSECE occurrence in central North China. Afterwards, the opposite occurred. (c) The cooperation of SST anomalies (SSTAs) led to the east–west inverse anomaly of the SSECE frequency. Before 1991, the high SSTAs in the central North Atlantic and low SSTAs in the equatorial Indian Ocean and the southwest Pacific triggered “+”, “−”, “+”, and “−” wave trains at mid-latitudes from the Atlantic to the North Pacific. The Rossby wave energy propagated eastward from the Atlantic, resulting in the SH and Urals ridge strengthening, and the Aleutian Low and East Asian trough deepening. The northwestern airflow in front of the Urals ridge guided the cold air into North China, leading to frequent SSECEs in central and eastern North China before 1991. The opposite occurred between 1992 and 2018.

Paleoseismic Analysis of the Walanae Fault Zone in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

The most seismogenic fault of South Sulawesi region is Walanae Fault, which has a moderate seismicity history with magnitudes ranging from Mw 4 to Mw 5. The largest earthquake occurred in 1997 with a magnitude of Mw 5.9. After the Donggala-Palu earthquake assailed Sulawesi Island in 2018, the fault in this region were reactivated, including the Walanae Fault system that has pair parallel faults, West Walanae Fault (WWF) and East Walanae Fault (EWF). This fault zone has a 150-km-long and 3-km-wide fault traces, and should have seismicity potential to produce larger earthquakes than the events measured to date. The resulting radiocarbon ages obtained from the dating of organic samples collected on two tranches along with the EWF support that the Walanae Fault zone has a longer earthquake history in the ranges of 4,000 BP (3,050 cal BP and 3,990 cal BP) and 100-300 AD (101 AD pMC and 340 cal BP). The results of age evidence suggest that the Walanae Fault system is an active fault, and must remain of concern as an earthquake source with potential hazards in the region, comprising the West Walanae Fault (WWF) and the East Walanae Fault (EWF). Both faults are separated by a narrow lowland area of Walanae Depression (25 km). The lowland area sandwiched by these two faults harboring a potential seismic amplification that might be generated by thick sediment filled the lowland. Keywords: seismicity, earthquake, radiocarbon dating, Walanae Fault

Physicochemical homogeneity of stingless bee honey (Heterotrigona itama) produced in the west coast, east coast and inland area of Peninsular Malaysia.

The nutritional composition of stingless bee honey (SBH) can be affected by different climates and soil composition across different geographical areas. However, the range of attributes set for a honey quality standard should be inclusive. This study analysed the sugar profile's physiochemical properties, including quantifying the rare sugar trehalulose, organic acid and mineral composition of SBH collected from inland, and west and east coasts of Peninsular Malaysia. Forty-three SBH (Heterotrigona itama) samples were collected and labelled as <20 and <40 West Coast (<20WC, <40WC), <20 and <40 East Coast (<20EC, <40EC) and Inland, according to their distance from the coasts. The moisture, pH and sugar composition of all SBH samples adhered to the Malaysian Kelulut Honey Standard (MS2683:2017) but not to the International Codex Standard (CODEX) for honey. Trehalulose presence in all samples, regardless of geographical area, was predominant alongside fructose and glucose. Only hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content and electrical conductivity (EC) results complied with both standards. The principal component analysis biplot showed that the discrimination of SBH according to the five different areas was not feasible, indicating sample homogeneity. The physicochemical evaluation of SBH from Peninsular Malaysia shows mainly homogeneous attributes of samples across geographical locations. These findings demonstrated that the current MS2683:2017 is relevant and accommodates all SBH of H. itama species produced in Peninsular Malaysia. Furthermore, the trehalulose range calculated in this study can be implemented as a new benchmark for the indicator of SBH honey quality standard by national and international food standard committees. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Geostatistical and multitemporal InSAR method and elastic deformation model for detailed characterizations of topographic change and magma reservoirs: Application to the Tangkuban Parahu Volcano, Indonesia

This study proposes the entire detection of the surface deformation of a volcanic area using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) with geostatistics to specify the locations and shapes of the sources causing the deformation. We selected the Tangkuban Parahu area, West Java, Indonesia, as our study site and used a Sentinel-1 dataset. In this study, we combine persistent scatterer and small baseline subset InSAR with a geostatistical technique, i.e., turning bands simulation. This combination can compensate for undetected displacement pixels and decompose the line-of-sight displacement into vertical and horizontal east–west displacements using both the ascending and descending mode results and the least-squares method. This two-dimensional geostatistics and multitemporal InSAR approach is referred to as 2D GMT-InSAR. A detailed displacement pattern is revealed by 2D GMT-InSAR for undetected pixels in low-coherence areas. Then, the vertical displacement pattern in the study period from 2014 to 2019, mainly uplift with local subsidence, is reproduced via the joint use of the Mogi and Okada models for circular and rectangular parallelepiped sources of the deformation, respectively. Via a Bayesian inversion, one circular source, equivalent to a magma reservoir, and one dyke source are identified. The displacement pattern is likely caused by pressure increases in the magma reservoir, associated with the volcanic activation, and in the dyke, associated with the gas and fluid flows from the reservoir, which induced a phreatic explosion in July 2019. A connection of the dyke with the old Sunda volcanic system is found; this new finding is a result of the caldera collapse during the Sunda volcanic eruption.

A novel method for inverting coseismic 3D surface deformation using InSAR considering the weight influence of the spatial distribution of GNSS points

The combination of InSAR and GNSS data can provide more accurate measurements of coseismic 3D surface deformations, which are crucial in determining earthquake source parameters. Currently, the methods for inverting coseismic 3D surface deformations by integrating GNSS and InSAR data using the strain model (SM) (e.g., Simultaneous and integrated strain tensor estimation from geodetic measurements to obtain 3D displacement maps (SISTEM), SM-VCE) simply select GNSS points based on a certain number or distance, without considering the weight influence of the spatial distribution of G NSS points on the InSAR and GNSS data fusion results. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new method that uses Voronoi diagrams analyze the contribution of GNSS points to the deformation at target points. In this paper, GNSS points with high contribution can be used to construct observation value equations and optimize the internal weight of GNSS data. The proposed approach characterizes the contribution of GNSS data to target points by analyzing the changes in the Delaunay triangulation area formed before and after the target points are added to the GNSS data. Simulation experiments reveal that the proposed method outperforms conventional methods in accuracy and completeness. The proposed method is then applied to map the coseismic 3D surface deformations of the 2020 Mw6.5 Monte Cristo Range earthquake and find that the maximum deformation in the east–west, north–south, and vertical directions is about 13 cm, 11 cm, and 24 cm, respectively.

Improving malaria prediction with ensemble learning and robust scaler: An integrated approach for enhanced accuracy

Mosquito bites are the primary transmission method for malaria, a prevalent and significant health concern worldwide. In the context of malaria incidence, Indonesia is the second most affected country after India. According to the Ministry of Health's report, Papua Province reported 216,380 malaria cases in 2019. Additionally, East Nusa Tenggara and West Papua said 12,909 and 7,029 points, respectively, reflecting the substantial national burden of this disease. Predicting malaria occurrence based on symptomatic presentation is a crucial preventive strategy. Machine learning models offer a promising approach to malaria prediction. This study focused on malaria detection by using patient data from Nigeria. This research proposes a detection system utilizing the Ensemble method, such as Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Bagging. This study also employing Robust Scaler for effective normalization and integrating K-fold cross-validation to enhance model robustness. Various experiments were conducted by systematically varying K values and the number of decision trees to ascertain the most effective hyperparameters yielding the highest accuracy. The findings indicate that the optimal accuracy 82% is achieved at a K value of 20, showing comparable accuracies across different decision tree quantities, underlining the robustness of the employed method. This research significantly advances malaria detection strategies, offering valuable insights into the effective deployment of machine learning in healthcare decision-making.

Trade Show Triumph: A Strategic Guide for New Businesses for Better Exposure

Trade shows stand as beacons of opportunity for growth and recognition. This whitepaper discusses a roadmap to excel on the trade show stage. Drawing from the experience in prestigious events such as Expo West and Expo East, this guide confers a strategic framework tailored to the unique needs of new businesses looking to benefit from trade shows based on their industry. It includes several frameworks to follow before, during, and after tradeshows to help readers improve their trade show presence and in turn, their industry standing.&#x0D; The paper discusses the challenges and opportunities post-COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of quality over quantity in attendee engagement, a reflection of a 46% rise in attendee quality. It goes on to detail six strategies to master the art of trade show booth engagement. From interactive product demonstrations leveraging the Zeigarnik Effect to gamification rooted in the Pleasure Principle, personalized consultations, storytelling sessions, social media engagement, and feedback stations, each strategy is a powerful tool.&#x0D; Key to success is the flexibility to adapt, as unforeseen circumstances arise. The whitepaper concludes with a three-part checklist, pre-show, during-show, and post-show, serving as a comprehensive roadmap for event success. The post-show follow-up section emphasizes the importance of maintaining connections and fostering lasting relationships.&#x0D; Best Naturals extends an invitation to navigate trade shows with excellence. Recognize the potential of trade show interactions, transform them into long-term business relationships, and secure your place in the future of the nutrition supplement industry.

KEKUATAN SPASIAL KLUSTER PERKOTAAN DI KABUPATEN SEMARANG

Semarang Regency has 19 sub-districts with diverse regional growth. Several areas have experienced development into urban areas, such as Bawen District, East Ungaran District, West Ungaran District, Bergas District, Pringapus District, and Ambarawa District. Each sub-district has urban areas with different levels of influence. This research aims to identify urban clusters that are formed in the five sub-districts that are the focus of the study and provide an assessment of the urban areas that have the greatest influence. The research method used is quantitative descriptive. Secondary data collection is carried out through documentation techniques, namely by recording and studying statistical data relevant to the problem being discussed. Urban clusters in West Ungaran and East Ungaran Districts reciprocally provide the greatest spatial influence. The spatial interaction between the Bawen and Ambarawa urban clusters is in second place. The smallest spatial flow occurs between urban clusters in Bergas District and East Ungaran District. It is hoped that this research can provide input to the regional government of Semarang Regency to increase social interaction between Bergas District and Ungaran Timur District, through investment activities and development of several areas for industrial activities or other activities that can increase the attractiveness of the two clusters in these two sub-districts